土壤中的铅对三种蔬菜的影响

通过温室栽培萝卜、青菜和莴苣,研究土壤中的铅对蔬菜生长的影响及其在器官中的残留。在低浓度下,铅对蔬菜生长有不同程度的刺激作用。土壤有效态铅浓度与蔬菜各器官含铅浓度存在显著性正相关(P<0.05)。不同蔬菜对铅的敏感性、耐受力不同。     

Phytoremediation of engineered nanoparticles using aquatic plants: Mechanisms and practical feasibility

Certain plants have demonstrated the capability to take up and accumulate metals, thus offering the potential to remediate metal-contaminated water and sediment. Several aquatic species have further been identified which can take up metal and metal oxide engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). It is important to evaluate if aquatic plants exhibiting potential for metal phytoremediation can be applied to remediation of metallic ENPs. Understanding the interactions between ENPs and aquatic plants, and evaluating possible influences on metal uptake and phytoremediation processes is therefore essential. This review article will address the feasibility of green plants for treatment of ENP-affected aquatic ecosystems. Discussion will include common types of ENPs in current use; transformations of ENPs in aquatic systems; the importance of microorganisms in supporting plant growth; ENP entry into the plant; the influence of microorganisms in promoting plant uptake; and recent findings in phytoremediation of ENP-affected water, including applications to constructed wetlands.     

广西不同石漠化等级下SPAC水势梯度及其环境效应

以野外观测为基础,对广西不同石漠化等级(无石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化和重度石漠化)下土壤-植被-大气连续体(Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum,简称SPAC)系统中的水势日变化、气象因子日变化过程进行了研究。结果表明:随着石漠化程度的增加,大气水势降低,大气水势对不同石漠化程度的反应敏感。岩溶区石漠化等级下植物和土壤水势较低,不同石漠化条件下的植物叶水势在-7.79±0.43~-2.68±0.11 Mpa之间,土壤水势在-4.00±0~-0.08±0.04 Mpa之间,重度石漠化等级下植物处于萎蔫状态。植物在正午受到的水分亏缺程度为:重度石漠化中度石漠化无石漠化轻度石漠化。无石漠化下植物叶片水势与大气温度呈正相关关系,与大气相对湿度呈负相关关系,轻度石漠化、中度石漠化和重度石漠化下植物叶片水势与大气温度呈负相关关系,与大气相对湿度呈正相关关系。水分在SPAC系统中运移,其能量消耗主要集中在叶片-大气的过程。叶-气水势差差值大小为:中度石漠化重度石漠化轻度石漠化无石漠化。随着石漠化程度的增加,SPAC水势梯度提高,各介质层水势差的增大,提高了水分循环和能量交换的强度。     

樱桃萝卜对抗生素的富集及其潜在风险

为探究土壤抗生素污染的潜在生态和健康风险,于2021年6～9月进行温室土培樱桃萝卜试验,每隔6d向土壤中施用土霉素(OTC)或链霉素(STR)污水,并对其中生长的樱桃萝卜的生物量、萝卜组织抗生素含量和菌群耐药性进行分析.同时,通过风险商法、摄入量计算和小鼠饲喂试验对萝卜植株残留的抗生素和抗性细菌的潜在人体健康风险进行评估.结果表明,与未施用抗生素对照组相比,OTC的连续施用在第74d显著促进了萝卜植株生长,使其总生物量提高了23.1%,而STR的连续施用对萝卜植株的生长并无显著影响;萝卜植株对土壤中施入的两种抗生素均有一定的富集能力,STR在组织中的残留量高于的OTC1～2个数量级,抗生素在植物生长初期主要富集在叶中,生长后期在肉质根根颈部中的富集量显著增加(P<0.05);抗生素的施用使萝卜植株组织中可培养OTC和STR抗性细菌占总可培养细菌的比率分别增加了2.48×10^-6%～5.05×10^-4%和0.19%～3.32%;食用经抗生素暴露后的萝卜肉质根根颈部可增加机体对抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的摄入量,但其健康风险较低(评估的风险商指...     

Effects of organic-waste compost addition on sesame growth, yield and chemical composition

The agronomic aspects of some organic waste compost applications to sesame plants grown on sandy soil were investigated. Different rates and combinations from biosolids (BS), municipal solid waste (MSW) and water hyacinth (W) compost, incorporated with or without shale deposits (tafla) at 8%, were used to treat the sandy soil. Dry matter accumulation was used as an indicator of the effectiveness of such treatments on plant growth. In addition, the contents of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium, chlorophyll, total protein, oil and carbohydrates were determined in plant tissue as physiological parameters. Heavy metal contents (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb) in seeds samples were determined. Results indicated that all compost treatments stimulated sesame growth and enhanced its pigment, carbohydrate and mineral contents. While the chemical constituents of sesame seeds (oil, carbohydrate and total protein) showed no variation when expressed as relative data (%), the absolute results expressed as gram per plant exhibited significant increases. The maximum levels (μg g⁻¹) of tested metals in seeds did not exceed 226 Fe, 12.5 Mn, 81. 7 Zn, 23.7 Cu, 3.8 Co, 24.6 Ni, 5.4 Pb and 1.72 Cd, which are below the reported concentrations at which phytotoxicity could occur.     

Light-Dependent Magnetoreception in Birds: Does Directional Information Change with Light Intensity?

 Magnetic compass orientation in birds is based on light-dependent processes, with magnetoreception being possible only under light containing blue and green wavelengths. To look for possible intensity-dependent effects we tested Australian silvereyes during autumn migration under monochromatic green light (565 nm) produced by light-emitting diodes at various light levels. At intensities of 0.0021 and 0.0075 W/m², the birds showed normal activity and were oriented in their seasonally appropriate migratory direction. Under low light of 0.0002 W/m² the birds were less active; scatter increased, but they still oriented in their migratory direction. Under a high light level of 0.0150 W/m², however, the test birds showed a counterclockwise shift in direction, preferring west-northwest instead of north. This change in behavior may reflect a change in the output of the magnetoreception system, resulting from a disruption of the natural balance between the wavelengths of light. Received: 18 June 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 20 September 1999     

Capacity and degree of iodine absorbed and enriched by vegetable from soil

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紫外线对再生水中斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果

再生水具有就近易得、水量大且稳定等突出优点,已成为景观水体的重要补给水源。但再生水中含有氮、磷等营养物质,景观回用过程中可能会加剧藻类水华爆发风险。在藻类生长的早期阶段,采用紫外线处理有可能将再生水中藻类生物量控制在低风险范围,从而预防再生水景观回用水体中发生水华。以深圳市某污水处理厂二级出水为再生水回用景观水体的典型样品,考察了紫外线（254 nm波段）对典型微藻斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果,采用流式细胞术、调制荧光技术等方法,研究了不同紫外剂量对斜生栅藻的生长抑制效果,以及对藻细胞膜完整性和光合活性的影响。结果表明:对于初始密度约为7×104个/mL的斜生栅藻,50~100 mJ/cm2的紫外线能够取得1~5 d的生长抑制期,150~200 mJ/cm2剂量能将生长抑制期延长至10 d。紫外线能迅速引起斜生栅藻光合活性下降并能逐渐引起部分藻细胞破裂,100~200 mJ/cm2剂量处理后10 d内膜损伤细胞比例达到16%~71%。可见,紫外线能够对再生水中的斜生栅藻取得显著的生长抑制效果,是具有应用前景的景观水体水华风险防控手段。     

煅烧结合光辐照提高纳米AgI/TiO2的可见光响应

为提高AgI/TiO₂的可见光响应能力,采用煅烧结合光辐照的工艺对其进行改性.紫外-可见光吸收分析表明,改性AgI/TiO₂的敏感光谱范围覆盖了整个可见区,吸收边带从465 nm红移至800 nm,在500 nm处的吸光度提高了近3倍.X-射线衍射分析结果指出,煅烧提高了金红石型TiO₂的相对含量,导致禁带宽度从2.89 eV降到2.81 eV,氙灯辐照进一步增加了锐钛型TiO₂、金红石型TiO₂和AgI的相对含量,并生成了新的晶体AgCl,使其禁带宽度又降至1.55 eV左右.AgCl的产生、AgI和金红石型TiO₂相对含量的增加是降低改性材料禁带宽度和增强可见光响应能力的主要原因.研究还表明,只有煅烧后的AgI/TiO₂才能通过光辐照来拓宽可见光敏感范围,而且,光辐照中起作用的主要是紫外光,可见光的作用甚小.研究最后提出将2种或2种以上的卤化银负载在纳米TiO₂上,更能有效地增强TiO₂的可见光响应能力.     

接种AM真菌对胡萝卜生长和辛硫磷残留的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了接种AM(arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌对灭菌土壤中胡萝卜生长及其辛硫磷残留的影响.试验设置不施加、低(200 mg.L-1)、中(400 mg.L-1)、高(800 mg.L-1)等4个辛硫磷施用量水平,以及Glomus intraradices BEG 141(141)和Glomus mosseae BEG 167(167)和不接AM真菌的对照(CK)等3个接种处理.播种5个月后收获植株.辛硫磷在收获前14 d以灌根的方式施加.结果表明,尽管菌根侵染率在高辛硫磷施用量时有所降低,但均超过70%.辛硫磷施用量高低对于胡萝卜产量和地上部鲜重没有显著影响;在所有辛硫磷水平下,接种AM真菌均显著增加了胡萝卜产量和地上部鲜重.胡萝卜中辛硫磷残留随农药施用量增加而升高,接种AM真菌显著降低了胡萝卜根和地上部辛硫磷残留.无论在促生效应还是在降低辛硫磷残留方面,141菌剂要优于167菌剂.研究结果显示了AM真菌用于胡萝卜生产和降低农药残留的潜力.     

Photocatalytic reduction of organic pollutant under visible light by green route synthesized gold nanoparticles

We report a rapid method of green chemistry approach for synthesis of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)using Lagerstroemia speciosa leaf extract(LSE). L. speciosa plant extract is known for its effective treatment of diabetes and kidney related problems. The green synthesis of Au NPs was complete within 30 min at 25°C. The same could also be achieved within 2 min at a higher reaction temperature(80°C). Both UV–visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy results suggest that the morphology and size distribution of Au NPs are dependent on the pH of gold solution,gold concentration,volume of LSE,and reaction time and temperature. Comparison between Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)spectra of LSE and the synthesized Au NPs indicate an active role of polyphenolic functional groups(from gallotannins,lagerstroemin,and corosolic acid)in the green synthesis and capping of Au NPs. The green route synthesized Au NPs show strong photocatalytic activity in the reduction of dyes viz.,methylene blue,methyl orange,bromophenol blue and bromocresol green,and 4-nitrophenol under visible light in the presence of Na BH_4. The non-toxic and cost effective LSE mediated Au NPs synthesis proposed in this study is extremely rapid compared to the other reported methods that require hours to days for complete synthesis of Au NPs using various plant extracts. Strong and stable photocatalytic behavior makes Au NPs attractive in environmental applications,particularly in the reduction of organic pollutants in wastewater.     

g 辐照预处理促进剩余污泥发酵产氢的研究

为降低能耗,提高辐照技术的经济性,探讨了在0~9.5kGy范围内,γ辐照剂量对生活污水处理厂二沉池剩余污泥中耗氢菌的抑制效果和对发酵产氢的影响,建立了描述发酵产氢过程及辐照影响的动力学模型.结果表明,γ辐照剂量从0增加至9.5kGy时,污泥溶解率从0增加至4%,上清液中可检测出一定的蛋白质和多糖等物质,其中蛋白质中的氮素占溶出总氮素的90%,表明较低剂量辐照即对污泥菌体造成较明显的破解,这可在一定程度上抑制无法形成芽孢的耗氢菌活性;与之相对应的是污泥发酵产氢能力的明显提升,以葡萄糖为底物(1.0g/L),在35℃和初始pH值为7.0时,当辐射剂量仅为0.5kGy时,累积产氢量即比未辐照时有70%的提升,进一步增加辐照剂量至5kGy,累计产氢量和产氢得率均继续增长且达到最大值,分别为240mL/g葡萄糖和1.93mLH2/mol葡萄糖(发酵液的污泥量达2.0g VSS/L);此后,污泥发酵产氢能力随辐射剂量的增加而降低.修正的Logistic模型能很好地描述本研究中累积产氢量随时间的变化规律,而修正的Han-Levenspiel模型能很好地描述辐照剂量对平均产氢速率的影响.     

煅烧结合光辐照提高纳米AgI/TiO_2的可见光响应

为提高AgI/TiO2的可见光响应能力,采用煅烧结合光辐照的工艺对其进行改性.紫外-可见光吸收分析表明,改性AgI/TiO2的敏感光谱范围覆盖了整个可见区,吸收边带从465nm红移至800nm,在500nm处的吸光度提高了近3倍.X-射线衍射分析结果指出,煅烧提高了金红石型TiO2的相对含量,导致禁带宽度从2.89eV降到2.81eV,氙灯辐照进一步增加了锐钛型TiO2、金红石型TiO2和AgI的相对含量,并生成了新的晶体AgCl,使其禁带宽度又降至1.55eV左右.AgCl的产生、AgI和金红石型TiO2相对含量的增加是降低改性材料禁带宽度和增强可见光响应能力的主要原因.研究还表明,只有煅烧后的AgI/TiO2才能通过光辐照来拓宽可见光敏感范围,而且,光辐照中起作用的主要是紫外光,可见光的作用甚小.研究最后提出将2种或2种以上的卤化银负载在纳米TiO2上,更能有效地增强TiO2的可见光响应能力.     

Licht und Entwicklung — das Phytochromsystem der Pflanzen

In photosynthetic green plants light is the decisive environmental factor. The terrestrial green plant is organized almost ideally in a way so as to absorb and process light quanta. The genetic adaptation to the factor, light, has taken place in the course of the genetic evolution (phylogeny) of terrestrial plants. However, light also affects the individual development (ontogeny) profoundly insofar as the genes which control normal development of a higher plant can only express themselves fully in the presence of light. Thus, the development of a higher plant (“photomorphogenesis”) is characterized by the obligatory interaction between genes and environment (light). The mechanisms of “transduction of light signals”, i.e. the biophysical and molecular events during photomorphogenesis, are described in the present article.     

The effect of catch crops on sulphate leaching and availability of S in the succeeding crop on sandy loam soil in Denmark

Sulphate leaching losses may reduce the long-term possibility of maintaining the S supply of crops in low input farming systems. The ability of catch crops (Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.)) to reduce soil sulphate concentrations in autumn and make it available to a succeeding crop was investigated in 1996–1998 on sandy loam soil in Denmark. All catch crops reduced soil sulphate concentrations in the autumn compared to bare soil. Especially, the cruciferous catch crops had the ability to deplete efficiently soil sulphate levels and thus, reduce the sulphate leaching potential. The S uptake in aboveground catch crop was 8, 22 and 36 kg S per ha for ryegrass, winter rape and fodder radish, respectively. In the following spring, sulphate levels of the autumn bare soil were low in the top 0.5 m and a peak of sulphate was found at 0.75–1 m depth. In contrast, where a fodder radish catch crop had been grown, high sulphate levels were present in the top 0.5 m, but only small amounts of sulphate were found at 0.5–1.5 m depth. In spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), that followed catch crops, S concentrations at heading and maturity revealed that the availability of soil S increased following winter rape and fodder radish, whereas there were indications that following ryegrass, the S availability was reduced compared to bare soil. This initial study showed that catch crops have a high potential for reducing sulphate leaching and may be used to synchronise S availability with plant demand in a crop rotation.     

Plants with phytotoxic potential: Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis)

Herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass (ARG, Lolium rigidum) threatens the quality and yield of winter wheat crops in Australia, prompting research to discover novel natural plant compounds with herbicidal properties. Due to its novel nature and potentially interesting chemistry, the Australian native, Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis), was tested for its ability to suppress ARG growth and its feasibility for use in weed control strategies. The leaf extract of Wollemi pine significantly inhibited the growth of ARG and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in laboratory bioassays at concentrations above 1% extract. In soil trials, the 100% extract (100 g dried plant material/L) inhibited the dry weight of ARG by 25%. The addition of a wetting agent to the extract increased the suppression of ARG to 80% which was as phytotoxic as a 4-fold increase in the extract concentration (“400%” extract). Using bioassay-guided fractionation, the most phytotoxic fraction was identified and further analysed via GC/MS. Several compounds not previously identified in Wollemi pine leaf extracts have been identified, namely, 2-propylphenol, 3,4-dimethoxyphenol, 2-methoxybenzoic acid, vanillyl alcohol and isovanillic acid. These results suggest that Wollemi pine is an important potential source of compounds for the control of ARG and wild radish in winter crops.     

宇航用硅基高压快恢复整流二极管单粒子烧毁效应研究

目的针对宇航用硅基高压快恢复整流二极管开展单粒子效应研究。方法针对型号常用的各种工艺结构高压快恢复整流二极管系统,研究地面单粒子效应试验方法,包括粒子选择及注量率、单粒子效应检测系统、基于等效制样的单粒子效应试验样品匹配、试验流程,并选取三款典型器件进行单粒子评估试验,根据试验结果对硅基二极管单粒子烧毁失效的机理进行初步分析。结果得出了三款典型器件在各偏置电压下抗单粒子烧毁的LET阈值。结论形成了较为系统的高压二极管单粒子评估的试验方法,并可工程化应用。     

土壤种子库特征及与地上植被的关系——以福建省三明市杉木人工林为例

以杉阔混交林和杉木人工纯林为研究对象,采用野外调查、取样和室内种子萌发法,研究土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布特征及其与地上植被的关系.结果表明：混交林土壤种子库由24科30属的30种植物组成,纯林由20科24属的24种植物组成,种子密度分别为656.94±89.59粒/m²和486.11±77.66粒/m²,物种组成均以草本植物为主.两林分土壤种子库中的种子主要集中于0~2cm和2~5cm土层,占69.0%~75.2%.乔木种子主要分布于凋落物层中,灌木、草本和藤本植物的种子主要分布于0~2cm土壤层中.混交林和纯林土壤种子库与各自地上植被的相似性指数分别为0.40和0.33,整体相似程度较低.总体而言,杉木纯林和杉阔混交林林内种源充足,可满足林下植被更新的需求,混交林林下草本植被的更新潜力大于纯林.杉木种源不是其更新障碍的主要因素,林内较厚的凋落物以及林下较弱的光照可能是主要障碍因素,但尚需进一步研究.     

TiO2诱导下左旋氧氟沙星的可见光降解及其机制

左旋氧氟沙星是一种新型污染物.单一的左旋氧氟沙星(LFV)和Ti O2无可见光响应,但二者共存下左旋氧氟沙星能发生显著的可见光降解.为此研究Ti O2用量、溶液p H以及左旋氧氟沙星浓度对Ti O2/Vis(可见光)降解左旋氧氟沙星的影响及机制.结果表明,左旋氧氟沙星能吸附在Ti O2表面,吸附服从准二级吸附动力学和Langmuir吸附等温线.吸附左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2漫反射UV-Vis光谱进一步表明二者形成表面复合物.左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2/Vis降解动力学符合LangmuirHinshelwood方程.合适的Ti O2浓度和中性p H有利于光解过程的进行.自由抑制实验、N2保护下左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2/Vis降解实验揭示·O-2是该过程中的主要活性物种.同时,无氧左旋氧氟沙星-Ti O2悬浮液光照不同时间的UV-Vis光谱证明体系中存在电子向Ti O2导带的注入.依据实验结果提出吸附在Ti O2表面的左旋氧氟沙星与Ti O2形成表面复合物,在可见光照下发生电子迁移,从而引发左旋氧氟沙星降解.本研究表明利用污染与Ti O2形成表面复合物诱导其可见光降解可用来去除水中某些有机污染物.     

一株耐辐射枯草芽孢杆菌的辐照抗性研究

研究室经过对枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种进行了两次中子辐照,一次γ辐照和一次紫外线辐照,筛选得到了一株辐射抗性较强的菌株,称为耐辐射株.为了系统地考察这株耐辐射株的辐照抗性,分别以芽孢和营养体为材料,研究了其对中子、脉冲X光和紫外线的耐受性.结果显示,这株耐辐射株与原菌相比,对不同射线的耐受性都有不同程度的提高.但对于不同的辐...