Ecosystem health assessment of urban rivers and lakes

The assessment of the ecosystem health of urban rivers and lakes is the scientific basis for their management and ecological restoration. This study developed a three-level indicator system for its assessment. The results indicated that: Zhonghai and Nanhai are in the state of transition from unhealthy to critical state and all the other lakes are in unhealthy states. Water environmental quality, structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem, and the structure of waterfront areas were the constraints. Nanhai was ranked as poor and the others were all ranked as very poor. However, the ecological environment of Zhonghai and Nanhai were better than the others, the sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state were all close to 0.6. and the restorations of these lakes were moderate. The sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state of the other lakes were under 0.3, as it was difficult to restore these lakes. Some suggestions on scientific management and ecological restoration of the six lakes were proposed: $`To control non-point pollution and to improve the water quality of six lakes and the water entering into these lakes; $aTo improve the hydrological conditions of six lakes; $bTo rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem and waterfront areas.     

A GIS-based coastal monitoring and surveillance observatory on tropical islands exposed to climate change and extreme events: the example of Mayotte Island,Indian Ocean

The global change currently observed is deemed to generate accelerated coastal erosion and an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Populated tropical island coasts are particularly vulnerable. Awareness of this vulnerability has prompted recourse to the construction of operational observatories on the coastal dynamics of several French tropical islands, including Mayotte. The aims of this initiative are to characterise the coastal morphology of tropical islands and to monitor their rhythms and mechanisms of evolution, adaptation and resilience in the face of extreme climate and wave events (cyclones, storms, surges, strong swells…). Based on this, appropriate defence and/or adaptation strategies can be developed and implemented. Mayotte Island is a fine example of the implementation and utility of such an observatory. The island, in the southwest Indian Ocean, is characterised by a highly diversified coral reef-lagoon complex comprising pocket beaches and mangroves subject to increasing pressure from strong island demographic growth. The operational observatory set up on the island incorporates a Geographical Information System (GIS) based on a network sourced by various field measurements and observations conducted on the coastal forms on the basis of a predefined protocol and methodology. Field experiments include hydrodynamic measurements, topographic surveys, and observations, and these are coupled with the analysis of aerial photographs and regional meteorological data in order to gain a better understanding of the coastal morphology and of the evolution of the reef-lagoon complex. The results fed into the observatory and analysed through the GIS provide interactive maps of the coastal landforms and their evolution and dynamics over various timescales. Within a local framework of strong socio-economic and demographic pressures, and a more global context of environmental change, this observatory should lead to a better understanding and prediction of the morphodynamics of the coast of Mayotte, while providing data to the public at large, to researchers, and to stakeholders involved in decision-making in the face of the major and rapid environmental and socio-economic changes liable to affect the fragile reef-mangrove systems and pocket beaches.     

论我国水生态的保护与修复:任务与对策

本文聚焦我国水生态保护与修复工作,结合长期实践,分析当前的形势和任务,指出了当前要着力解决的水生态问题主要是:在大坝上游,河流变湖库,生境变化导致生物物种变化;水库水流流速变缓,水体自净能力降低,导致富营养化及藻类水华。在大坝下游,清水下泄,冲刷下游河道导致局部河道河势变化较大;水库蓄水使坝下游春季水温下降、秋季水温升高,水温变化过程滞后;水库蓄水导致大坝下游的水文过程改变,水的流量、流速、流态发生变化。在河道(航道)整治工程中,裁弯取直,缩短水流在河道中的停留时间,河岸衬砌和硬化,减少水向沿河堤岸的渗透,在大降水和洪水时易造成涝灾和洪灾。在涉湖工程中,阻隔河湖,填湖造地。在明确存在问题和迫切需求的基础上,提出了切实可行的对策建议。当前水生态保护与修复要围绕一条主线,即"人要发展,鱼要生存"的"人鱼线",要采取"调、控、退、通、改、拆"的综合措施,即生态调度,控制水污染,退建还水、退田还湖,河湖连通,对已建涉水工程进行生态化改造,对在保护区、重点风景名胜区、特有鱼类栖息地修建的小型工程要采取坚决措施拆除,恢复原貌。     

华北平原夏玉米季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原夏玉米种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,对前人的15N示踪试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮、土壤氮三者之间的关系,探明夏玉米季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况。结果表明：华北平原地区玉米产量最高时施氮量平均为190 kg·hm-2;秸杆吸氮量高于籽粒,且吸氮量随施氮量增加而升高,土壤残留量和损失量有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势;土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间呈现线性极显著正相关,在秸秆50%和100%还田的两种条件下,施氮量为198 kg·hm-2和137 kg·hm-2时,土壤氮库达到平衡;推荐施氮条件下夏玉米对氮肥的吸收利用率远高于传统施氮,过量施氮会引起作物产量和氮肥利用率降低的负效应,增加土壤氮素残留和损失;施氮量在40~360 kg·hm-2范围内时,3种秸秆处理方式下,氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量之间均呈显著线性相关关系;而氮肥各去向比率与施氮量之间只有地上部吸收率和籽粒吸收率与施氮量之间呈显著线性相关关系。由此,明确了华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量：秸秆50%还田时,为198 kg·hm-2;秸秆100%还田时,为137 kg·hm-2,揭示了华北平原夏玉米施氮量与土壤氮库盈亏量呈线性极显著正相关。这为确定华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量,提高氮肥利用率,避免肥料浪费及其对环境的危害提供了理论依据。     

The ecological principle of evolutionary reconstruction as illustrated by marine animals

Analysis of the evolution, distribution and ecology of marine prosobranchs of the genera Neptunea and Littorina and amphipods of the genera Anisogammarus and Gammarus demonstrates the possibilities of ecological and palacoecological methods in composing evolutionary reconstructions. A comparative study of historical climate changes and of palaeogeography in areas inhabited by certain taxonomic groups, coupled with information on the distribution and ecology of species belonging to these groups, allows us to determine the time and locality of the origin of diverse biogeographical groups of species and to trace the routes of their further distribution, even in those organisms which have no fossil remains. Species dwelling under conditions which correspond historically to the most ancient climate of their dwelling area prove to be more primitive than species dwelling under newly-formed climatic conditions. For instance, subtropical species of the genera under consideration, in the Northwestern parts of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, have proved to be more ancient and primitive than species inhabiting the upper boreal Pacific and Atlantic waters and the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, the palaeoecological analysis of the historical development of faunas from different regions of the globe, combined with the application of the morphological principle, can significantly contribute to a more detailed and precise understanding of the processes and trends of evolution which compose the phylogenetic schemes of the taxonomic groups under discussion.     

荔枝叶片与土壤常量元素质量分数年周期变化研究

从１９９７年开始,对荔枝叶片和土壤常量有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值的年周期变化进行了研究。通过统计学分析,初步探明叶片各元素质量分数季节性变化的模式及其特点,以及土壤有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值年周期变化的趋势;分析了年周期变化中叶片与土壤分析值之间的相关性。     

资源性供给紧约束条件下的消费理论研究述评

通过对国内外关于资源性供给紧约束条件下的消费理论研究的文献回顾,认为在资源环境问题日益严峻的现代社会,深入分析和探寻人与自然和谐共处的居民消费行为,客观上要求我国必须从伦理学、社会学、生态学和法学等多学科领域进行探讨和研究,而不能仅局限于经济学学科研究领域。加快构建生态文明型消费模式,不仅是目前消费理论创新研究的重要方向,而且也是我国贯彻落实科学发展观,实现人口消费与社会、经济、资源和环境全面协调可持续发展的必然选择。     

Distribution patterns of different age classes and sexes in a Tyrrhenian population of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Talitrus saltator</Emphasis> (Montagu)

Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of a population of Talitrus saltator living on the Tyrrhenian coast of Tuscany (Italy) were studied. Bimonthly surveys were performed from March 1991 to January 1992 along transects using a standard system of pitfall traps and sieves for surface-active and burrowed individuals, respectively. Captured individuals were subdivided into sex and age classes (on the basis of the number of articles of the flagellum of the second antenna). Abundances were calculated for each sampling period and sex ratios were determined. For each sampling period the mean hour of surface activity was calculated together with the mean zonation of both surface-active and burrowing sandhoppers belonging to the different sex and age classes. Shifts in mean zonation between the resting and active phase were also determined. For each category of sex, age, and reproductive phase, simple and multiple regression analyses were used to find relationships of the mean zonation of surface-active animals with climatic data, and of the number of burrowed individuals with surface sand parameters recorded in correspondence to the sieves. On the whole, the results show that this Tyrrhenian population of T. saltator exhibited a bivoltine reproductive cycle and that the sex ratios of active sandhoppers were male or female biased according to the season. The variations in the mean hour of surface activity and in the zonation patterns of sandhoppers depended more on the age than on the sex. Furthermore distribution patterns were generally related to seasonal changes in the local climatic and substrate parameters. The observed differences between burrowing and activity zonations were interpreted on the basis of the nocturnal migrations of the different categories.     

铜与锌对香樟、广玉兰及榉树生理生化特性的复合影响

为了解土壤中铜（Cu）与锌（Zn）对不同乔木抗氧化系统的复合影响及植物生态修复土壤cu和Zn复合污染的生理生化基础,以香樟（Cinnamomumcamphora）、广玉兰（Magnolia grandiflora）和榉树（Zelkovaschneideriana）3种乔木为实验材料,采用土培盆栽方法,研究单-Cu2＋（75mg·L-1）溶液和单一Zn2＋（210mg·L-1）溶液及两者复合溶液污灌对香樟、广玉兰和榉树叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的动态影响。结果表明,Zn2＋／t~用下3种乔木MDA含量升高,Cu2＋作用下MDA含量降低,Zn2＋和Cu2＋复合作用下3种乔木MDA含量低于Zn2＋作用,即210mg-L。Zn2＋对3种乔木生长的毒害作用比75mg·L。Cu2＋明显,两者复合作用使Zn2＋的伤害作用减轻。随胁迫时间延长,香樟POD和CAT活性增加,MDA含量和Pro含量减少。广玉兰细胞活性氧代谢失衡,POD活性和CAT活性急剧上升,第7天时分别达到1243．89％和300．00％（单一Cu2＋’）、149．22％和60．00％（单一Zn2＋）、653．96％和170．00％（Cu2＋和Zn2＋复合作用）。榉树无法承受高浓度Cu2＋和Zn2＋伤害而死亡。综合考虑,Zn2＋对3种乔木伤害严重,Cu2＋在诱导POD和CAT活性过程中与zn2＋存在拮抗作用,香樟对重金属Cu2＋和zn2＋的耐性最强。     

基于毒性效应的非目标化学品鉴别技术进展

现代社会大量化学品的生产与广泛使用造成了地表水、地下水、沉积物、土壤等环境受到污染,并对人体健康和生态系统构成威胁。基于毒性效应的关键致毒物质鉴别技术(effect directed analysis,EDA)已经在水体、沉积物的致毒物筛选方面得到了一定的应用。但是由于污染物组成复杂、范围广、基质干扰高、同分异构体广泛存在、人工合成标样缺少等问题,非目标致毒化合物的鉴别成为了EDA的瓶颈技术。逐渐发展的色谱与质谱技术、数据库指标在化合物筛选识别中发挥了重要作用。本文综述了基于高分辨质谱,数据库搜索,色谱保留特征,模型构建来筛选识别化合物的方法,总结了近年来化合物筛选识别方法在环境新型污染物及药物筛选等方面的应用并分析了化合物筛选识别所存在的问题与应用前景。这些方法可以提高非目标化合物筛选的准确性和通量,减少样品复杂性和基质干扰带来的负面影响,从而有利于未知化合物的确定。     

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物是造成全球大部分城市空气污染严重的原因之一,世界各国对之已进行过很多的研究。大量的研究显示,总悬浮颗粒物的污染非常严重,是影响城市空气质量的首要污染物。总悬浮颗粒物的源以人为来源为主,其汇则以湿沉降为主。总悬浮颗粒物对城市气候的影响主要通过2种方式:一种是通过散射或吸收太阳辐射直接影响气候;另一种是以云凝结核的形式改变云的光学特性和云的分布而间接影响气候。但是总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛相互关系的研究目前还未受到应有的关注,总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互作用尚未有定论,总悬浮颗粒物既有促进城市热岛形成,也有促进城市冷岛形成的研究报道。文章认为可从如下3个方面探讨总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系:(1)总悬浮颗粒物在城市热岛中的贡献;(2)总悬浮颗粒物影响城市热岛的作用机理;(3)总悬浮颗粒物与城市植被和城市热岛的相互关系及植被对总悬浮颗粒物的净化、对城市热岛的缓解。研究总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系为制定科学合理的城市大气总悬浮颗粒物污染防治措施,有效缓解现代城市热岛难题提供理论依据。     

干旱区农业绿洲景观格局研究

将地理信息系统 (GIS)与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS相结合 ,选取了 9个斑块类型指标和 13个景观指标 ,从区域和绿洲 2个尺度分析了金塔县及其境内的金塔农业绿洲和鼎新农业绿洲的景观格局。结果显示 ,区域尺度的景观格局体现了绿洲与戈壁等基质类型景观的镶嵌特征 ;金塔农业绿洲体现出冲、洪积三角洲的特征 ,即耕地从扇顶呈放射状与盐碱地相间分布 ;鼎新农业绿洲显示了沿河绿洲的特点 ,即景观类型以河道为轴对称分布。指出划定绿洲界限和提高数据分辨率是揭示绿洲景观格局与过程相互作用机制的关键     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤小麦和玉米季CO2、N2O排放特征

基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤旱地小麦-玉米轮作长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地连续施肥16 a后,不同施肥条件下小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2和N2O的排放特征。结果表明,CO2和N2O排放具有明显的季节性,施肥对土壤CO2和N2O排放有明显影响,且有机肥的施用显著促进了土壤CO2和N2O排放。不施肥对照（CK）、氮磷配施（NP）、氮钾配施（NK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM）处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2累积排放量分别为5 904、8 062、4 298、9 235、14 098和4 708、7 530、5 435、7 089、15 472 kg.hm-2,土壤N2O累积排放量分别为0.34、0.63、0.44、0.62、1.00和0.25、0.39、0.35、0.52、1.73 kg.hm-2,小麦休闲期土壤CO2和N2 O累积排放量平均占小麦生长季的63.52%和28.43%,玉米休闲季平均占玉米生长季的49.98%和32.72%,说明休闲期土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量不容忽视。除玉米季NP、NK、NPK处理外,其他各处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm深处土壤温度显著相关;而土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度间均未表现出显著相关性;除NPKM处理外,其他各处理土壤CO2或N2O排放通量与土壤水分间相关性均未达显著水平。     

农田土壤重金属污染状况及修复技术研究

重金属污染因具有毒性、易通过食物链在植物,动物和人体内累积,对生态环境和人体健康构成严重威胁。随着工业快速发展、农药及化肥的广泛使用,农田土壤重金属污染越来越严重,研究农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复技术对农产品安全具有重要意义。综合国内外农田土壤重金属污染状况,农田土壤重金属污染主要来源于固体废弃物堆放及处置、工业废物大气沉降、污水农灌和农用物质的不合理施用。该文综述了国内外有关农田重金属污染土壤修复技术（物理修复、化学修复、生物修复、农业生态和联合修复）的研究进展,并针对各种修复方法,阐述了其原理、修复条件、应用实例及其优缺点,重点论述了植物修复的机理和应用,提出了草本与木本联合修复可有效提高农田土壤重金属复合污染的修复效率,为农田土壤土壤重金属复合污染修复提出了新的途径。最后在对已有研究分析的基础上,提出了联合修复技术（如生物联合技术、物理化学联合技术和物理化学-生物联合技术）可以在一定程度上克服使用单一修复手段存在的缺点,可提高复合污染的修复效率、降低修复成本,未来应深入探索联合修复技术间的相互作用机理,以期为农田土壤重金属综合治理与污染修复提供科学依据。     

生物修复中有机污染物的生物可利用性

论述了土壤和地下水生物修复中有机污染物的生物可利用性。污染物的可利用性对生物修复速率和生物强化效率有重要影响。生物可利用性是指土壤和地下水中的微生物或其胞外酶对有机污染物的可接近性，它受土壤理化性质、污染物和微生物性质、污染接触时问等许多因素的综合影响。污染物的介质吸附、多相分配、老化和形成非水相基质，以及土壤微生物的吸附、过滤和沉降作用降低了污染物的可利用性。促进土壤中污染物和微生物的解吸附，增强非水相基质的溶解，加速土壤污染物与微生物之间的质量传递，可以增强污染物的可利用性和生物降解的速率。施用表面活性剂和电动力学方法可有效地增强污染物的生物可利用性。     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅳ. 电子废物不当回收地区流域水体沉积物的重金属污染

为了解电子废物不当处置活动对小流域内水体沉积物金属污染的影响,采集了位于广东省清远市龙塘镇和石角镇的电子废物焚烧和酸解活动核心区内水塘和水库的0～40cm沉积物以及附近河流大燕河表层(0～5cm)沉积物样本,分析了样本中的金属(水塘、水库:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr;大燕河:Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Mg、Mn)含量.作为对照,对珠江口伶仃洋沉积物中的5种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr)含量也进行了分析.结果表明,1)在核心区内,5种重金属的平均含量在接近酸解作坊的水塘沉积物中呈Cu(766.16mg·kg-1)>Zn(181.12mg·kg-1)>Pb(129.56mg·kg-1)>Cr(1.89mg·kg-1)≈Cd(1.12mg·kg-1),在其下游的水库沉积物中呈现相同的规律,但水塘沉积物的Cu、Zn、Pb含量均高于水库.水塘、水库沉积物重金属含量分布规律明显不同于伶仃洋沉积物,与伶仃洋沉积物相比,核心区水体沉积物Cu含量特别高,是伶仃洋沉积物的7～17倍,Pb和Cd则分别是伶仃洋的2.3～3.0倍和1.9～2.4倍,Zn、Cr含量与伶仃洋沉积物相近.2)Zn含量在核心区水体沉积物中均呈现出在20.0～30.0cm深度最高的趋势,Cu、Pb含量在水库沉积物中也有类似的表现,说明该深度的沉积物可能是电子废物回收处置活动最频繁的时期形成的,近年来随着政府取缔工作的加强,电子废物非法处置活动的减少,Zn、Cu、Pb含量有明显的下降.3)大燕河沉积物中6种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni)的总含量表现为中游下段(1261.3mg·kg-1)>中游中段(1049.2mg·kg-1)>中游上段(401.8mg·kg-1)>上游(364.6mg·kg-1)>下游(215.4mg·kg-1).Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量均在中游下段的沉积物中出现最大值,次大值出现在中游中段,Ni、Cd在中游中段出现最大值,次大值出现在中游下段.中游中、下段沉积物中金属含量最大值和其上游(或中游上段)河段含量最低值的比值呈现Cu(10.1)>Cr(7.8)>Zn(3.8)>Cd(2.0)>Pb(1.9)>Ni(1.8),显示这些重金属主要从中游中、下段进入大燕河沉积物,其中Cu污染最为严重,而Cr污染可能与水土流失或当地其他活动释放的Cr有关.4)比较流域内土壤和各种沉积物以及伶仃洋沉积物中重金属的构成比例发现,核心区土壤和沉积物以及大燕河沉积物中的重金属具有明显的同源性.随着离源区距离的增加,重金属的构成比例中最明显的变化是Cu的比例下降以及Zn的比例上升。     

含水层中氯烯烃胶对水泥与地下水发生相互作用的缓冲作用研究

利用矿渣硅酸盐水泥和氯烃烃胶研究了在营造的地下水环境和含水层环境中,氯烯烃胶对水泥混凝土与地下水之间发生相互作用的缓冲作用。研究结果表明,在营造的地下水和含水层环境中,氯烯烃胶对水泥混凝土与地下水之间的相互作用有一定的缓冲作用,主要表面阻止柱块的碱性和各种元素的释放。从而减弱了水泥８９混凝土柱决的相互作用。     

Studies of Thermal Transformation of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Soils Ii. Thermogravimetry

The thermogravimetry and differential curves of the humic and fulvic acids in the soils from five areas of China were determined and the peaks of these curves were classified according to the results of infra-red (IR) spectra at high temperature and pyrolysis-mass spectra (Py/Ms). the kinetic parameters for heat-degradation of these humic and fulvic acids were calculated by the Coast-Redfern method. the initial temperatures, the final temperatures, and the peaks of DTG curves, the activation energies, the reaction orders and the percentages of weight loss at different reaction stages for these samples were analysed. Thus, the similarity of thermal transformation of humic and fulvic acids in the soils from different areas of China was demonstrated. in addition, the DTA curves of red earth HA and FA were determined.     

氧化乐果和毒死蜱混剂对大鼠雄性生殖功能的联合毒性

为探讨有机磷农药混合物对生物生殖毒性的影响,以模式动物Sprague- Dawley (SD)大鼠为实验材料,采用亚慢性染毒动物实验,利用3×3析因实验设计方法研究了常见有机磷农药——氧化乐果和毒死蜱的联合雄性生殖毒性效应及机理。结果表明：氧化乐果和毒死蜱联合染毒60 d后,附睾系数增加,精子数量和精子活力降低,联合作用呈现协同效应(p<0.05);混配农药能降低睾丸标志酶乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)的活力,对LDH、ACP、γ-GT的联合作用表现为协同作用(p<0.05);混配农药能增加睾丸中促卵泡生成激素(FSH)含量,降低睾酮(T)含量,联合作用表现为协同作用(p<0.05)。通过组织病理学观察,氧化乐果和毒死蜱混合物能引起曲细精管的萎缩、畸形精子增多、生精细胞坏死、胞浆溶解和线粒体空泡化;支持细胞数量减少,出现坏死,精子从支持细胞上脱落,基底膜脱落等损伤。氧化乐果和毒死蜱对大鼠的联合生殖毒性为协同效应,混合后有明显的增毒作用;对睾丸标志酶(LDH、ACP、γ-GT)活力及睾丸性激素水平(FSH、T)的协同影响,是产生联合生殖毒性的机理之一。以上结果提示,对氧化乐果和毒死蜱进行环境健康风险评价时应考虑这种协同作用。     

河岸渗滤作用脱氮机理及其特点的试验

开展河岸渗滤作用脱氮功能研究对保证饮用水水质安全有重要意义。本文采用室内试验、现场试验及理论分析的方法,研究了河岸渗滤作用脱氮机理及特点。结果表明,河岸渗滤作用脱氮的主要动力是硝化与反硝化作用。河岸渗滤作用过程中先发生硝化作用,后发生反硝化作用,界面位于河床沉积层内,两者速率的匹配与提高,以及增加系统的尺度,可提高河岸渗滤作用的脱氮能力与效率。