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1.
Joanna Burger Michael Gochfeld Charles W. Powers Michael Greenberg 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2007,50(4):553-566
Retrospective ecological risk assessment, restoration, natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) and managing ecosystems all require having a baseline. This policy and practice paper explores the factors that influence baseline selection, and it is suggested that ecological resources would best be served by: (1) integrating NRDA considerations into both future land-use planning and remediation/restoration; (2) selecting a baseline for NRDA that approximates the land-use conditions at the time of occupation (or a preferred ecosystem); and (3) integrating both the positive and negative aspects of industrial occupation into restoration decisions, baseline selection and NRDA. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), natural resource damages are assessed for injuries incurred since 1980 due to releases, but the release itself may have occurred before 1980. The paper uses the Department of Energy as a case study to examine NRDA and the management of ecosystems. Releases occurred at many DOE sites from the 1950s to the 1980s during nuclear bomb production. It is suggested that the DOE has been responsible not only for injuries to natural resources that occurred as a result of releases, but for significant ecosystem recovery since DOE occupation, because some lands were previously farmed or industrialized. Natural resource injuries due to releases occurred simultaneously with ecosystem recovery that resulted from DOE occupation. While the 1980 date is codified in CERCLA law as the time after which damages can be assessed, baseline can be defined as the conditions the natural resources would have been in today, but for the release of the hazardous substance. It is also suggested that NRDA considerations should be incorporated into the remediation and restoration process at DOE sites, thereby negating the need for formal NRDA following restoration, and reducing the final NRDA costs. 相似文献
2.
Indicators of ecosystem recovery 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
3.
Restoration ecology of riverine wetlands: I. A scientific base 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
4.
Heida L. Diefenderfer Kathryn L. Sobocinski Ronald M. Thom Christopher W. May Amy B. Borde Susan L. Southard John Vavrinec Nichole K. Sather 《Environmental management》2009,44(4):712-731
Planners are being called on to prioritize marine shorelines for conservation status and restoration action. This study documents
an approach to determining the management strategy most likely to succeed based on current conditions at local and landscape
scales. The conceptual framework based in restoration ecology pairs appropriate restoration strategies with sites based on
the likelihood of producing long-term resilience given the condition of ecosystem structures and processes at three scales:
the shorezone unit (site), the drift cell reach (nearshore marine landscape), and the watershed (terrestrial landscape). The
analysis is structured by a conceptual ecosystem model that identifies anthropogenic impacts on targeted ecosystem functions.
A scoring system, weighted by geomorphic class, is applied to available spatial data for indicators of stress and function
using geographic information systems. This planning tool augments other approaches to prioritizing restoration, including
historical conditions and change analysis and ecosystem valuation. 相似文献
5.
Response to environmental flows in the lower Tarim River, Xinjiang, China: ground water 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In China's west since the 1950s large-scale ecosystem degeneration has occurred through water diversions for agricultural purposes. Since 2000, 1038 x 10(6) m(3) of water have been released into the Tarim River with the result that water reached the terminal Taitema Lake for the first time in 30 years. This environmental flow raised water-table levels along 350 km of the river. To assess the response of the water-table, a comparison "pristine" site is compared with downstream monitored sites. The results show huge changes in water-table levels. The study verifies that the water-table is extremely responsive to environmental flows, that strong internal similarities exist along the length of the river, and that the effect on the water-table and hence likely riparian vegetation recovery can be tentatively predicted. The actual impacts of the restoration strategy are less than those originally expected politically, socially and within the scientific community. We make recommendations on more effective release strategies. 相似文献
6.
This article summarizes the views of aquatic scientists who gathered to assess the ability of stream ecosystem theory to predict
recovery from disturbance. Two views of disturbance were evident: a discrete removal of organisms vs an unusual deviation
from normal. These were perceived as applying to different scales and/or objectives. Long-term information is required from
both points of view to define recovery. Recovery also may be defined in different ways, but it is clear that recovery has
both spatial and temporal components, and includes both physical and biological processes. Consensus was very strong that
a major role (and challenge) for theory lies in the understanding of spatial aspects, temporal scales, coupling of physics
and biology, and the interaction of these features in recovery processes. Some progress is evident in the articles of this
volume, but among the topics identified as critical for further theoretical contributions were: homogeneous vs heterogeneous
distribution of disturbance, local extent of disturbance relative to a regional context, critical vs noncritical patches (size
and location) of disturbance at different spatial scales and temporal frequencies, delineation of reversible and nonreversible
processes, and physical and biological constraints on the time frame for recovery. Such concepts need attention across different
types of lotic ecosystems. Thus, there was strong consensus that a national monitoring system of representative lotic ecosystems
within ecological regions be established. The purpose of this monitoring system would be to acquire long-term data on natural
variability, to establish viable indicators of spatial and temporal aspects of recovery, and to develop and test emerging
theoretical developments. 相似文献
7.
Biodiversity goals are becoming increasingly important in stream restoration. Typical models of stream restoration are based
on the assumption that if habitat is restored then species will return and ecological processes will re-establish. However,
a range of constraints at different scales can affect restoration success. Much of the research in stream restoration ecology
has focused on habitat constraints, namely the in-stream and riparian conditions required to restore biota. Dispersal constraints
are also integral to determining the timescales, trajectory and potential endpoints of a restored ecosystem. Dispersal is
both a means of organism recolonization of restored sites and a vital ecological process that maintains viable populations.
We review knowledge of dispersal pathways and explore the factors influencing stream invertebrate dispersal. From empirical
and modeling studies of restoration in warm-temperate zones of New Zealand, we make predictions about the timescales of stream
ecological restoration under differing levels of dispersal constraints. This process of constraints identification and timescale
prediction is proposed as a practical step for resource managers to prioritize and appropriately monitor restoration sites
and highlights that in some instances, natural recolonization and achievement of biodiversity goals may not occur. 相似文献
8.
9.
A broad and objective perspective of ecological and socioenomic knowledge is required to underlie a scientific approach to
the problems of terrestrial restoration ecology. Uncertainty associated with limited scientific knowledge highlights the crucial
importance of the interaction between science and policy in weighing ecological restoration alternatives in relation to other
management options. In this paper, we provide a pragmatic definition for restoration ecology that is suitable for extensive
terrestrial applications and present a decision framework to help organize and clarify different phases of the decision process
as it is related to ecological restoration. We argue that restoration planning should include a wider spectrum of participants
and decisions than have traditionally been employed. 相似文献
10.
We present a narrative account of case studies of the recovery of flowing water systems from disturbance, focusing on the
investigators' conclusions about recovery time and the factors contributing to recovery. We restrict our attention to case
studies in which the recovery of some biological property of the system has been examined, excluding those that deal only
with physical or chemical properties. Although natural processes and rates of recovery are emphasized, studies of reclamation
or restoration of damaged ecosystems are included where they contribute to an understanding of recovery processes.
For the majority of studies examined, the systems recovered quite rapidly. The most commonly cited reasons for short recovery
times were: (1) life history characteristics that allowed rapid recolonization and repopulation of the affected areas, (2)
the availability and accessibility of unaffected up-stream and downstream areas and internal refugia to serve as sources of
organisms for repopulation, (3) the high flushing rates of lotic systems that allowed them to quickly dilute or replace polluted
waters, and (4) the fact that lotic systems are naturally subjected to a variety of disturbances and the biota have evolved
life history characteristics that favor flexibility or adaptability. In general, longer recovery times were observed in disturbances,
such as channelization, that resulted in alterations to physical conditions.
This review also indicates that much of our knowledge of recovery in lotic ecosystems is fragmented and uncoordinated. In
addition to establishing the bounds of recovery time, our review identifies some research gaps that need to be filled. 相似文献
11.
孔繁德 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2006,16(2):10-13
生态保护学经历了自然保护和生态保护两个阶段。生态保护学的研究对象是人类对生态有意识的保护,属于环境科学和应用生态学,包括自然保护、农村生态保护、城市生态保护。科学基础包括生态学、农村生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学,生态经济学与生态系统服务功能价值等,但专门的学科基础是恢复生态学。学科体系中生态监测与调查是基础,生态系统健康及生态评价是关键,生态工程与生态恢复是重点。 相似文献
12.
Sound ecosystem management meshes socioeconomic attitudes and values with sustainable natural resource practices. Adaptive management is a model for guiding natural resource managers in this process. Ecosystems and the societies that use them are continually evolving. Therefore, managers must be flexible and adaptable in the face of uncertainty and lack of knowledge. To couple good science to management, it is important to develop goals, models, and hypotheses that allow us to systematically learn as we manage. Goals and models guide the development and implementation of management practices. The need to evaluate models and test hypotheses mandates monitoring, which feeds into a continuous cycle of goal and model reformulation. This paper reviews the process of adaptive management and describes how it is being applied to oak/pine savanna restoration at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge as an illustration. Our aim is to help managers design their own adaptive management models for successful ecosystem management. 相似文献
13.
M. S. Iftekhar 《Natural resources forum》2006,30(3):230-237
Although the coastal ecosystem of Bangladesh contains a highly functional and structurally diverse ecology, this ecology is gradually being degraded. As a consequence, the quality of life of a large section of the coastal community is in economic decline. This poses a daunting challenge to the sectoral coastal management programmes, active since the 1960s, aiming at simultaneously ameliorating people's livelihood and supporting the ecosystem. These programmes have been reasonably successful in managing the ecosystem, but in many cases, the situation has become worse. The limitations of these programmes include the tendency to adopt an exclusionist approach, a narrowly departmentalized administration and weak management. Currently, the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approach is espoused as the main strategy. With the adoption of Bangladesh's Coastal Zone Policy of 2005, the foundation for integrated management was laid. The next realistic target will be to bring about changes in culture and mandate among coastal institutions in favour of integrated management. 相似文献
14.
Disturbance and recovery of large floodplain rivers 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Richard E. Sparks Peter B. Bayley Steven L. Kohler Lewis L. Osborne 《Environmental management》1990,14(5):699-709
Disturbance in a river-floodplain system is defined as an unpredictable event that disrupts structure or function at the ecosystem,
community, or population level. Disturbance can result in species replacements or losses, or shifts of ecosystems from one
persistent condition to another. A disturbance can be a discrete event or a graded change in a controlling factor that eventually
exceeds a critical threshold.
The annual flood is the major driving variable that facilitates lateral exchanges of nutrients, organic matter, and organisms.
The annual flood is not normally considered a disturbance unless its timing or magnitude is “atypical.” The record flood of
1973 had little effect on the biota at a long-term study site on the Mississippi River, but the absence of a flood during
the 1976–1977 Midwestern drought caused short- and long-term changes. Body burdens of contaminants increased temporarily in
key species, because of increased concentration resulting from reduced dilution. Reduced runoff and sediment input improved
light penetration and increased the depth at which aquatic macrophytes could grow. Developing plant beds exerted a high degree
of biotic control and were able to persist, despite the resumption of normal floods and turbidity in subsequent years.
In contrast to the discrete event that disturbed the Mississippi River, a major confluent, the Illinois River, has been degraded
by a gradual increase in sediment input and sediment resuspension. From 1958 to 1961 formerly productive backwaters and lakes
along a 320-km reach of the Illinois River changed from clear, vegetated areas to turbid, barren basins. The change to a system
largely controlled by abiotic factors was rapid and the degraded condition persists.
Traditional approaches to experimental design are poorly suited for detecting control mechanisms and for determining the critical
thresholds in large river-floodplains. Large river-floodplain systems cannot be manipulated or sampled as easily as small
streams, and greater use should be made of man-made or natural disturbances and environmental restoration as opportunistic
experiments to measure thresholds and monitor the recovery process.
Coauthors are listed in alphabetical order. 相似文献
15.
David R. Montgomery 《Environmental management》1995,19(2):183-188
Input- and output-oriented approaches to landscape management have distinct roles for resource protection, environmental restoration,
and sustainable land management. Implementing recent proposals for ecosystem management in the western United States involves
a synthesis of input and output management. Within the broader context of ecosystem management, input management focuses on
tailoring land use to the landscape, whereas output management employs assessments of resource condition to trigger modified
management activity once resources are degraded to specified threshold conditions. Current approaches to landscape-scale management,
however, tend to rely primarily on output-oriented strategies that are most effective for monitoring environmental conditions.
Current uses of input management focus on environmental impact assessments, which generally are site- or project-specific
analyses. The compeexity and dynamic nature of ecosystems, and the range of scales over which ecological processes operate,
imply that development and incorporation of input-oriented approaches into landscape-scale management is necessary to implement
ecosystem management as a strategy for sustainable land use. 相似文献
16.
Strange E Galbraith H Bickel S Mills D Beltman D Lipton J 《Environmental management》2002,29(2):290-300
The amount of ecological restoration required to mitigate or compensate for environmental injury or habitat loss is often
based on the goal of achieving ecological equivalence. However, few tools are available for estimating the extent of restoration
required to achieve habitat services equivalent to those that were lost. This paper describes habitat equivalency analysis
(HEA), a habitat-based “service-to-service” approach for determining the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural
resource losses, and examines issues in its application in the case of salt marsh restoration. The scientific literature indicates
that although structural attributes such as vegetation may recover within a few years, there is often a significant lag in
the development of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling that are necessary for a fully functioning salt marsh. Moreover,
natural variation can make recovery trajectories difficult to define and predict for many habitat services. HEA is an excellent
tool for scaling restoration actions because it reflects this ecological variability and complexity. At the same time, practitioners
must recognize that conclusions about the amount of restoration needed to provide ecological services equivalent to those
that are lost will depend critically on the ecological data and assumptions that are used in the HEA calculation. 相似文献
17.
Recovery of lotic periphyton communities after disturbance 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Periphyton communities represent potentially excellent candidates for assessing the recovery of lotic ecosystems after disturbance.
These communities are ubiquitous, relatively easy to sample and measure (in terms of total community biomass), have short
generation times, and may influence the recovery rates of higher trophic levels. The first section of this article analyzes
how site availability, species availability, and differential species performance influence periphyton successional dynamics.
This background information provides a foundation for understanding how periphytic organisms respond after a disturbance.
The second section of this article analyzes how periphyton communities respond to four different types of disturbance (flood
events, desiccation, organic nutrient enrichment, and toxic metal exposure). Although data are limited, it is concluded that
the fast growth rates and short generation times of periphytic organisms, coupled with their flexible life history strategies
and good dispersal ability, allow lotic periphyton communities to recover relatively quickly after a disturbance. In addition,
disturbance type and severity, local environmental conditions, and site-specific factors also will influence recovery rates.
Future research needs include a better understanding of: (1) what periphyton property(ies) would serve as the best index of
recovery; (2) whether or not the robustness of this index varies among different environments and different disturbances;
(3) interactions between autotrophs and heterotrophs within the periphyton mat, particularly with respect to nutrient cycling;
(4) competitive interactions among organisms; (5) functional redundancy of organisms; and (6) the influence of the riparian
zone and channel geomorphology on periphyton recovery rates. 相似文献
18.
Ecosystem health: I. Measuring ecosystem health 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Ecosystem analysis has been advanced by an improved understanding of how ecosystems are structured and how they function. Ecology has advanced from an emphasis on natural history to consideration of energetics, the relationships and connections between species, hierarchies, and systems theory. Still, we consider ecosystems as entities with a distinctive character and individual characteristics. Ecosystem maintenance and preservation form the objective of impact analysis, hazard evaluation, and other management or regulation activities. In this article we explore an approach to ecosystem analysis which identifies and quantifies factors which define the condition or state of an ecosystem in terms of health criteria. We relate ecosystem health to human/nonhuman animal health and explore the difficulties of defining ecosystem health and suggest criteria which provide a functional definition of state and condition. We suggest that, as has been found in human/nonhuman animal health studies, disease states can be recognized before disease is of clinical magnitude. Example disease states for ecosystems are functionally defined and discussed, together with test systems for their early detection.This article is contribution VI in D.J. Schaeffer's Environmental Audit series. 相似文献
19.
The United States and other developed countries are faced with restoring and managing degraded ecosystems. Evaluations of the degradation of ecological resources can be used for determining ecological risk, making remediation or restoration decisions, aiding stakeholders with future land use decisions, and assessing natural resource damages. Department of Energy (DOE) lands provide a useful case study for examining degradation of ecological resources in light of past or present land uses and natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). We suggest that past site history should be incorporated into the cleanup and restoration phase to reduce the ultimate NRDA costs, and hasten resource recovery. The lands that DOE purchased over 50 years ago ranged from relatively undisturbed to heavily impacted farmland, and the impact that occurred from DOE occupation varies from regeneration of natural ecosystems (benefits) to increased exposure to several stressors (negative effects). During the time of the DOE releases, other changes occurred on the lands, including recovery from the disturbance effects of farming, grazing, and residential occupation, and the cessation of human disturbance. Thus, the injury to natural resources that occurred as a result of chemical and radiological releases occurred on top of recovery of already degraded systems. Both spatial (size and dispersion of patch types) and temporal (past/present/future land use and ecological condition) components are critical aspects of resource evaluation, restoration, and NRDA. For many DOE sites, integrating natural resource restoration with remediation to reduce or eliminate the need for NRDA could be a win-win situation for both responsible parties and natural resource trustees by eliminating costly NRDAs by both sides, and by restoring natural resources to a level that satisfies the trustees, while being cost-effective for the responsible parties. It requires integration of remediation, restoration, and end-state planning to a greater degree than is currently done at most DOE sites. 相似文献
20.
Environmental planning,ecosystem science,and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D. Scott Slocombe 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):289-303
Currently popular concepts such as sustainable development and sustainability seek the integration of environment and development
planning. However, there is little evidence that this integration is occurring in either mainstream development planning or
environmental planning. This is a function of the history, philosophies, and evolved roles of both. A brief review of the
experience and results of mainstream planning, environmental planning, and ecosystem science suggests there is much in past
scientific and professional practice that is relevant to the goal of integrated planning for environment and development,
but still such commonly recommended reforms as systems and multidisciplinary approaches, institutional integration, and participatory,
goal-oriented processes are rarely achieved. “Ecosystem approaches,” as developed and applied in ecology, human ecology, environmental
planning, anthropology, psychology, and other disciplines, may provide a more transdisciplinary route to successful integration
of environment and development. Experience with ecosystem approaches is reviewed, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed,
and they are compared to traditional urban and regional planning, environmental planning, and ecosystem science approaches.
Ultimately a synthesis of desirable characteristics for a framework to integrate environment and development planning is presented
as a guide for future work and a criterion for evaluating existing programs. 相似文献