Multi-criteria decision analysis in adaptation decision-making: a flood case study in Finland

Decision-making for the purpose of adaptation to climate change typically involves multiple stakeholders, regions and sectors as well as multiple objectives related to the use of resources and perceived benefits. Standard cost–benefit analysis can be argued to take into account easily monetised effects only. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) embedded in participatory processes can therefore play an important role in defining the decision context and exploring stakeholders’ preferences. In this paper, a case study on flood protection of the Kokemäki river running through the city of Pori in West Finland was conducted. The study was realised as a MCDA workshop involving the key stakeholders of the region. The analysis produced a robust ranking of the considered flood protection alternatives. According to the stakeholders, the approach was useful as an exploratory way of gaining a deeper and shared understanding of the flood protection. It was shown that MCDA is well suited for decision-making in adaptation to climate change–enhanced extreme events.     

基于自适应网络模糊推理方法在河道洪水预报中的应用

对于易受洪灾的地区而言,快速而准确的洪水预报非常重要,能够为洪水预警消息的发布提供更长的先导时间,从而为可能受灾地区的人们提供更充足的时间以采取相应的防洪措施或安全转移。 常用的预报模型包括基于物理性模型和基于系统技术模型。尽管物理性模型能对洪水形成的物理过程提供很好的解释, 水文学家并不愿意使用它们,因为模型中参数的率定是比较复杂的。因此,一种基于纯数据集的黑箱技术已被广泛采纳。常用的黑箱模型包括线性模型(LR)、自回归移动平均模型(ARMA)和人工神经网络模型（ANN）等。 在当前的研究中,一个相对新颖的黑箱模型--基于自适应网络的模糊推理系统（ANFIS）被用来对长江某河段的洪水进行预报。与此同时,一个线性回归模型（LR）用来作为ANFIS模型的对照。在构建ANFIS中,混合学习算法 (即误差反衍（BP）耦合最小二乘法（LSE）) 用来训练模型的参数。此外,为避免出现过度训练现象,原始数据集基于统计特征值划分成3个子集：训练集、测试集和校正集。当对ANFIS模型训练时,测试集用来帮助控制训练代数。结果表明,ANFIS的预报效果优于LR模型。分析认为ANFIS能够提供预报精度是因为其采用了局部拟合技术,通常它会优于LR模型所采用的全局拟合技术。最后,对本研究而言,最适合的ANFIS模型是输入量为梯形的成员度函数。     

基于EEMD和EOF的鄱阳湖流域近550 a来旱涝时空变化

利用鄱阳湖流域及周边地区5个站点1467~2016年旱涝灾害史料,结合《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》数据和现代器测降水资料,基于相关系数权重法集成重建了鄱阳湖流域近550 a旱涝序列。采用集合经验模态分解和经验正交函数等手段分析了鄱阳湖流域近550 a来的旱涝时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）鄱阳湖流域旱涝序列的各IMF分量变化规律符合自然信号的非线性变化的特征,主要的高频变化周期有2~3 a、7~8 a;中低频变化周期有22 a、36 a;低频变化周期有110 a、220 a等。（2）旱涝序列空间场的EOF分解表明,前4个模态的累积方差贡献率为93.68%,收敛效果明显。第一模态为区域整体变化一致;第二、三模态分别代表南北方向和东西方向上旱涝变化不一致;第四模态代表赣南地区的极端降水类型。（3）主要空间模态的时间系数功率谱分析结果表明,旱涝空间场模态的变化周期与旱涝序列EEMD分解的结果基本一致。 关键词： EEMD;EOF;旱涝变化;时空特征;鄱阳湖流域     

Climate change adaptation,flood risks and policy coherence in integrated water resources management in England

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) assumes coherence between cognate aspects of water governance at the river basin scale, for example water quality, energy production and agriculture objectives. But critics argue that IWRM is often less ‘integrated’ in practice, raising concerns over inter-sectoral coherence between implementing institutions. One increasingly significant aspect of IWRM is adaptation to climate change-related risks, including threats from flooding, which are particularly salient in England. Although multiple institutional mechanisms exist for flood risk management (FRM), their coherence remains a critical question for national adaptation. This paper therefore (1) maps the multi-level institutional frameworks determining both IWRM and FRM in England; (2) examines their interaction via various inter-institutional coordinating mechanisms; and (3) assesses the degree of coherence. The analysis suggests that cognate EU strategic objectives for flood risk assessment demonstrate relatively high vertical and horizontal coherence with river basin planning. However, there is less coherence with flood risk requirements for land-use planning and national flood protection objectives. Overall, this complex governance arrangement actually demonstrates de-coherence over time due to ongoing institutional fragmentation. Recommendations for increasing IWRM coherence in England or re-coherence based on greater spatial planning and coordination of water-use and land-use strategies are proposed.

     

鄱阳湖流域城市洪涝灾害风险及土地类型调整策略研究 ——以景德镇市为例

在全球气候变化和人类活动影响下，流域内城市洪涝灾害发生的频率、强度及其造成的损失日益加剧，更好的揭示洪涝灾害风险的时空演变规律对不同流域下城市防灾减灾具有重要意义。基于流域城市洪涝灾害风险的形成过程，从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体、防灾减灾能力4个方面选取指标，构建了基于格网的流域城市小尺度洪涝灾害风险评价模型，并以景德镇市城区为例，将空间风险定量计算，分析了城市洪涝风险的时空分异特征，最后提出土地利用类型的调整策略。结果表明:从空间上，城区洪涝灾害风险极大值与极小值差值存在较大的差异，呈现由昌江、南河、西河等河流为中心向四周逐渐减小的方向性变化，不同区域的风险波动性幅度不同，社会经济发展水平较高的珠山区昌江沿岸区域为景德镇城区的洪涝灾害高风险区，西部、西南部山区以及东部乡镇由于地势较高，风险水平较低。从时间上，景德镇市城区的洪涝灾害风险最大值呈下降趋势，南部洪涝灾害风险整体变小，但风险集中程度不断加剧，城区西部风险值有小幅度的上升；针对不同的区域特征，通过两种方案对城区内洪涝灾害易涝典型地区进行土地利用类型调整，两个区域风险分别从0.606与0.610降低到0.561与0.571。     

基于AFI指数的汉江上游流域洪涝突变辨识

洪涝灾害往往容易在短期内突然发生，从而造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失，但目前有关突发性洪涝现象的甄别与分析并没有达成共识。在利用标准化前期降水指数SAPI(Standardized Antecedent Precipitation Index)评估出逐日洪涝状态的基础上，提出突变性洪涝指数AFI(Abrupt Flood Index)以综合反映水量由前期（当天）到后期（后10天）突变及后期洪涝程度，同时定义并计算AFI阈值AFI_t，认为AFI超过AFI_t的日期为临界状态，后期将发生突变性洪涝事件。以汉江上游流域为例计算出该流域1972~2017年逐日AFI指数，并利用AFI_t判别出了处于临界状态的日期。进一步分析表明，AFI指数能够较好地反映突变性洪涝现象，利用AFI指数甄别出的洪涝临界状态有利于识别流域突变性洪涝事件并有助于流域水资源系统应急管理。     

基于情景分析的区域洪涝灾害风险评价——以巢湖流域为例

洪涝灾害是制约区域粮食安全和社会可持续发展的主要因子之一。在风险识别的基础上,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体等方面选取评价指标,建立评价指标体系。运用层次分析法确定指标权重,通过情景分析技术从降水、土地利用、人口、GDP等方面构建复合情景;应用GIS空间分析技术构建洪涝灾害风险评价模型,对巢湖流域洪涝灾害风险进行评价。研究结果表明:2020年巢湖流域洪涝灾害危险性由东南部向西北部减小;合肥市区的洪涝灾害易损性最大,和县的易损性最小。巢湖流域东南部洪涝灾害风险最大,西南部的大别山区风险较小,随着重现期的增大,流域的洪涝灾害风险也逐渐增大。模拟灾害发生的情景,并分析不同情景下的洪涝灾害风险,更能体现洪涝灾害的不确定性和变化性,为流域防洪战略决策研究提供科学依据。     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Abstract

Based on the flood affected area (FA) data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze–Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattern in China. The pattern of “flood in the south and drought in the north” depends on the north–south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong’s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.     

汉江流域1956~2016年汛期降水时空演变格局

基于汉江流域96个雨量站点1956~2016年长系列降水数据，采用数理统计法诊断了汉江流域汛期降水时空演变特征。研究发现汉江流域汛期面平均降水历年总体变化趋势不显著，但在1989年存在较强跳跃性，并伴随有22 a、8 a和3 a主周期震荡；受流域气候及地形影响，流域汛期降水空间分布不均。流域上游西南区和汉江下游等地常成降水中心，易形成“辐射型”、“南北型”和“东北-西南型”3种空间分布模态，方差贡献率分别为41.1%、12.4%和7.6%；近年来流域西南部汉中、安康、神农架地区及汉江下游天门、仙桃一带局地降水显著上升，流域东北部商州、凤镇一带及唐白河流域局地降水显著下降，汛期降水“东北-西南型”分布模态日渐走强。流域降水时空分布及演变特性直接关系到流域水资源合理开发与利用，进一步加深了对汉江流域降水要素变化规律的认识，研究成果对流域洪涝灾害应对、雨洪资源利用及水资源优化配置具有参考借鉴价值。     

四川省不同类型山洪灾害与主要影响因素的关系

以四川省为例,在明确溪河洪水及其引发的滑坡、泥石流三类山洪灾害分布格局的基础上,构建概念模型,分析降雨、地形、人口资产易损性等引发山洪灾害的基本因子和土壤、河网密度、土地利用等一般因子对不同类型山洪灾害的影响程度,并比较它们的异同。结果表明:(1)四川省山洪灾害主要分布在盆周山区、川西高原和横断山脉一带;(2)如果3项基本因子可以解释山洪灾害空间分布100%的变化,则它们对三类灾害的影响程度分别为:溪河洪水,降雨59%、地形28%、人口资产13%;泥石流,降雨15%、地形73%、人口资产12%;滑坡,降雨48%、地形34%、人口资产18%;(3)总体上,泥石流灾害对地形、岩性、土地利用等下垫面因子的依赖更高,而溪河洪水和滑坡灾害受降雨要素的影响更大。     

静态浮箱法中不同拟合模型对水-气界面通量估算的影响

水域生态系统是温室气体的重要来源,静态浮箱法（SFC）是目前广泛采用估算水-气界面气体通量的方法之一,然而在利用线性回归（LR）拟合模型估算水-气界面气体通量时存在低估问题。采用密闭式静态浮箱-温室气体分析仪系统,观测了在三峡库区香溪河库湾水-气界面之上通量箱内甲烷和二氧化碳气体浓度的变化,对监测得到的数据进行拟合分析。对比分析了线性回归（LR）、二次回归（QR）和指数回归（ER）三种模型的拟合效果,结果表明非线性回归模型可以更好地拟合静态浮箱内气体浓度随时间的变化情况,从而得到更接近真实值的水-气界面气体通量。认为采用线性回归（LR）模型拟合水-气界面气体通量得到的结果在很大程度上被低估了,该方法得到甲烷和二氧化碳气体通量估算值平均约占实测值的77%和80%。此外,大多数情况下指数拟合模型的效果要优于二次回归拟合模型,而二次回归模型拟合系数没有物理意义,从理论上不适用于气体通量的估算。 关键词： 静态浮箱法;气体通量;线性拟合;非线性拟合     

基于系统动力学的城市洪涝韧性仿真研究 ——以南京市为例

城市是一个开放的、复杂的巨系统，洪涝灾害对该系统中的自然、基础设施、社会经济等要素产生直接或间接影响，理清洪涝灾害与城市系统的交互关系，并评估预测其应对洪涝灾害的韧性能力，有助于韧性城市的规划建设。通过分析洪涝灾害与城市系统要素间的反馈关系，构建了城市洪涝韧性仿真模型，并以南京市为例，设定了现状延续型、经济优先型、规划发展型、韧性发展型4种发展情景，模拟在4种情景下2009～2025年南京市洪涝韧性的动态变化。结果表明：（1）构建的城市洪涝韧性仿真模型能够反映洪涝灾害与城市系统要素间的交互关系，用于预测城市洪涝韧性变化；（2）城市系统中建成区绿化覆盖面积、雨水管网设计标准对城市洪涝韧性影响显著；（3）根据现有城市发展规划，南京市洪涝韧性将不断提升，且优于现状延续发展情景，但与世界典型韧性城市还有一定差距，建议南京市从城市绿化、雨水管网设计标准、经济结构、人口素质等方面提升其洪涝韧性能力。研究结果可为南京市及其它城市韧性城市发展规划制定提供理论与科学依据。     

汉江上游古洪水与现代洪水滞流沉积物地球化学特征对比分析

对汉江上游古洪水和现代洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)地球化学元素对比分析，并与上陆地壳UCC含量比较。结果表明：与现代洪水SWD对比，古洪水SWD处于脱钙去钠的初级阶段，而其他常量元素含量没有明显变化。两者的常量元素UCC标准曲线相近，表明洪水SWD物源都是汉江流域内地表松散碎屑物。古洪水SWD的化学风化指数(CIA)平均值为64，现代洪水SWD是60。古洪水SWD化学风化程度略大于现代洪水SWD。但是现代洪水SWD的重金属元素Zn、Co、Cr、V和Ba含量都明显高于古洪水SWD，其UCC标准曲线累积最明显，这些表明汉江上游受现代人类活动影响明显。这些成果有助于更好理解汉江上游环境变化与人类活动之间的关系，同时为汉江上游流域内洪水期间水土保持和生态环境保护等方面提供重要的科学依据     

Historical development and future outlook of the flood damage potential of residential areas in the Alpine Lech Valley (Austria) between 1971 and 2030

In the recent past, the Alpine Lech valley (Austria) experienced three damaging flood events within 6 years despite the various structural flood protection measures in place. For an improved flood risk management, the analysis of flood damage potentials is a crucial component. Since the expansion of built-up areas and their associated values is seen as one of the main drivers of rising flood losses, the goal of this study is to analyze the spatial development of the assets at risk, particularly of residential areas, due to land use changes over a historic period (since 1971) and up to possible shifts in future (until 2030). The analysis revealed that the alpine study area was faced to remarkable land use changes like urbanization and the decline of agriculturally used grassland areas. Although the major agglomeration of residential areas inside the flood plains took place before 1971, a steady growth of values at risk can still be observed until now. Even for the future, the trend is ongoing, but depends very much on the assumed land use scenario and the underlying land use policy. Between 1971 and 2006, the annual growth rate of the damage potential of residential areas amounted to 1.1 % (‘constant values,’ i.e., asset values at constant prices of reference year 2006) or 3.0 % (‘adjusted values,’ i.e., asset values adjusted by GDP increase at constant prices of reference year 2006) for three flood scenarios. For the projected time span between 2006 and 2030, a further annual increase by 1.0 % (‘constant values’) or even 4.2 % (‘adjusted values’) may be possible when the most extreme urbanization scenario ‘Overall Growth’ is considered. Although socio-economic development is regarded as the main driver for increasing flood losses, our analysis shows that settlement development does not preferably take place within flood prone areas.     

From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management: recent developments and applications

Environmental risk assessment and decision-making strategies over the last several decades have become increasingly more sophisticated, information-intensive, and complex, including such approaches as expert judgment, cost-benefit analysis, and toxicological risk assessment. One tool that has been used to support environmental decision-making is comparative risk assessment (CRA), but CRA lacks a structured method for arriving at an optimal project alternative. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) provides better-supported techniques for the comparison of project alternatives based on decision matrices, and it also provides structured methods for the incorporation of project stakeholders' opinions in the ranking of alternatives. We argue that the inherent uncertainty in our ability to predict ecosystem evolution and response to different management policies requires shifting from optimization-based management to an adaptive management paradigm. This paper brings together a multidisciplinary review of existing decision-making approaches at regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe and synthesizes state-of-the-art research in CRA, MCDA, and adaptive management methods applicable to environmental remediation and restoration projects. We propose a basic decision analytic framework that couples MCDA with adaptive management and its public participation and stakeholder value elicitation methods, and we demonstrate application of the framework to a realistic case study based on contaminated sediment management issues in the New York/New Jersey Harbor.     

基于Copula函数的汉江中上游流域极端降雨洪水联合分布特征

选取汉江中上游流域作为研究对象,根据流域九个气象站点1969~2008年逐日降雨资料以及丹江口水库同时期日入库流量资料,采用年最大值法(AM)和百分位法两种选样方式选取1 d、3 d降雨和1 d、3 d洪量极值样本,分别运用广义极值分布(GEV)、广义帕累托分布(GPD)、伽玛分布(Gamma)3种极值统计模型对样本进行单变量边缘分布拟合,运用Gumbel、Clayton以及Frank Copula函数模型对样本进行多变量联合分布拟合,遴选出描述流域降雨和洪水联合分布规律的最优概率模型。结果显示:对于AM选样样本,边缘分布为GEV时降雨洪量的二维和三维联合分布Frank Copula函数拟合效果最优;对于百分位选样样本,边缘分布为GPD时降雨洪量的二维联合分布Gumbel Copula函数拟合效果最优,三维联合分布则是Frank Copula函数拟合效果最优;比较二维和三维Copula函数模拟结果,三维联合Copula函数推求的设计值更大,说明三维联合分布考虑了更多的变量和极值信息,能更全面地反映极端降雨洪水事件的真实特征,对工程设计更显安全。     

长江上游旱涝指标及其变化特征分析

利用长江上游流域51个气象观测站1961～2009年降水资料,计算了各站逐年、四季〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数及区域旱涝指数,在此基础上分析了单站〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数旱涝等级划分的合理性,区域旱涝指数的年代际变化趋势,并对区域典型旱涝年的确定及旱涝成因进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数及以此为基础构建的区域旱涝指数能较好地反映长江上游流域年及四季旱涝变化,作为长江上游流域旱涝指标比较合理;（2）长江上游流域年及四季旱涝有明显的年代际变化特征,年及四季的干旱指数与雨涝指数基本呈反位相特征;（3）长江上游流域四季旱涝与500 hPa高度场分布形势有密切关系,除冬季旱涝与海温场关系较弱外,春、夏、秋季旱涝均与海温场关系密切。研究结论对长江上游流域可持续发展及三峡水库科学运营有一定参考意义     

Projecting Spatial Patterns of Flood Hazard: Recent Climate and Future Changes over Yangtze River Basin

Projection of hazard changes in climate extremes is critical to assessing the potential impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. Using simulations of providing regional climates for impacts studies, five indicators (rainstorm days, maximum 3-day precipitation, elevation, gradient and distance from river or lake) were selected to project the spatial patterns of flood hazard over Yangtze River Basin for the baseline period (1961– 1990) and future (2011–2100) under SRES B2 scenario. The results ...     

Multivariate statistical methods as a tool for model-based prediction of vegetation types

The current research was carried out to find the most effective environmental factors in plant species occurrence and providing their predictive habitat models. For this purpose, study was conducted in Poshtkouh rangelands of Yazd province in the central of Iran. For modeling, vegetation data in addition to site condition information including topography, climate, geology and soil were prepared. CCA and Logistic regression (LR) techniques were implemented for plant species predictive modeling. To plants predictive mapping, it is necessary to prepare the maps of all affective factors of models. To mapping soil characteristics, geoestatistical method including variogram analysis and Kriging interpolation were used. Based on obtained predictive models for each species (through LR method) and for whole species (through CCA method) related predictive maps were prepared in GIS. The accuracy of predictive maps were tested with actual vegetation maps. Vegetation modeling results with CCA indicates that predictive map of vegetation corresponds with actual map (with high accuracy). Predictive maps of Cornulaca monachantha, Ephedra strobilacea-Zygophyllum eurypterum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, and Tamarix ramosissima, which have narrow amplitude, has high accordance with actual vegetation map prepared for the study area. Among species of study area, predictive model of Artemisia sieberi, due to its ability to grow in most parts of Poshtkouh rangelands with relatively different habitat conditions, is not possible. Comparing CCA and LR methods showed that each technique has its advantages and drawbacks. In general, LR will provide better specific-model, but CCA will provide a broader overview of multiple species.     

丹江口水库入库洪水变化特征及对未来气候情景的响应分析

选取汉江中上游流域作为研究区域,根据丹江口水库1969～2008年日入库流量资料和IPCC第4次评估报告多模式数据结果,分别采用广义极值分布（GEV）模型和广义帕累托分布（GPD）模型拟合流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量系列,遴选出描述流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量分布规律的最优概率模型,推算了其重现期对应的设计值,并分析了该流域极端洪水事件对未来气候变化情景下的响应情况。结果显示：汉江中上游流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量系列符合广义极值分布和广义帕累托分布,相同重现期下广义极值分布预估的极值比广义帕累托分布预估值略有偏大;未来气候变化各情景下,用广义帕累托分布所拟合的汉江中上游流域1 d最大洪量和3 d最大洪量结果要优于广义极值分布,不同重现期的洪量比历史资料估算的重现水平偏小,说明了气候变化对洪量极值的变化有着直接影响