ANAMMOX与反硝化协同作用及氮素负荷研究

向成功启动并稳定运行630 d后的UASB生物膜反应器系统连续添加有机物,分析其对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮效果的影响,并进行氮素浓度负荷试验.在厌氧氨氧化反应器系统中连续投加有机COD(葡萄糖),系统运行稳定,有机COD(葡萄糖)存在对系统去除氮素能力影响不大,有机COD去除率达到92.0%,仅用23 d,在同一反应器系统中成功实现了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同作用脱氮.氮素浓度负荷试验阶段,进水氨氮(NH 4-N)、亚硝氮(NO-2-N)以及总氮(TN)浓度负荷分别从0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.126 kg/(m3·d)提升到了0.239 kg/(m3·d)、0.315 kg/(m3·d)和0.554 kg/(m3·d),相应去除率分别为84.0%、93.0%和85.0%,厌氧氨氧化工艺的UASB生物膜反应器对氮素浓度负荷仍有很大提升空间.     

厌氧-好氧工艺处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液工程运行效果

采用沼气提升式厌氧反应器(CLR)-高溶解氧反应器(HDR)工艺处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液,经过180 d的调试后达到稳定运行。厌氧系统两次负荷提升过程:第1次120 d(常温),最大容积负荷为8 kg/(m~3·d),COD去除率在85%左右,产气量最大值为2 500 m~3/d;第2次20 d(蒸汽加热),最大容积负荷为9.2 kg/(m~3·d),COD去除率达到90%以上,产气量最大值为2 909 m~3/d。通过对产气率与容积负荷和COD去除量的关系的分析发现,容积负荷每增加1 kg/(m~3·d),沼气平均增加0.28 m~3;CLR厌氧反应每消耗1 kg COD,平均产生0.32 m~3沼气。87.5%的进水COD被利用形成沼气,剩余的12.5%的COD主要为微生物生长所利用和出水残留部分。在好氧池内,通过控制溶解氧可以实现好氧池下层COD和氨氮的同步氧化、上层进行缺氧反硝化,以此去除COD和氨氮,并降低出水总氮。     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

ASBR厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动及脱氮原理分析

以城市生活污水为基本水质进行配水,采用ASBR研究了厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动过程及脱氮性能。实验条件如下:T为(35±1)℃、HRT为24 h、pH为7.2～7.5,进水NH4+-N、NO2--N浓度为40～160 mg/L,TN负荷为0.08～0.34 kg TN/(m3.d),按2∶1比例混合接种好氧短程硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥,经49 d运行成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,并实现稳定运行。实验结果表明:稳定运行期NH4+-N、NO2--N去除率分别达96%和98%;NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量与NO3--N生成量比值为1∶1.05∶0.29,较为接近理论值;成功启动的反应器出水pH高于进水;系统TN去除率平均值为79.7%;反应器内存在反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的协同作用,实现了部分COD去除;污泥由深棕色絮状变成红褐色颗粒状,经SEM扫描电镜观察污泥菌群种类单一,多为球状菌,有漏斗状缺口,具有典型氨氧化菌形态特征。     

厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的脱氮性能及污泥性状

通过连续实验和血清瓶批式实验研究了厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的代谢特性。在pH 7.8、温度25℃左右、水力停留时间1.5 h和苯酚浓度18.82 mg/L的条件下,耦合反应器能长期稳定运行。结果表明,NH+4-N、NO-2-N去除率高达100%,TN去除率为87.51%。消耗的NH+4-N、NO-2-N与生成的NO-3-N之比为1∶1.49∶0.12,平均总氮容积负荷为2.53 kg/(m3·d),平均总氮去除负荷可达2.26 kg/(m3·d)。系统内异养反硝化与厌氧氨氧化存在协同和竞争关系,总氮的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果。耦合系统中ANAMMOX对TN去除贡献率达到86.72%,异养反硝化对TN去除贡献率达到13.28%(其中以NO-2-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为7.16%,以NO-3-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为5.89%)。污泥性状研究表明,颗粒污泥存在3种形式:一种是ANAMMOX颗粒污泥;一种是苯酚反硝化颗粒污泥;一种是ANAMMOX菌外面包裹苯酚反硝化菌的颗粒污泥。另外,颗粒污泥的无机组分较高。污泥扫描电镜照片显示厌氧氨氧化菌为球状,反硝化菌为短杆状。     

UASBB-两段接触氧化处理规模化猪场废水的中试研究

研究了中试上流式厌氧污泥床生物膜反应器(UASBB)-两段生物接触氧化(BCO)处理规模化猪场废水工艺。结果表明,经过227 d运行,UASBB中成功地实现了同步厌氧氨氧化甲烷化反硝化;两段BCO经45 d成功地挂膜,并控制一段BCO池DO 1.4~1.8 mg/L,实现短程硝化积累NO-2-N;耦合UASBB和两段BCO,回流一段BCO的NO-2-N,确定最佳外回流比为300%;COD负荷达2.81 kg/(m3·d),中试系统对规模化猪场二级沼液、一级沼液、原水COD的去除率分别为94.7%、93%和96.9%,TN负荷达0.487 kg/(m3·d),去除率分别为84.1%、82.8%和84.7%,NH+4-N负荷达0.293 kg/(m3·d),去除率分别为92%、92.9%和88.5%;出水水质符合《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001)。     

C/N比对ANAMMOX与反硝化协同脱氮性能影响及其动力学

采用ASBR厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器,考察了不同C/N(NH+4-N)比时厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同脱氮性能表现,并与无机环境下反应器的脱氮性能相比较。研究结果表明,C/N比决定了ANAMMOX/反硝化耦合反应的发展方向。当C/N0.33时,ANAMMOX为主导反应;当C/N=0.67时,耦合反应的效果最佳,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别为92%、95%、COD去除率大于96%,实现了氨氮及COD的同时去除;当C/N=1.33时,反硝化反应逐渐占据优势;当C/N2.96时,反硝化作用成为主导反应,厌氧氨氧化反应受到明显抑制,氨氮去除率下降。采取批次实验方法研究了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同反应的动力学特性。用基质抑制动力学Haldane模型拟合不同基质浓度下的厌氧氨氧化活性,得到氨氮最大比增长速率为0.09 kg/(kg·d)(以VSS计),半饱和常数为8.4 mg/L、半抑制常数为1 198.2 mg/L;亚硝态氮最大比增长速率为0.27 kg/(kg·d)(以VSS计),半饱和常数为10.2 mg/L、半抑制常数为300.1 mg/L。采用Monod模型和Haldane模型分别拟合不同COD浓度和亚硝酸盐浓度下的反硝化性能,得到反硝化亚硝态氮最大比增长速率为0.2 kg/(kg VSS·d),半饱和常数为17.4 mg/L、半抑制常数为128.4 mg/L,COD半饱和常数为83.3 mg/L。     

压力式接触氧化法同步硝化反硝化脱氮性能研究

研究了压力式接触氧化法的脱氮性能,分析了容积负荷、溶解氧和停留时间等因素对反应器脱氮效果的影响.研究表明,压力式接触氧化法具有明显的同步硝化反硝化现象,当HRT=1.8 h时,DO高达5.4 mg/L,可获得90%以上的反硝化率.当HRT=1.8 h,溶解氧4～5 mg/L,容积负荷为10～12 kg COD/(m3·d)时,氨氮去除率80%左右,总氮去除率达70%～80%.     

两级自养反硝化实现垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮

针对目前生物工艺难以解决垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的问题,探究了短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化(两级自养)工艺处理高氨氮、低C/N比垃圾渗滤液的脱氮效果。结果表明,当进水垃圾渗滤液中氨氮平均浓度为2 560 mg·L~(-1),COD值为4 000～5 000 mg·L~(-1)时,经过短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理后,总氮去除负荷可达1.19 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)、总氮去除率可达93.1%(出水TN=176.3 mg·L~(-1))、COD去除率可达52.2%。但是,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水中NO_x~--N浓度为154.5 mg·L~(-1),仍未达到我国生活垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液处理排放标准(TN≤40 mg·L~(-1))。在厌氧氨氧化反应器之后串联硫自养反硝化,整体工艺最终出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N平均浓度分别为1.9、0.6、9.7 mg·L~(-1),TN≤15 mg·L~(-1),进水总氮去除率为99.5%。在短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化两级自养深度脱氮反应系统中实现了垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮。     

炭管膜曝气生物膜反应器SNAD脱氮研究

以包裹无纺布的微孔炭管作为膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）的膜组件,进行了短程硝化,厌氧氨氧化和反硝化耦合脱氮(SNAD)研究。实验中,控制温度34±1℃,pH 7.5～8.5, HRT 8 h,通过逐步降低膜内压力使反应器中的溶解氧由8 mg/L逐步降低到0.5 mg/L以下。实验采用亚硝酸细菌挂膜,然后接种厌氧氨氧化细菌,实现在单一反应器中同时发生短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化耦合脱氮功能。结果表明,经过180 d的连续稳定运行,氨氮去除率达到了93.4%,总氮去除率达到了92.5%,COD去除率达到97.2%, 氨氮去除负荷0.6 kg N/（m³ ·d）。适合SNAD工艺的最佳C/N比为0.2～0.6,当COD浓度过高时,会抑制厌氧氨氧化细菌,使SNAD工艺的处理效果明显下降。     

生物流化床厌氧氨氧化脱氮处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用厌氧流化床反应器 (AFB)作为厌氧氨氧化反应器 ,对垃圾渗滤液脱氮进行了研究。以模拟废水完成了反应器的启动 ,然后加入一定比例的垃圾渗滤液 ,对垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化脱氮的影响因素进行了研究 ,取得了较好的脱氮效果。实验表明 ,厌氧氨氧化脱氮对高氨氮浓度的垃圾渗滤液的处理具有较大的潜力。     

高氨氮废水的半硝化工艺影响因素

采用泳动床反应器对含高浓度氨氮的污泥脱滤液进行了半硝化反应影响因素研究。实验结果表明,半硝化工艺可以在较高负荷条件下运行,其出水NO2--N/NH4+-N比例稳定在1.1±0.05∶1,基本满足了厌氧氨氧化工艺的进水要求。此外,温度和溶解氧对工艺运行具有重要影响,控制适宜无机碳含量与NH4+-N比值、碱度与氨氮比值有利于半硝化工艺的进行。     

Effect of alkalinity on the performance of a simulated landfill bioreactor digesting organic solid wastes

This study investigated the effects of alkalinity on the anaerobic treatment of the organic solid wastes collected from the kitchen of Engineering Faculty in Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey and the leachate characteristics treated in three simulated landfill anaerobic bioreactors. All of the reactors were operated with leachate recirculation. One reactor was operated without alkalinity addition. The second reactor was operated by the addition of 3 g l-1 d-1 of NaHCO3 alkalinity to the leachate and the third reactor was operated by the addition of 6 g l-1 d-1 NaHCO3 alkalinity to the leachate. After 65 d of anaerobic incubation, it was observed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations, and biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/COD) ratios in the leachate samples produced from the alkalinity added reactors were lower than the control reactor while the pH values were higher than the control reactor. The COD values were measured as 18900, 3800 and 2900 mg l-1 while the VFA concentrations were 6900, 1400 and 1290 mg l-1, respectively, in the leachate samples of the control, and reactors containing 3 g l-1 NaHCO3 and 6 g l-1 NaHCO3 after 65 d of anaerobic incubation. The total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) concentrations in organic solid waste (OSW) significantly reduced in the reactor containing 6 g l-1 NaHCO3 by d 65. The values of pH were 6.54, 7.19 and 7.31, after 65 d of anaerobic incubation, respectively, in the aforementioned reactors results in neutral environmental conditions in alkalinity added reactors. Methane percentage of the control, reactors containing 3 g l-1 NaHCO3 and 6 g l-1 NaHCO3 were 37%, 64% and 65%, respectively, after 65 d of incubation. BOD5/COD ratios of 0.27 and 0.25 were achieved in the 3 and 6 g l-1 NaHCO3 containing reactors, indicating a better OSW stabilization. Alkalinity addition reduced the waste quantity, the organic content of the solid waste and the biodegradation time.     

厌氧产氢ASBR对氮的脱除

在厌氧序批式人工有机污水生物产氢反应器(ASBR)中发现氮"丢失"现象,并对此产氢系统发生脱氮作用的机理和主要影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在以葡萄糖为发酵底物的厌氧产氢系统中,微生物分别以铵和硫酸盐为电子供体和电子受体发生了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化;进水有机物负荷和pH主要通过影响不同种微生物的活性而影响脱氮性能,氨氮和硫酸盐的浓度直接与氮素去除率有关。在最大产氢能力为16 m3/(m3·d)、氢气体积百分比为65%的生物制氢系统中,最大脱氮效率约为64%。产氢效率与氮脱除率呈现负相关关系。研究表明,在控制条件下,可以实现高有机物废水厌氧脱除氨态氮,为生活污水直接厌氧脱氮开辟一条新途径。     

厌氧产氢ASBR对氮的脱除

在厌氧序批式人工有机污水生物产氢反应器（ASBR）中发现氮“丢失”现象,并对此产氢系统发生脱氮作用的机理和主要影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在以葡萄糖为发酵底物的厌氧产氢系统中,微生物分别以铵和硫酸盐为电子供体和电子受体发生了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化;进水有机物负荷和pH主要通过影响不同种微生物的活性而影响脱氮性能,氨氮和硫酸盐的浓度直接与氮素去除率有关。在最大产氢能力为16m3／（m3·d）、氢气体积百分比为65％的生物制氢系统中,最大脱氮效率约为64％。产氢效率与氮脱除率呈现负相关关系。研究表明,在控制条件下,可以实现高有机物废水厌氧脱除氨态氮,为生活污水直接厌氧脱氮开辟一条新途径。     

Biodegradation of endosulfan-contaminated soil in a pilot-scale reactor-bioaugmented with mixed bacterial culture

A novel mixed bacterial culture was enriched from an endosulfan (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10 – hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 3, 4-benzo (e) dioxathiepin-3-oxide) processing industrial surface soil. The cultures were successful in the degradation of aqueous phase endosulfan in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Using the cultures, endosulfan degradation in silty gravel with sand (GM) was examined via pilot scale reactor at an endosulfan concentration of 0.78 ± 0.01 mg g^{? 1} of soil, and optimized moisture content of 40 ± 1%. During operation, vertical spatial variability in endosulfan degradation was observed within the reactor. At the end of 56 days, maximum endosulfan degradation efficiency of 78 ± 0.2% and 86.91 ± 0.2% was observed in the top and bottom portion of the reactor, respectively. Both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were observed within the reactor. However, endosulfan degradation was predominant in anaerobic condition and the total protein concentration in the reactor was declined progressively down the soil depth. Throughout the study, no known intermediate metabolites of endosulfan reported by previous researchers were observed.     

容积负荷对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行影响的研究

采用1套有效容积为3 L的厌氧复合床作为厌氧氨氧化反应器,用提高进水基质浓度和缩短反应器水力停留时间2种方式提高反应器的容积负荷,进而研究反应器最佳的进水浓度和水力停留时间。结果表明,在HRT为24 h的条件下,反应器最佳进水浓度NH4+-N与NO2--N在110 mg/L左右;通过调节HRT发现,当HRT大于8 h时,NH4+-N与NO2--N的去除率都在80%以上。     

Feasibility of a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor to achieve single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on Anammox

A laboratory-scale membrane-aerated biofilm bioreactor (MABR) equipped with non-woven fabrics support around the gas-permeable carbon tube was developed for single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidization. This reactor allowed air to be supplied through the microporous carbon tube wall to the biofilm that was supported by non-woven fabrics. The partial nitrification and consumption of dissolved oxygen occurred in the inner layer and Anammox in the anoxic outer layer of the non-woven fabrics, thus realizing autotrophic nitrogen removal in a single reactor. After 116d of operation, the maximal nitrogen removal of 0.77kgNm(-3)d(-1) at a volumetric ammonium loading rate of 0.87kgNm(-3)d(-1) was achieved. The spatial profiles of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox bacteria were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. This study demonstrated that MABR was a very suitable experimental set-up for the operation of the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process.     

Biodegradation of endosulfan-contaminated soil in a pilot-scale reactor-bioaugmented with mixed bacterial culture

A novel mixed bacterial culture was enriched from an endosulfan (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10 - hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 3, 4-benzo (e) dioxathiepin-3-oxide) processing industrial surface soil. The cultures were successful in the degradation of aqueous phase endosulfan in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Using the cultures, endosulfan degradation in silty gravel with sand (GM) was examined via pilot scale reactor at an endosulfan concentration of 0.78 +/- 0.01 mg g(- 1) of soil, and optimized moisture content of 40 +/- 1%. During operation, vertical spatial variability in endosulfan degradation was observed within the reactor. At the end of 56 days, maximum endosulfan degradation efficiency of 78 +/- 0.2% and 86.91 +/- 0.2% was observed in the top and bottom portion of the reactor, respectively. Both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were observed within the reactor. However, endosulfan degradation was predominant in anaerobic condition and the total protein concentration in the reactor was declined progressively down the soil depth. Throughout the study, no known intermediate metabolites of endosulfan reported by previous researchers were observed.     

pH-gradient real-time aeration control for nitritation community selection in a non-porous hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) with dilute wastewater

Nitritation (ammonium to nitrite) as a pre-treatment of Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) is a key step for an energy-efficient nitrogen-removal alternative from dilute wastewaters, e.g. anaerobically-treated sewage, with which limited study has achieved sustainable nitritation at ambient temperature and short hydraulic retention times. To this end, pH-gradient real-time aeration control in an oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor was observed at 20 °C in the sequencing batch mode. An optimum oxygen supply via diffusion for ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was established, but nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) could be inhibited. The system achieved nitrite accumulation efficiencies varying from 88% to 94% with the aeration control. Mass balance and rate performance analyses indicate that this aeration control is able to supply an oxygen rate of 1.5 mol O₂ mol^?1 ammonium fed, the benchmark oxygenation rate based on stoichiometry for nitritation community selection. Microbial analyses confirmed AOB prevalence with NOB inhibition under this aeration control.