Characterization of the archaeal community fouling a membrane bioreactor

Biofilmformation, one of the primary causes of biofouling, results in reducedmembrane flux or increased transmembrane pressure and thus represents a major impediment to the wider implementation of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies for water purification. Most studies have focused on the role of bacteria in membrane fouling as they are the most dominant and best studied organisms present in the MBR. In contrast, there is limited information on the role of the archaeal community in biofilm formation in MBRs. This study investigated the composition of the archaeal community during the process of biofouling in an MBR. The archaeal community was observed to have lower richness and diversity in the biofilmthan the sludge during the establishment of biofilms at low transmembrane pressure (TMP). Clustering of the communities based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix indicated that a subset of the sludge archaeal community formed the initial biofilms. The archaeal community in the biofilm was mainly composed of Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata, Thermococci, Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia and Halobacteria. Among them, the Thermoprotei and Thermoplasmata were present at higher relative proportions in the biofilms than they were in the sludge. Additionally, the Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata and Thermococci were the dominant organisms detected in the initial biofilms at low TMP, while as the TMP increased, the Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia, Aciduliprofundum and Halobacteria were present at higher abundances in the biofilms at high TMP.     

淹没式膜生物反应器中膜污染机理的研究

为减小微生物絮体对膜的污染,设计了一种具有沉降室的膜生物反应器,膜A与膜B分别淹没在上清液和污泥混合液中以相同的抽吸方式运行,与预期结果相反,膜A比膜B的污染速度还快．为探讨膜污染机理,考察了污泥混合液中不同组分对膜污染的影响,利用扫描电镜和原子力显微镜分析了膜面污染层的特征．结果发现,在污泥混合液与上清液中膜面污染层在微观结构上存在显差异,其方差平均粗糙度Rms分别为132．3nm和75．2nm．经膜污染机理分析认为：微生物絮体和大分子有机物会在膜面形成污染层,该污染层作为“二次膜”影响膜过滤性能．上清液中细小的微生物絮体和大分子有机物形成的污染层相对致密,会加剧膜污染．     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane. Translated from ACTA Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 396–400 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

膜-生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能与膜污染相关性研究

结合连续流小试，对膜．生物反应器运行过程中，活性污泥沉降性能的变化及其对膜污染的影响进行了研究．结果表明，随着运行时间的增长，该系统内丝状菌大量繁殖，活性污泥沉降性能变差，SVI值升高．随之，膜过滤压差(过滤阻力)平均上升速率有所增加，膜过滤周期缩短．膜过滤压差的“两阶段性(平缓上升期和加速上升期)”变化规律趋于明显，平缓上升期和加速上升期的膜过滤压差上升速率随污泥SVI值的升高分别呈现下降和上升的趋势．污泥沉降性能的变化对膜污染过程产生明显影响．电镜观察表明，污泥沉降性能对膜过滤压差的影响与膜面污染层的结构和厚度有关．     

在线超声对膜生物反应器膜污染的控制

构建在线超声-膜生物反应器(US-MBR),利用间歇超声辐照控制膜污染.结合跨膜压差的上升和污染膜表面微观形态的变化,在不同超声间隔时间条件下对 US-MBR 中膜污染过程进行了分析.结果表明,超声时间 2min 和膜通量 12.0L/(h⋅m2)时,在超声间隔时间分别为8,12,16h 的条件下,US-MBR 的运行周期比未施加超声的普通膜生物反应器(Control-MBR)分别延长17,13,5d 左右,在线超声有效抑制了由上清液有机物导致的凝胶层污染.膜表面污染层阻力分布显示,超声可降低凝胶层阻力.场发射扫描电镜-能谱分析仪分析表明,超声通过减少有机物附着而延长膜运行时间.2 套反应器出水水质基本没有差别,超声未造成出水水质的恶化.     

污泥性质对动态膜形成和膜污染的影响

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）为研究体系,探讨了正常污泥、膨胀污泥和解体污泥的动态膜形成和膜污染特点,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、相对疏水性（RH）、污泥混合液粘度（μ）、接触角这些物化性质角度定量研究膜污染机理.研究结果表明,膨胀污泥由于丝状菌累积导致严重的泥饼层污染;解体污泥由于胶体颗粒和可溶性物质沉积...     

丝状菌对膜-生物反应器中膜污染过程的影响

结合动态运行试验,针对丝状菌对膜污染过程的影响进行了跟踪观察和分析.结果显示,丝状菌与膜表面污染物形成过程及结构、附着形式密切相关.丝状菌以黏着、穿透膜材料等固定形式,增加膜表面污染物的附着强度.丝状菌以立体网状结构形式在膜表面污染物形成及其结构中发挥重要作用,严重影响膜-生物反应器的处理能力及膜清洗效率,丝状菌是膜-生物反应器中危害性严重的一类微生物.     

Effect of components in activated sludge liquor on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor

Introduction The membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have shown many advantages over conventional activated sludge processes, which apply membrane modules instead of the secondary settle tank to make a better separation of the solids and liquid and have been grea…     

Study on membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactor in treating bathing wastewater

A pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to treat the bathing wastewater for more than 90 d. Several factors affecting membrane fouling were studied, including the variation in transmembrane pressure (TMP), changes in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and distribution of membrane resistance (R). The relationships between R and EPS concentration were found to be R = 0.00008(EPSS)2.915 in the mixed liquor (EPSS) and R = 0.2853(EPSm) - 0.824 on the membrane surface (EPSm). The constant...     

厌氧膜生物反应器污泥组分对膜污染的影响

对一体式厌氧膜生物反应器污泥进行离心分离,考察污泥各组分和膜污染的特性之间的关系.通过对已有理论模型进行变形,推导出阻力的数学模型方程式,并分析了膜通量、膜阻力的变化.同时对混合液悬浮固体进行了颗粒粒径分析,并与好氧膜生物反应器的污泥颗粒进行了对比分析.结果表明,污泥混合液悬浮固体形成阻力占膜总阻力的70%,胶体物质形成阻力占22%,溶解性物质形成阻力占8%.     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器污泥特性及膜污染的影响

研究了污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)总量、紧密粘附胞外聚合物(TB)和松散附着胞外聚合物(LB)含量及其中蛋白质与多糖比例的影响.结果表明,随污泥龄的延长,混合液EPS总量增加,TB和LB中蛋白质与多糖比例发生变化.这种变化改变了细菌表面电荷分布,增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌的存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变,降低了混合液Zeta电位,SVI值增大.采用SPSS软件对膜污染的主要因子进行了相关性分析,Zeta电位、上清液悬浮固体浓度、相对疏水性的相关系数分别为-0.818、0.853、0.832.综合考虑膜污染阻力和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间的120倍以下.     

Membrane fouling control by ultrasound in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

In this study, ultrasound was used to control the membrane fouling online in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR). Short-term running experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to explore feasible ultrasonic parameters. The experimental results indicated that when the crossflow velocity was more than 1.0 m/s, membrane fouling could be controlled effectively only by hydrodynamic methods without ultrasound. When ultrasound was applied, an ultrasonic power range of 60–150 W was suitable for the membrane fouling control in the experimental system. The experimental results showed that the membrane fouling was controlled so well that membrane filtration resistance (ΣR) could stay at 5 × 10¹¹ m⁻¹ for more than a week with the crossflow velocity of 0.75 m/s, which equaled the effect of crossflow velocity of more than 1.0 m/s without ultrasound. Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(4): 25–29 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

投加粉末活性炭对一体式膜-生物反应器膜污染的影响研究

通过试验考察了粉末活性炭（PAC）对一体式膜-生物反应器中膜污染的影响．在2种类型的污泥（膨胀污泥和非膨胀）中，投加适量PAC可以减轻膜污染，表现为临界膜通量的提高和连续运行中膜污染增长速率的降低．当污泥性质和浓度不同时，最佳PAC投加范围亦不同．PAC投量过大会引起临界通量下降．PAC的投加显著降低了混合液中溶解性物质的浓度，减轻了溶解性物质的吸附和膜孔堵塞污染，并改善了絮体结构．污泥比阻与污泥混合液膜过滤性能之间有很好的相关性，可作为污泥混合液膜过滤性能的快速评价指标．     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

利用PCR-DGGE研究膜生物反应器中微生物的群落结构

使用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCR-DGGE)考查了天津某再生水处理厂膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,简称MBR)培养驯化直至正常运行全过程中总细菌群落结构的演替情况.结果表明,在MBR环境中,接种的传统活性污泥中的微生物群落在几天内发生了较大的变化,在进污水驯化时,微生物群落也遭受了冲击,最后经过培养驯化趋于稳定,一些菌种逐渐成长为顶级优势微生物,在反应器内占据主导地位.最终该反应器逐渐形成了自己独有的微生物群落生态系统.另外,对该微生物群落的部分优势总细菌进行了克隆测序和系统发育树分析,通过鉴定获得的10条总细菌的16S rDNA序列,它们分别与气单胞菌属、假单胞菌、亚硝酸菌属、丛毛单胞菌属和杆菌的同源性在97%以上,这些优势微生物在MBR反应器去除有机物的过程中起到了关键的作用.     

MBR中微生物群落结构的演变与分析

为了揭示膜.生物反应器中微生物群落结构多样性的演变过程,通过细胞裂解法直接提取不同时期污泥中的基因组DNA,利用基于16SrDNA的PCR-DGGE技术获得了微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,并对条带进行了统计分析和切胶测序,使用序列数据进行了同源性分析并建立了系统发育树.DGGE分析表明,在反应器运行前17d内污泥中微生物群落结构变化很大,与接种污泥的相似性系数下降到了29.2%,从而说明MBR中处理工艺和进水水质的改变导致微生物群落结构多样性降低.在试验过程中,Pscudomonas和Aeromonas hydrophila等种群一直保持着较为稳定的优势地位,也有原始种群如Bacillus sp.的消亡和以Enterococcus faecalis、Comamonas sp.、Fusobacterium sp.等为代表的次级种群的强化和演变.UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱区分为3大类群并对应于各自的运行时期.测序结果表明,MBR中微生物菌群间进化距离较大,其中Proteobaeteria纲和Bacillus属细菌较多.在反应器运行后期演变为优势地位的菌群(如Comamonas sp.)加剧了膜污染物的产生和积累.     

高有机负荷冲击对填料型MBR运行性能的影响

针对分散式农村生活污水有机负荷变化明显的特点,研究了填料型厌氧-缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A²O-MBR）抗高有机负荷的能力,考察了高有机负荷冲击对污染物去除效果、悬浮和附着污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,高负荷冲击期间污染物去除稳定,氨氮去除率在冲击第3d从99.1%下降到78.5%,出水氨氮浓度高于5mg/L,随后去除率恢复至97.6%;悬浮和附着微生物的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量增加;附着生物量显著增加;细胞外聚合物（EPS）增加;高有机负荷冲击期间膜污染更严重,膜面污染层EPS含量显著增加;太阳能微动力A²O-MBR系统能减少10%的碳排放.     

亲水聚合物改性微滤膜在膜生物反应器中的膜污染研究

采用经过聚合多巴胺和氨基聚乙二醇(mPEG-NH_2)表面改性的PVDF微滤膜,通过浸没在膜生物反应器(MBR)中验证改性微滤膜的抗污染性能.同时,采用多种分析手段对改性膜进行表征,包括膜表面微观形貌、润湿性、粗糙度和表面官能团等.实验同时考察了改性膜在MBR中运行的水通量衰减、污染膜的阻力分布,以及对膜面污染物的胞外多聚物组分的影响.结果发现,所采用的膜改性方法明显改善了膜表面的亲水性.短期过滤实验结果表明,多巴胺涂覆膜的稳定通量比原膜高47%,PEG改性膜则在水通量方面有进一步提高;在长期恒通量过滤阶段,多巴胺涂覆膜和PEG接枝膜的比膜通量分别比原膜高37%和88%.实验还发现,改性膜表面滤饼层中蛋白质和多糖含量均低于原膜.     

Control of membrane fouling during hyperhaline municipal wastewater treatment using a pilot-scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor system

Membrane fouling limits the effects of long-term stable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Control of membrane fouling can extend the membrane life and reduce water treatment cost effectively. A pilot scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR, 40 L/hr) was used to treat the hyperhaline municipal sewage from a processing zone of Tianjin, China. Impact factors including mixed liquid sludge suspension (MLSS), sludge viscosity (μup), microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), aeration intensity and suction/suspended time on membrane fouling and pollution control were studied. The relationships among various factors associated with membrane fouling were analyzed. Results showed that there was a positive correlation among MLSS, sludge viscosity and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). Considering water treatment efficiency and stable operation of the membrane module, MLSS of 5 g/L was suggested for the process. There was a same trend among EPS, sludge viscosity and TMP. Numbers and species of microorganisms affected membrane fouling. Either too high or too low aeration intensity was not conducive to membrane fouling control. Aeration intensity of 1.0 m³/hr (gas/water ratio of 25:1) is suggested for the process. A long suction time caused a rapid increase in membrane resistance. However, long suspended time cannot prevent the increase of membrane resistance effectively even though a suspended time was necessary for scale off particles from the membrane surface. The suction/suspended time of 12 min/3 min was selected for the process. The interaction of various environmental factors and operation conditions must be considered synthetically.     

正渗透处理生活污水过程中的膜污染研究

采用海水为驱动液,研究了正渗透处理生活污水过程中的通量变化和膜污染行为.结果表明,采用分离层朝向原料液(AL-FS)的膜过滤方向可以降低膜污染程度,并获得稳定的通量.长时间(144h)的运行下膜两侧均出现不同程度的污染.膜污染分析显示支撑层的污染程度较低.但海水中的硅酸盐可能在其表面形成沉积物.相比之下,分离层形成了厚的污染层,主要是由污水中的物质如有机物、微生物、胶体类、盐类等沉积在膜表面造成,是通量降低的主要原因.正渗透膜对营养物质具有高的截留率,运行结束后海水的总有机碳、氨氮和总磷含量为2.49,2.40,0.05mg/L.说明正渗透采用海水为驱动液处理生活污水具有一定的应用前景.