纺织印染废水中TOC值和COD值的相关性

论证了纺织印染废水中TOC值和COD值的相关性,建立了COD和TOC的相关关系式。通过对实测的TOC值和COD值进行的一系列数理统计显著性检验,证实了纺织印染废水中TOC值和COD值之间具有良好的相关性,但基于生产过程、设施装置和排污情况的差异,印染企业在运用COD和TOC的相关关系式时,应根据自身的具体情况,通过实验建立相应的回归方程。     

化工开发区突发性大气污染事故预测预警系统建设架构

大气污染事故预测预警系统主要包括污染气象模型和大气扩散数学模型,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,按照污染事故发生的地理位置,将模型的数值解和GIS相结合,从而可以在时间和空间上对污染扩散进行分析,得到不同地点的污染物浓度和污染程度,获取受污染范围内的人口和周边单位等重要信息,从而预测污染事故对环境的影响程度和范围,为突发性环境污染事故的应急监测、现场救护和灾后评估提供科学依据。     

日本城市环境监测技术系统运营管理研究与借鉴

日本城市环境监测技术系统管理经历多年探索和总结,形成了成熟的运营模式,对我国现行技术系统的管理实践极有借鉴价值.目前环保部门在相应的管理、技术和人才等方面准备不足,面对社会专业化公司的参与,在管理和运营中暴露出一些问题,比较和借鉴国外市场化运营理念,将促进我们管理思路的创新.     

养猪粪污厌氧消化重金属变化特征及影响

对太湖流域某典型养猪区域粪污收集后集中厌氧消化处理,分析猪饲料、猪粪和沼肥中重金属总量和形态变化特征,探讨厌氧消化过程重金属形态变化及其影响因素。结果表明,不同养殖阶段中猪饲料重金属含量差异较大,仔猪饲料和猪粪中Cu、Zn和Cd含量较高,而Cr和Ni在生长肥育猪后期饲料和猪粪中含量最高。猪粪中Cu主要以有机结合态、Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、Pb和Cr主要以残渣态、Ni主要以Fe-Mn氧化物态和碳酸盐结合态赋存,沼液中Cu和Zn平均值为猪粪液中含量的1. 59和1. 40倍,沼渣中Cu和Zn平均值为调节池猪粪的1. 58和1. 37倍,厌氧消化后重金属存在"相对浓缩效应",pH值、DOC和OM为厌氧消化过程影响重金属变化的主要因素。     

2016-2020年常州市温室气体浓度及相关因素分析

基于2016-2020年常州市主要温室气体的监测数据,采用长时间序列分析和相关性分析等方法,研究了二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)浓度的变化趋势,分析了CO2和CH4与污染物和气象要素的相关性,初步探讨了生物源和人为源的影响.结果 表明:常州市大气CO2和CH4年平均浓度分别为416.4 ppm和1635.7 ppb...     

污染源监测信息管理系统开发与研究

针对污染源监测是环境保护工作中的重要内容,污染源监测数据是环境管理和执法的重要依据这一事实,从污染源监测的业务特点和用户需求、系统功能分析、系统设计和技术实现等几方面,分析并研究了污染源监测信息管理系统的特点和开发时解决的技术问题.     

用后向空气轨迹方法对胶州湾主要大气污染物分布的分析

采用青岛崂山点位2005-2009年的大气监测数据,利用HYSPLIT4.8模式和象限分析方法,计算出污染物的方位贡献情况,判断出胶州湾大气污染物的传输路径主要为北、西北和西部路径,S02、N02和PM10在北部和西北部象限的5年平均贡献率分别为25.32％和28.21％、21.16％和21.53％以及20.25％和22.83％,这与胶州湾东方和东南方为海洋、北方和西北方为工业城市有关.通过个例分析得出的传输路径与象限分析的结果一致.另一方面,胶州湾地区的主要污染物在过去5年中的年均值浓度变化显示,SD2浓度呈下降趋势,NO2浓度呈上升趋势,PM10浓度变化趋势不明显.为调查青岛市和周边5个省污染物排放水平对胶州湾污染物分布的影响,分析了2005-2009年的相关环境统计数据,SO,的排放量下降,燃料煤消耗量、氮氧化物排放量以及机动车数量逐年升高可能是导致胶州湾地区污染物浓度变化的原因.     

金华市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源解析

对2004年大气降水样品监测资料的综合分析和研究表明,金华市降水样品pH值的分布范围在3.64~6.76之间,降水的酸雨率为79.3%。SO24-和NO-3是降水中主要的阴离子,分别占降水中阴离子总量的66.1%和21.7%。NH 4和Ca2 是降水中含量最高的阳离子,分别占阴离子总量的56.6%和33.4%。降水中这些离子的浓度水平一般比世界上其它地方高,但大大低于国内的北方地区。由于降水中缺乏足够的中和物质,大约76%的降水酸度被NH 4、Ca2 和K 等碱性成分中和。陆源型离子Ca2 、Mg2 和K 以及海盐性离子Na 和Cl-之间存在明显的相关关系,另外Ca2 和SO24-、Mg2 和SO24-、Mg2 和NO-3以及Mg2 和Cl-之间也可以观察到比较好的相关关系。土壤和海水的富集系数表明,研究区域的Ca2 和K 主要来源于岩石/土壤风化,SO24-和NO-3主要归因于人为活动的影响。     

不同季节常州市气团来源差异性研究

利用NCEP全球再分析资料和HYSPLIT4模式,计算了2014年常州市不同季节的气流后向轨迹。结合聚类分析方法和常州市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和O_3监测数据,分析了各季节不同类型气团来源对各污染物浓度的影响。结果表明,常州市的气团来源具有明显的季节性特征,春季以东北偏东方向的气团为主,西南气流对应的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)平均值较高,分别为93和157μg/m3;夏季受海洋型气团影响为主,东南气团对应的O_3平均值较高,为90μg/m3。秋季西北气流增多,其对应的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)平均值较高,分别为71和107μg/m3,东南气团对应的SO_2和NO_2平均值较高,分别为40和43μg/m3;冬季受大陆型气团影响更显著,京津冀等北方气团和杭州湾方向的南面气团对应的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)值较高,分别在100和150μg/m3以上。冬季随着空气污染加重,本地和本区域的气团逐渐占主导地位,说明加强长三角区域内的污染物协同管控,对于改善空气质量会具有明显的效果。     

环境监测及相关实验室二次污染水环境的有效控制

对环境监测及相关实验室在实验分析过程中造成水环境二次污染问题进行了论述和分析。在对实验室产生污染物以及含剧毒试剂污染物排放造成环境危害量化分析的同时,详细介绍了监测分析和在化学实验中,从源头上减少及有效控制二次污染的方法和途径。根据中国目前对化学实验室排污管理的现状和分析实验室工作中对污染控制的实际情况,通过与国际先进国家在化学分析实验室污染物排放管理上的对比,阐述了国内在实验室管理和污染物处理方面存在的问题和差距。从法律、法规建设和管理机制上,提出了从根本上减少和有效控制水环境二次污染的相关建议。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.