环境伦理学与可持续发展

本文综述了近几十年来环境伦理学的研究成果，包括环境伦理学的学科性质、研究对象、研究内容等。文章同时还从环境伦理学角度探讨了可持续发展的思想和理念，并对实现可持续发展提出了一些指导性原则和建议。     

当代中国环境伦理学研究综述

环境伦理学是一门应用伦理学的新兴学科。它是应环境发展大趋势的需求而产生。本文内容涉及环境论理学的研究对象及范畴、可持续发展环境伦理观等,从中概述了这些年来我国学者在这一领域的研究进展,有利于在更高的层次上展开对该学科的研究。     

西方环境伦理学发展简况

环境伦理学作为一个学科诞生于二十世纪的七十年代。在该学科发展的过程中,环境伦理学家们挖掘各种精神资源和理论传统,为环境伦理学的创建、发展提供重要的启示和借鉴。浪漫主义传统就是众多精神资源中的一个重要的部分,对当代非人类中心的环境伦理学理论中有着重要的启示和影响。     

环境伦理学在生态文明建设中的功能与使命

建设生态文明不能光靠技术的进步,社会制度、生活方式、价值观也必须要作出相应的调整。因此．中国的环境伦理学要有一种使命感,既要积极参与环境教育,培养人的环境伦理意识,也要参与生态文明建设目标的设定．并为新的国际制度的建立提供伦理基础和价值引导。我们不能把环境伦理学仅仅理解为伦理学的一个小分支或者是传统伦理学的一种应用,而应把它当作一种新的思维方式．从全新的角度来对传统伦理学进行反思,使整个伦理学具有环境视野和生态关怀意识。     

环境伦理学刍议

本文研究了环境伦理学产生的背景，环境伦理学所具有的特点，环境伦理学研究的内容以及对环境伦理学应用等问题。     

建设有中国特色的环境伦理学

环境伦理学，是20世纪后半叶随着全球性环境运动的高涨而出现的一门新兴学科。由于国际环境保护运动是一个规模非常庞大，参与者十分广泛的群众性运动，其成分十分复杂，参与环境保护运动的动机和出发点也各不相同，因此，环境保护运动从一开始就出现了许多不同的派别和组织，他们虽然都打着“绿色”的大旗，以保护环境为宗旨，但又有着各自不同的主张、行动准则和纲领。这种情况也反映到新兴起的环境伦理学之中，依照对环境问题产生的原因、保护环境的根本目的、及其解决办法等问题的认识不同，有人把环境伦理思想分为“浅绿派”和“深绿派…     

如何建构当代中国的环境伦理？——如何建构中国环境伦理学学派？

中国环境伦理学只有建立自己的话语体系、理论框架和概念体系,形成自己的环境伦理理论和实践,才能够真正对解决实际问题起到作用。中国环境伦理学学派的建构不能像西方一样走不同学派争论的路,而应朝建立统一、开放、完整的环境伦理学的方向发展。为此．我们要对西方不同学派的理论进行整合。实践是环境伦理学的精华。我们需要通过对社会不同角色、不同阶层人的伦理态度、伦理行为的研究,来制定一套比较和谐的、符合我们社会实际情况的环境道德标准、道德原则和行为规范。     

亟待发展的中国环境人文社科学科

广义而言,中国环境人文社科学科是20世纪80年代初开始我国传统人文社科学科对日渐突出的生态环境问题回应与互动所形成的众多新兴、交叉和边缘学科的总称,具体包括环境哲学、环境伦理学、环境美学、环境文学(艺术)、环境史学、环境社会学、环境政治学(环境公共管理)、环境教育学、环境经济学和环境法学等,同时还应包括近年来在属于理...     

动物权利思想历史考察

动物权利问题是西方环境伦理学中的一个重要问题,本文根据人类历史过程中自然观的变化及生产方式的变化对人与动物关系的影响,把动物权利思想观念分为古代朴素的动物权利思想、近代动物权利思想以及现代动物权利观三种理论形态.     

余谋昌：中国环境伦理学的领军者

余谋昌，1935年12月9日生，1962年毕业于武汉大学哲学系。1966年中国科学院哲学所研究生毕业，此后在该所从事自然辩证法研究。现任国务院发展中心国际技术经济研究所客座研究员，中国自然辩证法研究会理事、地学哲学委员会副理事长，中国环境伦理学研究会理事长。国务院特殊津贴获得者。20世纪70年代以来，在我国学术界发表了这个领域的首批论著，提出这一领域的初步理论框架和基本观点，开拓了这个领域的研究工作。发表论文100多篇，著作12种。其中，《生态伦理学与新的林业范式》（1962）获林业部等6部委“森林大奖”贰等奖：《丈化新世纪：生态文化的理论阐释》（1996）获“五个一工程”奖。     

The need to integrate values into environmental curricula

Many environmental problems are controversial because of conflicting values people hold and because there is not a consensus as to which values should have precedence over others. If environmental managers are to make ethical decisions that reflect environmental values, they must have full understanding of such values and types of ethics and principles of moral reasoning to use in the decision-making process. Unfortunately, integration of values into environmental curricula has often not been explicit or comprehensive. One result is that university-trained environmental managers do not possess the knowledge, skills, and methods necessary for more ethically based decisions. An analysis of attitudes about integrating values and/or ethics into environmental curricula and approaches to do so yields the conclusion that environmental programs should more fully include teaching about values and ethics so that environmental managers can make more ethically sound decisions.     

The Edge of “Animal Rights”

A central task of environmental ethics, which have been arising since 1960s, is to extend the objects of moral concern beyond the individuals of Homo sapiens. (Here, it involves the issue of the boundary of environmental ethics. In a narrow sense, an environmental ethic must grant moral concern to holistic environmental objects (such as ecosystems). On the other hand, if we broadly define the environmental ethic as an ethic that shows moral concern not limited to Homo sapiens and its individuals only, then, these “generalized” environmental ethics include Peter Singer’s “animal liberation” and Tom Regan’s “animal rights”. In this article, the term “environmental ethic” refers to an environmental ethic in a generalized sense.) All the objects deserving moral concern constitute the moral community. The trajectory and boundary of this extension are different among different schools. Compared to other schools, Tom Regan’s “animal rights” has a relatively smaller moral community, making it more “conservative” at first sight. Meanwhile, the rights view, like other schools, faces the question regarding the edge of moral concern. This question consists of two sub-questions: (1) where is the boundary of the moral community and (2) how ought we to treat the objects of moral concern near the boundary? Given the closeness of Regan’s theory to traditional ethics (regarding the boundary of the moral community), this study is mainly focused on analyzing the edge of moral concern within the framework of the theory of animal rights. Further, I investigate the similarities and differences in the boundary of moral concern among various schools of environmental ethics. The comparative analysis demonstrates a subtle relation between science and moral philosophy, and reveals a similar form of a metaphysical premise adopted by all environmental ethics. This research helps to clarify the moral concern of environmental ethics, which is an essential prerequisite for establishing a new ethic, and therefore helps to consolidate the reference of environmental ethics to environmental management.     

Is adaptive co-management ethical?

‘Good’ governance and adaptive co-management hold broad appeal due to their positive connotations and ‘noble ethical claims’. This paper poses a fundamental question: is adaptive co-management ethical? In pursuing an answer to this question, the concept of adaptive co-management is succinctly summarized and three ethical perspectives (deontology, teleology and existentialism) are explored. The case of adaptive co-management in Cambodia is described and subsequently considered through the lens of ethical triangulation. The case illuminates important ethical considerations and directs attention towards the need for meditative thinking which increases the value of tradition, ecology, and culture. Giving ethics a central position makes clear the potential for adaptive co-management to be an agent for governance, which is good, right and authentic as well as an arena to embrace uncertainty.     

Use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment

The purpose of this paper was to clarify and expand several ideas concerning use of the guild concept in environmental impact assessment Background material on the concept and examples of its use are given. It is argued that for purposes of environmental assessment a resource-based guild approach is preferable to a taxonomic-based approach. Validity of the guild concept, problems in classifying species into guilds, implications of guild membership, and usefulness of guild analyses are discussed. I conclude that only with a thorough knowledge of both its limitations and benefits will it be possible to fully use the guild concept for understanding organizational processes in communities and ecosystems and for assessing environmental impacts.     

The object of environmental ethics

Since the term environmental ethics began to be used a generation ago, it has covered many different kinds of environmental notions, problems, ethical systems, and forms of behavior. A variety of cases are presented and examined under two terms,environmental ethics andecological morality, in an effort to illustrate different kinds of ethical objectives. In order to understand the connections between various strands of environmental ethics, personal and social values and subcultural norms of environmental ethics are examined under Christopher Stone's concept of moral pluralism. G. J. Warnock's notion of the general object of morality is proposed to integrate the variegated purposes of environmental ethics.     

区域环境承载力评价在区域环境影响评价中的应用

论述了区域环境影响评价的概念和特点,介绍了区域环境承载力的概念和指标体系,引入了区域环境承载力相对剩余率作为区域环境承载力的评价指标,并通过实例计算,给出了区域环境承载力相对剩余率的具体计算方法和在区域环境承载力评价方面的应用。通过单项环境承载力相对剩余率和综合环境承载力相对剩余率的计算,评价了某市的开发强度和剩余环境容量。     

论公众参与的环境伦理观

公众参与(Public Participation)是环境影响评价(EIA)和战略影响评价(SEA)的重要内容,也是环境保护事业发展的基础.影响公众参与的因素有环境法律、环境经济、环境文化和环境伦理四个方面,其中环境伦理在公众参与和环境行为方面发挥巨大的作用.本文从伦理学角度论述了人类环境伦理观的形成,环境伦理对公众参与环境保护的影响以及可持续发展的环境道德原则.     

Ecological Innovation: Biomimicry as a New Way of Thinking and Acting Ecologically

In this article, we critically reflect on the concept of biomimicry. On the basis of an analysis of the concept of biomimicry in the literature and its philosophical origin, we distinguish between a strong and a weaker concept of biomimicry. The strength of the strong concept of biomimicry is that nature is seen as a measure by which to judge the ethical rightness of our technological innovations, but its weakness is found in questionable presuppositions. These presuppositions are addressed by the weaker concept of biomimicry, but at the price that it is no longer possible to distinguish between exploitative and ecological types of technological innovations. We compare both concepts of biomimicry by critically reflecting on four dimensions of the concept of biomimicry: mimesis, technology, nature, and ethics.     

良好环境权视角下的环境标准制度

环境标准是环境科学中经常出现的一个概念，它对环境法的制定和实施都发挥着十分重要的作用。选取了良好环境权这一视角，对环境标准制度展开论述。在分别介绍了环境标准和良好环境权的基本内容之后，对两者的互动关系进行了分析；在此基础上，文章对有关环境标准的两个难题作了深入的探讨，希望对这方面的研究有所助益。     

Response to “The Problem of the Question About Animal Ethics” by Michal Piekarski

In this brief article we reply to Michal Piekarski’s response to our article ‘Facing Animals’ published previously in this journal. In our article we criticized the properties approach to defining the moral standing of animals, and in its place proposed a relational and other-oriented concept that is based on a transcendental and phenomenological perspective, mainly inspired by Heidegger, Levinas, and Derrida. In this reply we question and problematize Piekarski’s interpretation of our essay and critically evaluate “the ethics of commitment” that he offers as an alternative.