关于中国企业环境管理体制的调研

政府、企业和公众在环境管理中扮演着不同的角色，过分强调政府的作用，忽视企业的环境管理，或只重视污染治理设施项目的实施，而忽视企业环境管理体制的健全和完善，必然会导致环境管理陷入误区。为此，我们对重庆市和云南省六家国有企业的环境管理状况进行了调研，对企业环境管理的障碍和影响因素进行了分析。最后，对激发企业自觉意识、加强企业环境管理提出了四点政策建议。     

推进清洁生产必须提高企业环境意识

清洁生产是一种主动的环境战略，提高环境意识是推进企业清洁生产的基础。可以通过提高企业家的环境意识，提高消费者的环境意识和提高政府管理干部的清洁生产意识等手段和加强宣传和举办培训班等途径来推进清洁生产。     

做好上海市废旧物资回收加工利用工作的几点思考

1、对废旧物资回收利用工作的作用，要形成社会共识，造就政府重视、市民参与、企业支持这样一种新的局面。充分回收利用废旧物资是利在当代，功在千秋的大事。要通过宣传，使各行各业都能理解、尊重、重视和支持废旧物资回收利用工作。各级政府要把废旧物资的开发利用作为政府行为，列入政府经济社会发展规划与管理体系，使其健康持续发展。2、国家和政府对废旧物资回收利用进行立法管理和政策扶持。废旧物资是工业生产需要的再生资源，其中极大部分是生产建设的重要原料。为此，应该对其单独立法。要把开展废旧物资回收利用作为国家长期稳…     

在新的排污收费政策下开展排污申报工作的几点建议

排污申报作为一项法定的环境管理制度，实践和事实证明，及时、准确的排污申报是法律法规的要求，是政府部门强化环境监督管理、对环境保护进行科学决策的基础，是排污者加强内部管理、促进经济效益与环境效益共同提高的有效途径。但在实际工作中，一些地区和部门，特别是一些基层环保部门客观上还存在着排污申报与环境管理，特别是排污收费“两张皮、互不相干”的现象。新的排污收费政策实施以后，我们应加大宣传力度，突出排污申报工作在排污收费与企业管理工作中的重要性；加大审核力度，督促排污者如实进行排污申报工作以及加大执法力度，依法保证及时、准确、合法、有序地开展排污申报工作，使排污申报工作与排污收费工作真正融为一体。     

星星之火可以燎原—徐州市民间环保组织、社会团体透视

近年来，徐州市民间环保组织和社会团体发展十分迅猛，据初步调查，有正规名称、在民政部门注册且经常开展活动的就有１５家左右。他们除利用环保纪念日进行宣传外，还就市民关心的环境热点问题展开行动，如写污染源调查报告、到污染企业考察、上集贸市场呼吁宣传、采访市县政府领导、向新闻媒体提供污染线索、举办讲座等。有的环保组织和社会团体还举办所在辖区范围内中小型污染企业法人培训班，宣传党和政府的环保法律法规。总之，在徐州“环境保护，人人有责”已不是官话、套话，而是实实在在看得见、说得明、理得清的实际行为。环保社团…     

结构方程模型在社会环境管理中的应用

我国自第一次全国环境保护会议以来，在环境保护的实践中经过不断的探索、总结，逐步形成了一系列符合中国国情的环境管理制度。随着社会经济发展，我国环境管理也发生了一些转变，从政府管理为主转向政府、企业和公众相互作用。本文尝试对社会各部门在环境管理方面的作用进行量化，并利用结构方程模型进行了实践。     

晋州市：“四个到位”认真开展环境污染纠纷和环境安全隐患的排查整治

一是组织到位。成立了由局长任组长的环境污染纠纷和环境安全隐患排查整治工作领导小组，3名班子成员分包重点企业和有关乡镇。执法人员分成6个小组按照不同行业，落实到人头，实行重点分包。二是宣传到位。举办环境知识图片展览，进行宣传。期间设置宣传台、投诉台、咨询台，举办展览，受理群众投诉，发动宣传资料。三是排查到位。组织执法人员集中力量对重点企业进行拉网式的环境污染纠纷和环境安全隐患排查整治。     

环境信息披露制度研究

环境信息披露分为政府环境信息披露和企业环境信息披露两个层面。政府环境信息披露包括政府在制度性信息与管理信息、生态安全信息等方面的披露．企业环境信息披露内容包括企业强制性披露信息与自愿披露信息、企业生产阶段的信息和其他阶段的信息。笔者在对这些问题进行研究和分析的基础上．进一步对我国环境信息披露内容的控制及实施进行了探讨。     

绿色发展视域下绿色企业建设探析

绿色企业是指采取绿色发展方式进行生产的企业。创建绿色企业是实现绿色发展的必然要求。我国绿色企业的建设与发展面临着诸多困境:部分企业经营者和管理者对绿色发展认识不够,政府政策支持力度不足,相关法律制度保障相对滞后,企业绿色技术创新存在瓶颈。解决上述问题,必须加大企业绿色化建设与发展的宣传力度,加大政府的政策扶持力度,完善环境法律制度保障,提升企业绿色技术创新能力,强化企业绿色化管理。     

市场经济呼唤环境审计

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立，政府对企业的管理由直接干预变为宏观调控，把企业推向市场，使之在市场竞争中发展，而其潜在危机是环境问题的日益尖锐，综合平衡经济发展与环境保护的关系更趋紧张。作为审计监督，环境审计是改观环境，完善市场经济调节机制的重要措施，它弥补了市场在环境保护上的盲区，强化了政府的环保职能。所以，环境审计在市场经济活动监督中有不可替代的作用，其地位亦愈显重要。1市场经济对环境审计的挑战1．l简政放权的局限性。经济转换的同时，带来了管理体制的转变，为了发展社会主义市场经济，给企业松绑放…     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.