Solar light induced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4

Aqueous solutions of reactive blue 4 textile dye are totally mineralised when irradiated with TiO2 photocatalyst. A solution containing 4 x 10(-4) M dye was completely degraded in 24 h irradiation time. The intensity of the solar light was measured using Lux meter. The results showed that the dye molecules were completely degraded to CO2, SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+ and H2O under solar irradiation. The addition of hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulphate influenced the photodegradation efficiency. The rapidity of photodegradation of dye intermediates were observed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide than in its absence. The auxiliary chemicals such as sodium carbonate and sodium chloride substantially affected the photodegradation efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography and chemical oxygen demand were used to study the mineralisation and degradation of the dye respectively. It is concluded that solar light induced degradation of textile dye in wastewater is a viable technique for wastewater treatment.     

Two stage biological treatment of a diazo reactive textile dye and the fate of the dye metabolites

A two stage anaerobic/aerobic bacterial process was used to decolorize and partially mineralize a reactive vinyl sulfone diazo dye C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in a synthetic wastewater. Since the anchor group of reactive dyes reacts during the dyeing process, the effect the degree of hydrolysis of the vinyl sulfone dye had on decolorization, mineralization and toxicity in each stage was investigated. An overall color removal of approximately 65% was found for both the fully and partially hydrolyzed dye. Partial mineralization of the fully hydrolyzed RB5 was achieved in the two stage rotating disc reactors. While the anchor group metabolite p-aminobenzene-2-hydroxyethylsulfonic acid (p-ABHES) was mineralized, an oxidized form of the center metabolite (1,2-ketimino-7-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid) remained in the aerobic stage effluent, causing the effluent to be colored although no RB5 was present. Partially hydrolyzed dye in the influent with vinyl forms of the anchor group caused cessation of biogas production and a reduction in decolorization efficiency in the anaerobic stage. No evidence for mineralization of the partially hydrolyzed dye or its metabolites was found. A method for evaluating dye mineralization using lumped parameters is presented.     

Solar photocatalytic degradation of mono azo methyl orange and diazo reactive green 19 in single and binary dye solutions: adsorbability vs photodegradation rate

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of adsorbability and number of sulfonate group on solar photocatalytic degradation of mono azo methyl orange (MO) and diazo Reactive Green 19 (RG19) in single and binary dye solutions. The adsorption capacity of MO and RG19 onto the TiO₂ was 16.9 and 26.8 mg/g, respectively, in single dye solution, and reduced to 5.0 and 23.1 mg/g, respectively, in the binary dye solution. The data obtained for photocatalytic degradation of MO and RG19 in single and binary dye solution were well fitted with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. The pseudo-first-order rate constants of diazo RG19 were significant higher than the mono azo MO either in single or binary dye solutions. The higher number of sulfonate group in RG19 contributed to better adsorption capacity onto the surface of TiO₂ than MO indicating greater photocatalytic degradation rate.     

Rapid dye degradation with reactive oxidants generated by chloride-induced peroxymonosulfate activation

Transition-metal is known to catalyze peroxymonosulfate (PMS) decomposition to produce sulfate radicals. Here we report reactions between PMS and chloride, without a need of transition metals, also can be used to degrade organic dye pollutant (Rhodamine B, (RhB)). Some important operating parameters, such as dosages of PMS and Cl^?, pH of solution, temperature, ionic strength, and several common cations, were systematically investigated. Almost complete decoloration of RhB was achieved within 5 min ([PMS]?=?0.5 mM, [Cl^?]?=?120 mM, and pH 3.0), and RhB bleaching rate increased with the increased dosages of both PMS and chloride ion, following the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. However, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal results demonstrated that the decoloration of RhB was due to the destruction of chromophore rather than complete degradation. RhB decoloration could be significantly accelerated due to the high ionic strength. Increasing of the reaction temperature from 273 K to 333 K was beneficial to the RhB degradation, and the activation energy was determined to be 32.996 kJ/mol. Bleaching rate of RhB with the examined cations increased with the order of NH₄ ⁺?<?Na⁺?<?K⁺?<?Al³⁺?<?Ca²⁺?<?Mg²⁺. Some major degradation products of RhB were identified by GC-MS. The present study may have active technical implications for the treatment of dyestuff wastewater in practice.     

粉煤灰负载铁离子催化氧化活性黄染料废水

以粉煤灰为载体,制备铁/粉煤灰负载型催化剂,并利用该催化剂催化H2O2氧化降解活性黄染料废水,探讨了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、染料初始浓度和初始pH值等因素对染料废水COD去除率和脱色率的影响。结果表明,当染料废水COD初始浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH值为1.7,投加0.5 g/100 mL催化剂及加入1.0 mL浓度为1.13 mol/L的H2O2溶液时,处理效果最好,此时染料废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别达到63%和99%,并且废水的可生化性得到很大的提高。利用该负载催化剂能够有效地减少活性黄染料废水中Fe3+的残留量。     

Enzymatic treatment of sulfonated aromatic amines generated from reductive degradation of reactive azo dyes.

Anaerobic degradation, an effective treatment process of textile industry effluent, generates sulfonated aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and resistant to microbial degradation. These aromatic amines can be effectively removed by oxidative polymerization catalyzed by peroxidase enzyme. The amines, generated in this study from the anaerobic reduction by zero-valent iron of two reactive azo dyes (Reactive Red 2 [RR2] and Reactive Black 5 [RB5]), were successfully removed (90%) by Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP). For better understanding of the process, enzymatic treatment of two model compounds, diphenylamine (DPA) and 2-amino-8-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid (ANDSA), were also studied. Diphenylamine has a similar diarylamine bond as RR2. The ANDSA has a similar structure as the dye reduction products. The secondary amine bond in DPA and RR2 were oxidized by ARP. Enzymatic reaction of sulfonated aromatic amines generated soluble colored compounds, which were removed by coagulant. Optimum reaction parameters were also determined.     

Microbially assisted phytoremediation approaches for two multi-element contaminated sites

Phytoremediation is an environmental friendly, cost-effective technology for a soft restoration of abandoned mine sites. The grasses Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa and Festuca rubra, and the annual herb Helianthus annuus were combined with microbial consortia in pot experiments on multi-metal polluted substrates collected at a former uranium mine near Ronneburg, Germany, and a historic copper mine in Kopparberg, Sweden, to test for phytoextraction versus phytostabilization abilities. Metal uptake into plant biomass was evaluated to identify optimal plant–microbe combinations for each substrate. Metal bioavailability was found to be plant species and element specific, and influenced by the applied bacterial consortia of 10 strains, each isolated from the same soil to which it was applied. H. annuus showed high extraction capacity for several metals on the German soil independent of inoculation. Our study could also show a significant enhancement of extraction for F. rubra and A. capillaris when combined with the bacterial consortium, although usually grasses are considered metal excluder species. On the Swedish mixed substrate, due to its toxicity, with 30 % bark compost, A. capillaris inoculated with the respective consortium was able to extract multi-metal contaminants.     

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye by highly stable visible-light-responsive Fe-based tri-composite photocatalysts

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A novel visible-light-sensitive ZnVFeO4 photocatalyst has been fabricated by the precipitation method at different pH values for the enhanced...     

铁屑法处理活性染料废水的实验研究

研究了反应时间、染料浓度、进水pH以及不同的废铸铁屑投加量的条件下，废铸铁屑内电解法处理模拟印染废水的脱色能力。并采用铁屑滤床强化厌氧一好氧膜生物反应器（A／OMBR）处理含活性染料的模拟废水。研究结果表明，铁屑对模拟印染废水的最佳脱色时间为12min，酸性条件下铁屑的脱色率优于碱性条件．随铁屑投加量的增加，系统对印染废水的脱色率提高，铁屑滤床强化A／OMBR处理可以提高组合工艺出水色度和COD的去除率。     

A novel preparation process of straw-based iron material for enhanced persulfate activation of reactive black 5 degradation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, a new straw-iron composite material (ST@Fe) was synthesized through impregnation and freeze-drying process for persulfate (PS)...     

镁盐复合混凝剂应用于活性染料印染废水脱色的实验研究

采用镁盐与亚铁盐混合复配对活性染料印染废水进行脱色处理.考察该复合混凝剂的组分配比、pH值和投加量对脱色率的影响,并与单一组分混凝剂的脱色效果作对比,同时初步分析了复合混凝剂的脱色机理.结果表明:复合混凝剂MgSO4-FeSO4·7H2O的脱色效果明显优于单一组分,表现出显著的协同效应;对于80 mg/L的活性黑KN-B印染废水(色度为1000倍),在复合混凝剂投加量为556 mg/L、pH值在10.9左右时,脱色率可以达到99.07%;主要脱色机理表现为镁盐和亚铁盐在高pH值的环境下共沉淀生成氢氧化物絮状物吸附溶液中的染料分子一起沉降.该吸附主要为电中和吸附.吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,复合吸附剂的饱和吸附量达1.1614 g/g.     

Application of activated M/ZnO (M = Mn,Co, Ni,Cu, Ag) in photocatalytic degradation of diazo textile coloring dye

Activated ZnO powder has been prepared by procedures involving first its dissolution in nitric acid, then simultaneous treatment by adding NH₄OH and CO₂ bubbling leading to precipitation as Zn(OH)CO₃ (ZH) and further thermal decomposition of ZH at 400 °C. The gas evolution leads to formation of pores and increase in the specific surface area. Chemically activated M/ZnO powders doped with Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Ag have been obtained by the impregnation method. The samples have been characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-Vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), single point Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The experiments have shown that metal-doped activated ZnO powders possess higher photocatalytic activities in oxidative discoloration of model contaminant textile coloring dye Reactive Black 5 in slurry reactor compared to that of the pure ZnO. The XRD and XPS data have shown the presence of defects, nonstoichiometricity implying the formation of solid solutions. Copper-doped (1.5 wt%) activated ZnO (Cu²⁺ replaces Zn²⁺) is outstanding in its photocatalytic performance in discoloration of the dye due to the higher specific surface area and improved charge carrier separation.     

改进Fenton体系处理蒽醌染料的研究

以活性艳蓝KN-R作为研究对象,用UV/Fenton和solar/Fenton/草酸(H2C O4)体系对其进行处理,对反应体系的影响因素作综合的评价.得到处理蒽醌染料废水的最佳条件:dye(活性艳蓝KN-R):Fe2 :H2O2:H2C2O4为5:1:15:1.5,pH为3.0,反应时间为40 min.在最佳条件下,solar/Fenton/H2C2O4体系脱色率达到100%,COD和TOC去除率分别达到87%和66%以上.改进的Fenton方法能使难降解有机染料迅速脱色,矿化程度较高.并对此体系处理活性艳蓝KN-R废水的脱色过程进行动力学模拟,得到此反应为拟一级反应.     

UASB反应器降解活性染料废水的特性

中温（35±1）℃条件下,采用上流式厌氧污泥床（upflowanaerobicsludgebed,简称UASB）反应器处理了含蒽醌类-活性艳蓝（c．I．ReactiveBlue5,简称K—GR）或偶氮类-活性艳红（C．I．ReactiveRed20,简称KD-8B;C．I．ReactiveRed2,简称X-3B）模拟染料废水,重点研究了回流比对染料脱色率和COD去除率的影响,在最佳回流比的条件下,探讨HRT（hydraulicretentiontime）对脱色的影响和不同结构染料的脱色效果,并初步分析了脱色机理。结果表明,适宜的回流比有利于提高系统的脱色率;控制回流比和HRT分别为2和24h,当模拟废水中染料的浓度为100mg／L时,COD去除率和脱色率分别为90％～96％和85％～92％;蒽醌和偶氮类染料的脱色是通过偶氮键和葸醌共轭结构的断裂来实现的。     

蒸发壁式超临界水氧化反应器处理分散红和活性红染料废水的比较

采用蒸发壁式超临界水氧化反应器对染料分散红C.I.60和活性艳红M-2B配制的模拟废水进行降解实验.实验结果表明,2种染料的COD和TN去除率随着反应温度、氧化剂过量比(r)的升高而上升.COD去除率活性红要高于分散红,而TN去除率则相反.根据GC-MS分析和陶瓷膜SEM图像,分析测得2种染料主要反应中间产物均含有苯酚和苯甲酸,2种染料的反应对陶瓷膜均有轻微的腐蚀.     

Bacterial response to photocatalytic degradation of 6-chlorovanillin

The oxidation of a 186 ppm 6-chlorovanillin solution was performed using impregnated TiO2 glass rings in a 1 l photochemical reactor. Fifty per cent degradation was obtained after 60 min with recirculation of the solution. Then, oxidised samples were submitted under aerobic conditions to bacterial degradation in the Pseudomonas paucimobilis (S37) and Burkholderia cepacia (PZK). Both selected aerobic bacteria degrade more efficiently the photocatalysed samples, being PZK strain better than S37. A first-order kinetic was observed in both systems photocatalytic and bacterial degradation.     

Ultrasound enhanced activation of peroxydisulfate by activated carbon fiber for decolorization of azo dye

Activated carbon fiber (ACF) has become an emerging activator for peroxydisulfate (PDS) to generate sulfate radical (SO₄^??). However, the relative low activation efficiency and poor contaminant mineralization limited its widespread application. Herein, ultrasound (US) was introduced to the ACF activated PDS system, and the synergistic effect of US and ACF in PDS activation and the enhancement of contaminant mineralization were investigated. The synergistic effect of US and ACF was observed in the PDS activation to decolorize orange G (OG). The decolorization efficiency increased with increasing ACF loading and US power, and PDS/OG ratio from 1 to 40. The activation energy was determined to be 24.065 kJ/mol. The radical-induced decolorization of OG took place on the surface of ACF, and both SO₄^?? and hydroxyl radical (^?OH) contributed to OG decolorization. The azo bond and naphthalene ring on OG were destructed to other aromatic intermediates and finally mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. The introduction of US in the ACF/PDS system significantly enhanced the mineralization of OG. The combination of US and PDS was highly efficient to activate PDS to decolorize azo dyes. Moreover, the introduction of US remarkably improved the contaminant mineralization.     

The effect of pre-ozonation on the biocompatibility of reactive dye hydrolysates

Pre-ozonation of 14 different reactive dyestuff hydrolysates at alkaline pH was investigated to assess possible relationships between ozone transfer efficiency, first order decolourization kinetics, release of initially complexed heavy metals and relative changes in the biodegradability of the partially oxidized dye waste samples. Biocompatibility of the raw (untreated) and ozonated dye hydrolysates was comparatively tracked through specific oxygen uptake rate measurements from which the respirometric inhibition of biological activated sludge imparted by raw and ozonated reactive dye wastewater with respect to synthetic domestic wastewater was determined. It could be demonstrated that preliminary ozonation of reactive azo dyes increases their biological compatibility more significantly than formazan copper complex, copper complex azo and phythalocyanine dyes as a consequence of heavy metal release associated with the cleavage of associated chromophoric groupings right at the initial stages of pre-ozonation.