不同粒径近地表大气尘元素分配规律研究——以成都经济区为例

将不同地貌单元和城市不同功能区的近地表大气尘机械筛分,分析其粒度组成和化学组成特征及其相互关系,以探讨元素在不同粒径大气尘颗粒中的分配规律。研究结果表明:近地表大气尘颗粒粒径主要集中在300~400目(38.5~54μm),其中城市和丘陵地区质量分数最高,达56.596%~68.493%。化学组成上,人为扰动重金属元素,除Pb本底值比较高外,总体上城市高于丘陵和山区;Al2O3、Na2O、SiO2、Ti、Zr等稳定元素总体上,随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐增大;Mn、P、S等元素,总体上随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐减小。Pb、Zn、Cr等人为扰动元素,大粒径近地表大气尘元素含量稍大于小粒径元素含量,但小粒径元素含量总体上仍呈现随粒径的减小而逐渐增大的趋势。     

大气微生物粒子与飘尘粒子的关系

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和光散射气溶胶粒子计数器，在北京西单对大气细菌、真菌和飘尘粒子的浓度、粒度分布及它们之间的关系进行了观测和研究。结果表明，大气细菌的粒度是负偏态分布，大气真菌是对数正态分布，飘尘是正偏态分布。大气细菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大，为１１９５３８；夏季小，为２４２１７；年平均比值为６７５１７，＞２．０μｍ的菌尘比值为１５２５３８７，２．０μｍ～８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为３３１８，＞８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为３９４。大气真菌浓度与飘尘浓度的比值冬季大，为２１２７７０；夏季小，为６５５８５；年平均比值为１３５３４４，＜２．０μｍ的菌尘比值为９５２６９８，２．０μｍ～８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为５３４３，＞８．２μｍ的菌尘比值为２６３２。     

沈阳地区大气飘尘中烃类含量的分布规律

用粉尘采样器采集沈阳地区十五个点的大气漂尘,用四氯化碳进行萃取,在1730型FT-IR光谱仪上进行红外定量,绘制沈阳地区大气飘尘及其烃类含量分布图。寻找其规律,追究其污染源。     

北京四环公路两侧植物铅、镉污染现状调查

植物叶片可富集多种污染元素,其含量与植物所处的环境有密切的关系,因此,植物叶片含污量可以指示环境污染情况,利用植物叶片的这种指示作用可以评价环境质量.铅、镉是严重污染人类环境、损害人体健康的微量元素,对人体毒性很大.大气中的铅、镉主要来源于冶炼、采矿和汽车尾气,而城市以及公路两侧地区铅、镉污染则主要源于汽车尾气.近年来,有研究成果表明利用植物叶片铅、镉含量可以指示大气铅污染状况,而且进一步的研究证明大气污染地区植物叶片的铅、镉主要是吸收或者吸附了大气中的铅和镉.     

美国颜料工业受到铅危险的警告

美国工业团体全国颜料和涂料协会(NPCA)与州检察总长就制定一个国家信息项目达成了协议，项目内容涉及在可能含有旧铅涂料的建筑改造和修缮期间曝露在铅尘中的危险．此项运动将包括消费者涂料产品警告、销售信息要点以及教育和培训。     

铅锌冶炼厂土壤污染及重金属富集植物的研究

对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区进行了植被和土壤调查。结果表明，该厂土壤污染以镉铅锌(Cd、Pb、Zn)最为严重，尤其是重金属镉在土壤中含量超过背景值高达208倍，分析原因主要是由于大气尘降和雨水淋洗等使得污染加重。实验采集并分析测定了9种植物中重金属富集量，首次报道了土荆芥是一种铅超富集植物，其体内Pb质量分数高达3888mg／kg。另一种植物商陆能大量富集镉，具有地下部向地上部转运能力强、生物量大、富集总量高的特点，有很大研究价值和应用潜力。另外，荨麻对Zn有较强富集能力，这3种植物可分别用于铅、镉和锌等3种重金属污染土壤的植物修复。     

铅在植物-环境体系中的吸收、分布和迁移规律的稳定同位素示踪法研究

以低浓度的稳定铅同位素为示踪剂,采用电感耦合等离子质谱法,通过盆栽实验,考察了在不同的pH值环境和不同铅源引入方式下,茶树植株对铅的吸收情况以及铅在植株体内的分布及迁移规律.结果表明:茶树植株对大气铅源污染的反应比土壤铅源污染灵敏;大气铅源污染有往顶端(芽)迁移的趋势,而土壤铅源污染则主要聚集在根部;低pH条件增强植株对铅的吸收且能促使植株体内的铅的往高处迁移.本实验方法危害小,更接近植株承受低浓度污染的实际情况,能区分实验引入铅源和环境引入铅源.     

南京市主要绿化树种对大气固体悬浮物净化能力及规律研究

对南京市不同功能绿地类型的26种主要绿化树种净化大气固体悬浮物的能力进行监测分析,研究不同功能区主要树种叶片滞尘量的季节变化,应用SAS软件,综合考虑单位面积滞尘量、单叶滞尘量、干重滞尘量3种指标对绿化树种滞尘能力进行聚类评估.结果表明,大部分绿化树种叶片滞尘量的季节变化为春季高、夏季降低、秋季增高、冬季达最高,这与空气中悬浮颗粒物含量季节变化的规律相一致;同一树种在不同地点的叶片滞尘量可以反映树木所在环境空气质量,灵谷寺公园和栖霞山空气质量优于梅山钢铁厂和宁镇公路;不同树木类型间滞尘能力差异较大,灌木滞尘量最大,常绿乔木其次,落叶乔木最小.     

小城镇街尘污染特征及控制对策

以重庆市永川区小城镇为例进行调查研究,结果表明,工业园区道路街尘和城乡结合部道路街尘以200μm以上粒径段为主(65%—72%),而商业区和双竹镇街道以200μm以下粒径段为主(60%—72%);有机质和总磷、总氮、锌、铅、镉的最高浓度出现在商业区街尘(分别为103.04 mg.g-1和785.48、1672.04、439.72、133.30、8.44 mg·kg-1),工业园区道路街尘含有最高的铜、镍浓度(分别为241.52和92.30 mg·kg-1).小城镇街道街尘污染评价结果表明,商业区街尘和工业园区道路街尘污染风险较高,其中商业区街尘中的镍处于重度污染等级,工业园区道路街尘中的镉达到极度污染最高等级,同时,小城镇街尘控制对策分析指出,在"源"-"传输过程"-"汇"三个环节分别采取措施控制小城镇街尘污染是可行的.     

常见地被植物叶片特征及滞尘效应研究

近年来以大气粉尘颗粒物为首要污染物的雾霾天气在我国城市频繁发生,地被植物在控制缓解大气颗粒物方面的生态作用已成为研究热点。本研究拟在观察北京几种常见地被植物叶片形态特性的基础上,测定并计算单位叶面积的滞尘量和单位叶面积的最大滞尘量,试图揭示地被植物叶片阻滞、吸收大气颗粒污染物的机制,明确地被植物在缓解大气污染物种的贡献,并推荐应用于北京地区的优良滞尘地被植物,以期为控制和减轻北京大气污染,改善空气质量提供一定的科学理论依据。研究以北京绿化5种常见的地被植物——高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea.)、白三叶(Trifolium repens.)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis.)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon.)和匍匐剪股颖(Agrostis stolonifera.)为研究对象,观察其叶片特征并测定其滞尘能力。通过比较分析,发现不同地被植物滞尘能力存在显著差异(P0.05)。其中:(1)狗牙根和白三叶的单位面积滞尘量最大,草地早熟禾次之,高羊茅和匍匐剪股颖滞尘量较小;(2)狗牙根最大滞尘量最大,白三叶次之,最后为高羊茅、草地早熟禾和匍匐剪股颖;(3)在一定时间内,5种地被植物的滞尘量均随时间延长呈现有限增长的趋势;(4)叶片滞尘量和最大滞尘量与叶面积呈现负相关关系,叶面积越小,单位面积的滞尘量和最大滞尘量越大;(5)除此之外,滞尘量与叶片结构形态也存在一定的关系。被毛或边缘有齿的叶片,其滞尘量越大。     

Experimental examination of movement of the giant scallop,Placopecten magellanicus

We quantified movements of tagged giant scallops, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791), (40 to 115 mm in shell height) released in 1991 and 1992 at nine stations in Port Daniel Bay, Baie des Chaleurs, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, for periods of 10 to 52 d. Both the mean distances moved per day and dispersion distances from release points were usually greater at the two stations with sand substratum, low scallop densities and high rock crab, Cancer irroratus, densities. Movement rate and dispersion of scallops from the release points at the other seven stations were similar, even though there were marked differences in substratum type (gravel, cobble or bedrock), predator density, and scallop density. Most mean dispersal directions were random, and scallops did not appear to migrate from unsuitable to suitable habitats. Although movement did reduce predation rate, scallop movement was weakly correlated with the abundance of only one predator, C. irroratus.     

Effect of factory effluents on physiological and biochemical contents of Gossypium hirsutum l

The effect of sago and sugar factory effluents was studied on Gossypium hirsutum L. var. MCU 5 and MCU 11. Plants were irrigated with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of effluents of both factories. At lower concentration (25%) of sugar factory effluents had stimulatory effect on all biochemical contents observed. Moreover, all concentration of sago factory effluents were found to have inhibitory effect on all biochemical contents except proline content which increased with increasing concentration of both the effluents. Plants growing on adjacent to sago and sugar factories or they irrigated with such type of polluted water, may accumulate the heavy metals found in both the effluents, at higher levels in plant products and if consumed may have similar effect on living organisms.     

Spacing and group coordination in a nocturnal primate, the golden brown mouse lemur (Microcebus ravelobensis): the role of olfactory and acoustic signals

In order to remain stable, dispersed social groups have to solve two fundamental problems: the coordination of movement and cohesiveness within a group and the spacing between the groups. Here, we investigate mechanisms involved in intra-group coordination and inter-group spacing using the golden brown mouse lemur, Microcebus ravelobensis, as a model for a nocturnal, solitary foraging mammal with a dispersed social system. By means of radiotelemetry and bioacoustics we studied the olfactory and vocal behaviour during nocturnal dispersal and reunion of five sleeping groups.All groups used 3–17 sleeping sites exclusively, suggesting a sleeping site-related territoriality and competition for them. The occurrence of olfactory and vocal behaviour showed an asymmetrical temporal distribution. Whereas marking behaviour was observed exclusively during dispersal, a particular call type, the trill, was used by all groups during reunions. Interestingly, these trills carried group-specific signatures.Our findings provide the first empirical evidence for nocturnal primates in a natural environment that olfactory signals represent an important mechanism to regulate the distribution of different groups in space, whereas acoustic signals control intra-group cohesion and coordination.     

Active mate choice at cock-of-the-rock leks: tactics of sampling and comparison

Summary The importance of active mate choice as a component of sexual selection remains controversial, despite recent studies identifying traits that correlate with male mating success. We analyzed the sampling sequences of individual female Guianan cock-of-the-rock, providing quantitative documentation of active female choice in this lekbreeding species. We compared observed sampling patterns with null models of random female movement and of movement weighted by the observed distribution of male success. The courts actually visited by individual females were significantly more clumped and centrally located than predicted by computer simulations of either random or weighted movement. Contrary to simplified hypotheses of female choice, hen cock-of-the-rock were not limited either to sequential comparisons or to threshold decision rules when selecting mates. Instead, they repeatedly sampled a subset of potential mates, using the pool-comparison tactic. Within this pool, females preferentially mated with the males ranked highest in terms of total courtship visits received, and rejected low-ranking males. Our results suggest complex interactions between patterns of female sampling and male dispersion in lek mating systems, and also provide insights into the constraints on female sampling in lek species.     

Metals and organic pollutants in snow surrounding an iron factory

To estimate air pollution snow samples were collected in March 2001 at six sites in the vicinity of the Kostomuksha factory in Karelia. Seventy-two chemical elements and more than 200 individual organic compounds were identified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the levels of Li, B, Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Mo as well as hydrocarbons, phthalates and phenols exceeded the existing maximum allowable concentrations. A list of toxicants emitted with the factory exhausts and a list of priority pollutants for Kostomuksha were compiled. The impact of the exhausts of the Kostomuksha factory on the environment in Finland is relatively small. Electronic Publication     

不同大气污染区林木根区土壤重金属和酶活性研究

黄埔区是广州市污染较严重的地区,其中林木也受到了大气等污染物的危害。林木根区的土壤重金属和酶活性是探讨污染对林木影响机制和反映污染程度的重要指标。作者分别在该区的石化厂、硫酸厂附近林地和非污染的华南农业大学校园(对照)共3个区选择了台湾相思、马尾松、尾叶桉和荔枝4个树种、11个采样点,共采集了33个供试土壤样品,分析了林木根区土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)全量、有效量和土壤酶(脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和蛋白酶)活性。结果表明,(1)石化厂重金属含量总体上与对照区差异不大,而硫酸厂区重金属含量则显著地高于对照区,污染严重。(2)不同调查区根区土壤酶活性存在显著差异,各调查区平均土壤酶活性大小顺序基本上表现为:对照区>石化厂区>硫酸厂区,尤其是硫酸厂区显著地低于对照区;而同一调查区不同树种之间的酶活性也存在差异,台湾相思根区土壤脲酶的活性均比其它树种高;从酶活性看,在硫酸厂严重污染胁迫下,台湾相思比尾叶桉更耐污染。(3)对土壤重金属含量和酶活性进行典型相关分析得出:根区土壤有效Zn含量对过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性有明显的刺激作用,但抑制了蛋白酶活性;有效Cd则抑制了过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,但刺激了蛋白酶活性。     

玻璃厂氟污染对周围生态环境的影响

不同树种对氟化物的吸收能力有差异.吸收能力和抵抗能力之间并无明显的相关注,因此在氟污染源附近进行环境绿化时,必须选择吸氟和抗氟能力都较强的园林树种.氟污染具有方向性, 可以通过测定不同部位的叶片含氟量来确定污染源的方位.水洗后的叶片含氟量明显下降,说明玻璃厂排放的含氟烟气中,含氟粉尘占有重要地位.对防治玻璃厂的氟污染危害提出了合理的建议.     

关于工厂企业绿地建设的探讨：以宝钢为例

生态园林是现代城市绿化发展的趋势和方向。对于污染较为集中的工厂企业来主，绿地建设是环境保护的重要方面。而发展生态园林，走绿地的生态建设道路已成为工厂企业发化的有效途径。本文从生态园林的指导思想出发，结合宝钢的绿化实例，探讨了工厂企业在绿地建设方面的若干问题。     

化学混凝法处理高浓度含氟废水试验研究

本文对华北某铝加工工厂的高浓度含氟废水进行了小处理研究,此种废水平均含氟浓度１９０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ｐＨ值７。５,经过几种方案的实验比较,投加石灰,硫酸铝和ＰＡＭ的方法来处理此种废水效果最好,并据此提出了该厂污水处理站的工艺设计。