4种草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤重金属的抗性与吸收特性

盆栽试验的结果表明,高羊毛、早熟禾、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿在纯尾矿污染土壤或经处理的尾矿污染土壤上都能生长,但在处理的土壤上生长的植物长势明显优于对照,其中紫花苜蓿的生物量所受影响比其他几种草坪草更大,说明其重金属抗性低于其他几种植物。单位面积上 4 种植物体内重金属质量分数高低均为 w(Zn)>w(Pb)>w(Cu)>w(Cd),但每种植物对 Cd、Pb、Zn 和 Cu 的吸收质量分数和分布均不相同,一般为根系质量分数大于茎叶。加入改良剂(CaCO3)和有机肥(菜枯)使生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤上的 4 种草坪草生物量显著增加,植物体中的 Cd、Pb、Zn 质量分数下降,但 Cu 质量分数反而上升,结果单位面积上草坪草吸收各重金属元素的量均有所增加,可见利用改良措施与草坪草相结合的方法来修复重金属污染土壤具有可行性。     

Concentrations of arsenic and heavy metals in vegetation at two abandoned mine tailings in South Korea

Untreated abandoned mines may result in hazards to ecosystems due to dispersion of various toxic elements such as arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). Phytoremediation is an alternative of remediation for large scale mine dumps. Plant species were sampled from two abandoned gold (Au) mines in South Korea. Plant samples were digested following the guidelines of US EPA Method 3050 (US-EPA, 1996) and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations and bioaccumulation factors of plants are reported and out-performing species are summarized. Poplar trees (Populus davidiana) growing on the Myoungbong tailings were suggested to be a potential species for revegetation of large scale Au mine tailings. Arsenic accumulations of bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum) sampled from the Duckum tailings were far lower than those of the reported hyperaccumulators, but the possible chronic adverse effects on residents through daily diet are of concern.     

Geographical distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals: a case study of mine tailings pond

ABSTRACT

In China, a large number of tailings deposited on natural surfaces, the potential risk of tailings attracts people’s attention. In this study, heavy metals distribution, geo-accumulation index, ecological risk index, microbial diversity and community were examined to evaluate the risks of a tailings pond. Results indicated the tailings pH is about 8.17, and the redox potential was lower than zero. Heavy metals could be leached and migrate from the tailings. The tailings pond had more influence on the distribution of Pb, Zn, As, Cu, and S. The influence distance of Pb, Zn, and Cu was less than 10?m, and the influence distance of As and S was less than 50?m. S and As had stronger migration capability than other elements in the soil. The biggest potential ecological risk resulted from Pb, and the distances more than 100?m had low ecological risk. The tailings decreased microbial richness and diversity of the surrounding environment. Oxidising bacteria and reducing bacteria existed in both the tailings and the surrounding soils; however, there were more oxidising and reducing microbes in the tailings than in the surrounding soils. The tailings pond currently has little impact on the environment, but the potential risk still exists.     

The use of algae to control heavy metals in the environment

Aqueous effluents from a lead mining and milling operation located in southeastern Missouri, USA, caused a degradation of stream quality despite treatment by a large tailings pond. The receiving stream was choked with algal mats which accumulated unexpectedly large amounts of manganese, lead and zinc. A wastewater treatment system was designed to utilize algae and benthic macrophytes to remove metals from the tailings pond effluent. The system has proved successful and water quality in the receiving stream has been improved to drinking water standards.Experiments were conducted to understand more fully the phenomenon of heavy metal accumulation by algae. Radionuclides (²¹⁰Pb,²⁰³Hg,⁶⁵Zn,¹⁰⁹Cd) were used in conjunction with commercially available microculture apparatus to screen several species of algae for heavy metal accumulation. It was found that all species of algae studied concentrated mercury, green algae were more efficient accumulators of cadmium than blue-green algae, one alga (Chlamydomonas) proved best at removing lead from solution and no alga studied removed zinc.     

污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响

土地利用是资源化利用城市污水厂污泥的有效途径，随污泥中的营养成分一起进入土壤中的还有其中的重金属元素，它们有可能成为一种环境安全的隐患。本实验所用的土壤为污泥经过无害化及稳定化处理后，与上海潮滩沙土按不同比例(干污泥质量比)混配而成。种植前后分别对沙土、污泥及混配土的重金属含量及形态进行测试。选择几种花卉植物，如菊花(Calendula officinalis）等进行植物种植试验，一个生长季后对植物中的重金属含量及形态进行测试。应用Tessler连续提取法，对污泥中的重金属进入土壤后，土壤中重金属的含量、赋存状态等方面的规律进行研究，发现污泥的土地利用会明显增加土壤中的重金属含量，而且重金属的形态也有明显的变化，可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的重金属含量有明显的增加；如长期使用，则必须采取相应的措施，以消除有害的影响。     

不同改良剂对重金属污染农田水稻产量和重金属吸收的影响

探讨了石灰、过磷酸钙和有机物等改良剂的应用对水稻(oryzasativa)产量和重金属吸收的影响。实验共四种处理:T1,对照;T2,石灰(0.25kg·m-2);T3,石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2);T4,石灰 过磷酸钙 有机物(0.90kg·m-2)。叶面喷施的处理方法研究不多,因此结合在水稻的孕穗期喷施KH2PO4(0.3%)溶液研究喷施途径的处理效果。结果显示,T3处理即石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2),对于降低水稻体内的重金属含量效果最好,与对照相比,米中的Pb、Zn和Cd分别下降了61.8%、14.1%和45.1%,同时也使水稻茎叶中的Pb和Zn分别比对照下降8.1%和4.3%。另外,在水稻的叶面喷施KH2PO4溶液将水稻的产量从0.61kg·m-2提高到0.68kg·m-2,并且这种喷施措施也能有效地降低水稻中的重金属含量。     

A mathematical model for the uptake of heavy metals in benthic algae

A mathematical model for the uptake of heavy metals in the benthic algae Ascophyllum nodosum has been developed. The model allows assignment of age-dependent growth parameters which also may be a function of external factors. Mortality curves for A. nodosum corresponding to a highly polluted and a nearly unpolluted area have been used in the study of metal uptake. Uptake has been simulated for different values of growth parameters and different concentrations of heavy metals in seawater. Emphasis has been on the uptake of zinc. The simulations showed that the concentration of zinc in the algae changed much less (6%) than the biomass (30%) with changes in intrinsic growth rate, mortality and carrying capacity.The concentration in the algae was found to be an approximately linear function of the mean concentration in seawater up to about 100 ppb. At very high concentrations, associated with high mortality, the deviation from linearity may be significant (about 13% at 162 ppb at one locality). The calculation indicates further that variations in the zinc concentration in the seawater are considerably damped in the algae.Simulations have also been performed to study the effects of sampling different parts of the algae, and some initial simulations have been performed to study the effects of heavy metal exchange between algae and sea water.     

铁循环微生物对环境中重金属的影响研究进展

铁循环微生物包括铁氧化菌(Fe(Ⅱ)-oxidizing bacteria,FeOB)和铁还原菌(Fe(Ⅲ)-reducing bacteria,FeRB),在由它们介导Fe2+(Fe3+)氧化(还原)的过程中,往往也伴随着一系列重金属元素的迁移转化,对重金属在环境中的生物有效性和迁移性方面有重要作用.本文综述了环境中...     

乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及环境污染评估

为阐明乌梁素海沉积物重金属生物活性及理化性质对重金属形态变化的影响,对湖泊重金属污染修复治理方面提供科学依据,2011年1月在乌梁素海9个站点采集表层沉积物样品,采用改进BCR逐级提取法分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等7种重金属元素的形态,利用活性系数与迁移系数对重金属生物活性进行研究;结合沉积物理化性质,系统探讨影响重金属化学形态与生物活性的因素;应用次生相与原生相比值法,从重金属形态学角度对沉积物重金属状况进行评估.结果表明,(1)沉积物中重金属活性系数的大小顺序为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>Pb >As>Cr;重金属的迁移系数为 Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Cr.(2)沉积物物理化学性质和重金属总量对各种化学形态重金属含量影响程度明显不同.重金属总量对残渣态影响较大;pH对酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态影响较大;有机质与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有较大相关性;盐度与酸可提取态、有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.总氮、总磷与有机物和硫化物结合态有一定的相关性.(3)从重金属形态角度评价,7种重金属除Cd外,污染程度并不大,全湖KRSP的平均值大小顺序为Cd(1.66)>Cu(0.84)>Hg(0.72)>Zn(0.42)>Cr(0.15)>Pb(0.14)>As(0.06).结合总量、生物可利用性与形态学评价,乌梁素海重金属 Cd 是生物活性最强、污染最严重的金属,Hg污染次之,应该对Cd与Hg给予特别关注.     

Effects of three low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and pH on the mobilization of arsenic and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) from mine tailings

Natural organic acids may play an important role in influencing the mobility of toxic contaminants in the environment. The mobilization of arsenic (As) and heavy metals from an oxidized Pb–Zn mine tailings sample in the presence of three low-molecular-weight organic acids, aspartic acid, cysteine, and succinic acid, was investigated at a mass ratio of 10 mg organic additive/g mine tailings in this study. The effect of pH was also evaluated. The mine tailings sample, containing elevated levels of As (2,180 mg/kg), copper (Cu, 1,100 mg/kg), lead (Pb, 12,860 mg/kg), and zinc (Zn, 5,075 mg/kg), was collected from Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada. It was found that the organic additives inhibited As and heavy metal mobilization under acidic conditions (at pH 3 or 5), but enhanced it under neutral to alkaline conditions (at pH above 7) through forming aqueous organic complexes. At pH 11, As, Cu, Pb, and Zn were mobilized mostly by the organic additives, 45, 46, 1,660, and 128 mg/kg by aspartic acid, 31, 28, 1,040, and 112 mg/kg by succinic acid, and 53, 38, 2,020, and 150 mg/kg by cysteine, respectively, whereas those by distilled water were 6, 16, 260, and 52 mg/kg, respectively. It was also found that the mobilization of As and the heavy metals was closely correlated, and both were closely correlated to Fe mobilization. Arsenic mobilization by the three LMWOAs was found to be consistent with the order of the stability of Fe–, Cu–, Pb–, and Zn–organic ligand complexes. The organic acids might be used potentially in the natural attenuation and remediation of As and heavy metal–contaminated sites.     

镍钴采选行业废石和尾矿中重金属淋溶释放规律研究

镍钴采选废石和尾矿中重金属的溶出释放规律对矿区的重金属污染防治具有重要意义。但目前,国内还没有对镍钴行业采选产生的尾矿和废石中重金属的溶出规律开展研究。本文以镍钴采选企业的尾矿和废石作为样本,开展了毒性浸出实验。研究了不同pH值、离子强度、温度等实验条件对重金属溶出的影响,探讨了镍钴采选过程中所产生的尾矿和废石中重金属的溶出特性和释放规律。实验结果表明,尾矿样品中Ni的浸出浓度为42.28 mg·L^-1,是最大允许排放浓度的8.86倍,为具有浸出毒性特征的危险废物;废石样品中重金属Ni和Cu的溶出浓度分别为4.72 mg·L^-1和26.2 mg·L^-1,超过最大允许排放浓度,属于第Ⅱ类一般工业固体废物。pH对样品中Ni、Cr、Pb、Co和As的溶出量影响较大,其中尾矿中Ni和Cu在pH较低的条件下,可达到44.28 mg·L^-1和53 mg·L^-1,远高于最大允许排放浓度,而Hg、Cd和Cu的溶出量随pH值的变化不大。除As以外,样品中大多数重金属的溶出质量浓度在酸性条件下比在中性条件下高,这表明在酸性环境条件下,这些重金属对周围生态环境的潜在风险更大。离子强度的变化对Cd和Co的溶出量的变化并不明显,而当离子强度变化时,Ni、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu和As的溶出量可能达到最大,使周围环境的潜在生态风险增大。当温度达到35~40℃时,部分重金属如Co、Pb、Cd 等,溶出量将达到最大;当温度低于25℃时,除 Ni 以外,大部分重金属溶出量很低。而温度变化对重金属Cu、As、Cr和Hg的溶出量的影响不明显,波动范围较小,对周围生态环境产生的潜在生态风险较小。     

公路两侧大气颗粒物中的重金属污染特征及其影响因素

选择昌九高速公路(赣粤高速公路南昌至九江段)、昌樟高速公路(赣粤高速公路南昌至樟树段)为研究对象,采集了公路两侧10μm相似文献   

Distribution of heavy metals and associated human health risk in mine,agricultural and roadside soils at the largest chromite mine of India

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - This study accessed the levels of Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentration in soils of different locations (mine, roadside, agricultural and control...     

开阳磷矿10种木本植物叶片重金属富集特征

植物对重金属具有一定的吸附能力,植物修复是生态修复不可或缺的一部分,利用植物减缓和治理重金属污染具有重要意义.选取开阳磷矿马路坪矿区生命周期较长的木本植物及其土壤作为研究对象,探究木本植物受Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As等5种重金属污染土壤的效应,对植物重金属含量及其富集特性进行研究分析,筛选出累积重金属的植物,作为矿区...     

Arsenic mobility in the amended mine tailings and its impact on soil enzyme activity

The objectives of this study were to elucidate the effects of soil amendments [Ferrous sulfate (Fe^II), red mud, Fe^II with calcium carbonate (Fe^II/L) or red mud (RM/F), zero-valent iron (ZVI), furnace slag, spent mushroom waste and by-product fertilizer] on arsenic (As) stabilization and to establish relationships between soil properties, As fractions and soil enzyme activities in amended As-rich gold mine tailings (Kangwon and Keumkey). Following the application of amendments, a sequential extraction test and evaluation of the soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase) were conducted. Weak and negative relationships were observed between water-soluble As fractions (As_WS) and oxalate extractable iron, while As_WS was mainly affected by dissolved organic carbon in alkaline tailings sample (Kangwon) and by soil pH in acidic tailings sample (Keumkey). The soil enzyme activities in both tailings were mainly associated with As_WS. Principal component and multiple regression analyses confirmed that As_WS was the most important factor to soil enzyme activities. However, with some of the treatments in Keumkey, contrary results were observed due to increased water-soluble heavy metals and carbon sources. In conclusion, our results suggest that to simultaneously achieve decreased As_WS and increased soil enzyme activities, Kangwon tailings should be amended with Fe^II, Fe^II/L or ZVI, while only ZVI or RM/F would be suitable for Keumkey tailings. Despite the limitations of specific soil samples, this result can be expected to provide useful information on developing a successful remediation strategy of As-contaminated soils.     

江西省市售草鱼重金属含量分析及食用安全性评价

为探究江西省市售草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)重金属元素蓄积水平及食用安全性,利用原子吸收光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了草鱼肌肉中的Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb共12种重金属元素的含量.采用营养质量指数法、单项污染指数法、均值型综合污染指数法、目标危害系数法及每周可耐受摄入量对其营养价值、污染程度、健康风险与食用安全性进行评估.结果表明,样品中Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量均低于我国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)中的标准.营养质量评价结果显示,草鱼是人体必需元素Mg和Cu的良好食物源.污染程度分析表明,有小部分样品中Zn(3.17%)和As (4.76%)处于微污染水平,As(1.59%)处于轻污染水平,其余重金属均处于无污染水平.健康风险评估结果显示,江西省市售草鱼中重金属对当地居民无明显的健康风险;但As、Zn和Cu对复合重金属目标危害系数的贡献率达到60.85%,是草鱼重金属污染中主要的风险因子; As、Cd和Cr致癌风险处于可接受水平,Pb无致癌风险;食用安全性结果显示,每周实际摄入重金属的量(EWI)占每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)比值小于10%,表明江西省草鱼食用安全性较高.     

4种鸢尾属植物对铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的富集特征和修复潜力

通过野外调查和实地修复铅锌矿污染土壤试验,研究了铅锌矿区排污渠污水及底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量和分布特征以及4种鸢尾属植物马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）、黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、溪荪（Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.）、花菖蒲（Iris ensata Thunb.）对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力和土壤修复效率差异。结果表明,离污染源越近,重金属污染越严重。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属均大部分沉积在排污水渠的底泥中,污水中Pb严重污染,超标达120倍,底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数分别超标1.5倍、1.7倍、1.6倍和1.7倍。排污渠岸土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数也明显超过了国家规定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准1～5倍。种植4种鸢尾属植物后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数有所降低。其中,种植马蔺1个月后土壤Pb、Cu、Cd修复效率分别为8.13%、2.45%和22.3%。黄菖蒲和花菖蒲对Zn的修复效率相对较高。4种鸢尾属植物中马蔺对Pb、Cd的吸收能力最强,马蔺地上部（叶、茎）Pb质量分数达983mg·kg-1,且转运系数大于1,是一种潜在的Pb积累植物,黄菖蒲、溪荪和花菖蒲对Zn的吸收能力较强,且吸收的重金属主要积累在根系。     

地统计学在土壤重金属研究中的应用及展望

从采矿学与地质学研究中发展起来的地统计学是应用数理统计学的一个分支。与传统的统计学相比，地统计学可应用于土壤重金属研究中，能探索土壤重金属的空间分布特征及其变异规律。地统计学的基础理论与方法主要包括：区域化变量、半方差函数、克立格空间插值技术。半方差函数可以用来描述研究土壤重金属分布的空间相关性；而克立格插值可以对未采样区土壤重金属的含量进行无偏最优估计。在对地统计学理论进行简要阐述的基础上，回顾了近些年在土壤重金属研究的采样设计、空间结构分析、空间插值等方面的应用，并就其应用前景作了展望。     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物的重金属环境行为

通过理化分析、盆栽生物试验及土壤淋溶试验，探讨了脱硫副产物的重金属农业环境行为。结果表明：燃煤烟气脱硫副产物中的总Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Se、Ni、Cu等指标，基本上都低于国标最高容许量和土壤环境质量二级标准，符合国家控制标准，但普遍高于土壤自然背景值含量。8～10g／kg土的供试物量处理，花生、萝卜、甘蔗和水稻的可食部分重金属均无超常累积现象，未导致农产品重金属的富集残留污染，不影响农产品安全品质。在表土层供试物量达到40g／kg条件下，土壤淋溶试验结果表明，施脱硫副产物未导致土壤淋滤液重金属污染，不可能通过降雨淋溶过程，渗透过1m左右的土层而污染地下水源。     

湖南省某矿遗址周围农业土壤重金属污染及风险评价

为了进一步了解湖南省某矿遗址周围农田土壤重金属的风险,在该矿遗址附近两个区域(Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区)采集125个农业土壤样品,分析其中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb)的含量,运用综合污染评价法、潜在生态指数法和地积累指数法对其开展风险评估.结果表明,Ⅰ区农田土壤中As和Cd的含量比国家风险管控标准值高,属于中度污染土壤,存在着极高的潜在生态风险;地积累指数进一步指出Ⅰ区土壤中As污染属于二级污染、Cd污染属于四级污染.Ⅱ区农田土壤,除Cd的含量相对较高外,其它重金属含量均很低,该区域土壤重金属的综合污染评价值低于1.0.但是由于Ⅱ区土壤中Cd的地积累指数为1.92,表明Ⅱ区土壤受到Cd的轻度污染,存在一定的潜在风险.