NEW ZEALAND'S NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK - DESIGN AND FIRST YEAR'S OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: The design and implementation of a national surface water quality monitoring network for New Zealand are described. Some of the lessons learned from the first year of operation are also addressed. Underpinning the design, and specified in advance, are the goal and objectives, the data quality assurance system, and the mechanism for data interpretation and reporting. Because of the difficulties associated with the use of a multitude of different agencies, only one agency is involved in field work and one laboratory undertakes the analysis. Staff training has been given a high priority. The network has been designed to give good trend detectability for regular sampling over a 5–10 year period.     

加强全过程管理提升环境监测质量

环境监测是环境保护的基本工作,是环境管理的耳目和手段。做好环境监测的管理,提高环境监测的质量极为重要。文章从环境监测管理工作实际出发,介绍了环境监测过程管理,分析了样品采集、样品管理、实验室分析等影响环境监测质量的主要因素,结合环境监测日常运行管理,对环境监测进行全过程分析,提出了监测人员综合素养、设备设施、全过程质量控制等质量管理措施,以持续提升环境监测水平,促进生态文明和经济社会的共同发展。     

浅议污染源水质监测的质量保证

本文从污染源调查、监测方案、布点和采样、样品保存和前处理、监测分析、数据处理和监测报告等方面,讨论污染源水质监测的质量保证。强调质量保证体系应当贯穿于污染源水质监测的全过程。污染源水质监测过程始终都应有质量保证措施,才能获得准确可靠的测定结果。     

浅议环境监测数据的审核

环境监测数据的审核工作是整个质量保证体系中最后有效的质量控制手段。针对我国环境监测数据审核现状与存在的问题,将"五性"质量指标贯穿于整个环境监测工作当中,是提升监测数据的审核力度,保证监测数据正确、可靠的有力措施之一。     

声环境质量常规监测全程质量控制

鉴于各级环境监测部门关于声环境质量常规监测中所遇有碍监测质量的各种问题,按照总站《环境噪声监测技术路线》所提"研究探讨噪声监测质量保证技术"的要求,就常规监测的质量控制方面进行探讨,提出了声环境质量常规监测事前、事中、事后全过程质控,并就质控细节和难点进行阐述和讨论。     

突发环境事件应急监测的质量控制

质量控制是保证突发环境事件应急监测质量的重要手段。影响突发环境事件应急监测质量的主要因素有人员技术水平、仪器设备、方法、量值溯源性、数据库与模型等。从人员、仪器设备维护与保养、方法比对、量值溯源、期间核查、数据库和模型的维护与升级等方面进行控制,对提高应急监测质量,发挥预警作用具有重要意义。     

水质监测领域报表工具的研究与应用

水质报表是水环境监测领域内系统的重要组成部分,为加快水质报表的开发,增强水质报表的可维护性,设计独立于系统并且符合水质报表特性的报表工具。该报表工具分为报表设计器和报表服务器两部分,设计器提供可视化的报表编辑界面,允许用户自己设计报表函数,服务器负责报表的调用和解析并且采用缓存机制提高报表的运行效率,将该报表工具应用于水质环境监测及分析系统以验证其实用性,结果证明,该水质报表工具具有较高的灵活性和可扩展性。     

县级环境监测站质量保证工作的讨论

本文根据县级环境监测站的实际情况,从外部和内部两方面因素出发,讨论了开展质量保证工作的具体作法。     

土壤有机质测定全程质量控制

质量控制是环境监测赖以生存和发展基础,加强全程质量控制才能确保监测数据的准确性和可靠性。结合环境监测工作实际,应用标准分析方法—重铬酸钾容量法《土壤检测第6部分:土壤有机质的测定》(NY/T 1121.6-2006)对土壤有机质测定进行了全程质量控制技术探讨。简介了方法所需仪器与试剂,深入探讨了运用标准法进行土壤中有机质测定全程质量控制技术问题。指出在标准分析方法基础上,选用有效期内质量合格分析纯以上试剂,全面规范样品采集与保存,有序开展样品制备与称取,严格管控消煮操作与滴定过程,准确进行分析结果数据处理,切实加强结果填报规定程式,能够确保大批量、成分复杂土壤样品有机质测定精密度和准确度。     

QUALITY ASSURANCE TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRONIC DATA ACQUISITION1

ABSTRACT: Electronic instruments are increasingly being used to gather water quality data. Quality assurance protocols are needed which provide adequate documentation of the procedures followed in calibration, collection, and validation of electronically acquired data. The level of precision of many data loggers exceeds the technology which is commonly used to make field measurements. Overcoming this problem involves using laboratory quality equipment in the field or enhanced quality control at the time of instrument servicing. Time control procedures for data loggers are needed to allow direct comparisons of data between instruments. Electronic instruments provide a mechanism to study transient events in great detail, but, without time controls, multiple loggers produce data which contain artifacts due to timing errors. Individual sensors deployed with data loggers are subject to different degrees of drift over time. Certain measurements can be measured with defined precision and accuracy for long periods of time, while other sensors are subject to loss of both precision and accuracy with increasing time of use. Adequate quality assurance requires the levels of precision and accuracy be documented, particularly those which vary with increasing time deployment.     

水质检测中实验室检测结果的质量控制与保证

在水质检测工作中,质量控制方法是确保检测数据准确的一种重要手段。当前水质检测实验室中常用的质控手段有盲样考核、平行测定、加标回收、比对试验、期间核查、相关性分析与质量监督六类,通过分析比较这些质控手段在分析检测中的差异及其对检测结果的影响,为提升水质检测工作质量,出具科学、公正的检测报告提供保障。     

WATER QUALITY SAMPLING SCHEMES FOR VARIABLE FLOW CANALS AT REMOTE SITES1

ABSTRACT: Growing interest in water quality has resulted in the development of monitoring networks and intensive sampling for various constituents. Common purposes are regulatory, source and sink understanding, and trend observations. Water quality monitoring involves monitoring system design; sampling site instrumentation; and sampling, analysis, quality control, and assurance. Sampling is a process to gather information with the least cost and least error. Various water quality sampling schemes have been applied for different sampling objectives and time frames. In this study, a flow proportional composite sampling scheme is applied to variable flow remote canals where the flow rate is not known a priori. In this scheme, historical weekly flow data are analyzed to develop high flow and low flow sampling trigger volumes for auto‐samplers. The median flow is used to estimate low flow sampling trigger volume and the five percent exceedence probability flow is used for high flow sampling trigger volume. A computer simulation of high resolution sampling is used to demonstrate the comparative bias in load estimation and operational cost among four sampling schemes. Weekly flow proportional composite auto‐sampling resulted in the least bias in load estimation with competitive operational cost compared to daily grab, weekly grab sampling and time proportional auto‐sampling.     

WATER QUALITY MONITORING: WHERE'S THE BEEF?1

ABSTRACT: Water quality monitoring, as a function of society's efforts to manage the environment, is the contact mechanism that management and the public has with the actual water quality in the environment. Water quality monitoring has been studied extensively for many years to ensure that it produces information about water quality conditions. Current efforts to reduce government spending will have negative impacts on those government functions deemed to be non-responsive to the needs of the public. How well does water quality monitoring inform taxpayers about the status and trends in water quality conditions in the United States? This paper reviews a number of past efforts to “improve” water quality monitoring, discusses barriers to such improvement, and suggests ways that monitoring can be made more accountable for the information it should be producing for public understanding of water quality conditions. In particular, the need for standardization in data analysis and reporting of information to the public, is highlighted.     

MODELING STUDIES FOR PLANNING: THE GREEN BAY PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: A major contaminant monitoring and modeling study is underway for Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Monitoring programs in support of contaminant modeling of large waterbodies, such as for Green Bay, are expensive and their extent is often limited by budget limitations, laboratory capacity, and logistic constraints. Therefore, it is imperative that available resources be used in the most efficient manner possible. This use, or allocation of resources, may be aided through the application of readily available models in the planning stages of projects. To aid in the planning effort for the Green Bay project, a workshop was held and studies designed to aid in the allocation of resources for a year-long intensive field study. Physical/chemical and food chain models were applied using historical data to aid in project planning by identifying processes having the greatest impact on the predictive capability of mass balance models. Studies were also conducted to estimate errors in computed tributary loadings and in-Bay concentrations and contaminant mass associated with different sampling strategies. The studies contributed to the overall project design, which was a collaborative effort with many participants involved in budgeting, field data collection, analysis, processing of data, quality assurance, data management and modeling activities.     

环境监测质量管理实践与探讨

环境监测质量管理是环境监测实验室的重要工作之一,是保证环境监测数据“准确性、精密性、代表性、完整性、可比性”的重要手段。在总结环境监测实验室（二级站）环境监测质量管理实践经验的基础上,针对管理过程中存在的领导重视程度不够、体系文件宣贯不到位、技术人员上岗证考核不系统、现场采样和样品管理质控有缺陷等方面问题,提出了强化制度落实、加强技术培训、试行全过程质控等对策建议。     

Assessing stock and change in land cover and biodiversity in GB: an introduction to Countryside Survey 2000

Countryside Survey 2000 (CS2000) is the latest in a series of surveys designed to measure and evaluate stock and change of land cover, landscape features, freshwaters, habitats and the vegetation of Great Britain. The ideas behind CS2000 developed during the 1960s and 1970s and culminated in the first survey of vegetation and land cover in 1978. One kilometer sample squares were selected at random using an environmental stratification. Subsequent surveys took place in 1984, 1990 and 1998, revisiting the original sample locations, whilst progressively expanding in scope and sample size; CS2000 included soils, breeding birds, remotely sensed imagery, freshwater biota and hydromorphology. Countryside Survey data may be interpreted using the pressure-state-response model, by selecting indicators of process and quality, and by identifying models of expected responses to different pressures. Thus, results showing losses of hedgerows between 1984 and 1990 stimulated new protection for these features. Ideally, CS2000 data should be used to stimulate experiments to distinguish between different pressures, in order to ensure that policy and management responses are both appropriate and achievable.The experience from CS2000 may prove helpful for the design and management of other large scale monitoring programmes of ecosystems. In particular, the scope of the survey, and the use to which the data are applied, have evolved through time, and yet continuity was essential for change to be detected efficiently. These objectives were reconciled by collecting the data in a disaggregated form, allowing a high degree of flexibility in both analysis and reporting.     

The environmental audit. II. Application to stream network design

The planning and execution of water quality management programs requires careful collection and analysis of data coupled with a systematic review and analysis of programmatic success. The environmental audit is a tool which facilitates improved water quality planning and management. This article demonstrates the utility of the environmental audit by reviewing portions of a comprehensive review of the water quality management program for the state of Idaho. The audit is a tool which forces careful design of a sampling program before data are collected. In the audit approach, program objectives are clearly stated prior to initiation of sampling. Stated objectives are also evaluated regularly to identify tension points, that is, conflicts between expectations and reality. In the example taken from Idaho, a management review team followed a directive to redesign the water quality monitoring program. We present a summary of the redesign as proposed by that team, to illustrate the results of a typical review of monitoring programs. That summary is followed by an example of how the proposed program would differ if the audit approach had been used. The two approaches offered both coincident and conflicting recommendations. Management review team and audit recommendations for lake sampling programs were similar even though a different process was used to develop the recommendations. The most striking contrast between the two results lies in the review team's approach to the problem. The directives followed, and the team's responses, concentrate on tools, such as increasing biological monitoring or reliance on monthly BWMP stations. In contrast, the audit results stress addressing management questions for which clear objectives have been stated, depending on specific tools only as needed to meet stated objectives. Although the audit does integrate externalities in its structure, it is little affected by economic or political influences. A major strength of the audit approach is its ability to provide defensible data for management decision making.     

空气自动监测网运行率和准确率统计自动化实现的探讨

山东省在城市空气质量自动监测网络的监控管理中,设计了反映子站运行管理的量化指标和计算程序,用软件统计系统自动计算仪器设备的运行率和数据的准确率,实现了全省监测数据的统一确认,使质量保证的监管措施得以自动化实现。详细介绍了该任务的自动化实现方式。     

The environmental audit. I. Concepts

Extensive criticism of water quality monitoring programs has developed as costs are compared with the benefits produced by monitoring efforts. Collecting water quality data while developing understanding of the functional character of the environment will improve water quality monitoring data utility in environmental management. The environmental audit characterizes the attributes of the natural environment (that is, attribute type, intensity, and variability), providing a theoretical as well as practical foundation for data interpretation. In the view proposed here, traditional monitoring means the very narrow activity of collecting samples and perhaps analyzing them and storing the analyses. In the environmental audit, these activities are a mechanism to systematically improve environmental monitoring and assessment by improving the design and implementation of environmental programs. Major reasons why existing programs fail to meet the needs of legislators, regulators, and conservationists are identified.     

地表水自动监测网数据自动审核的创新与实践

在地表水质量自动监测网络的质量保证管理中,山东省省、市两级监控中心使用计算机数据审核系统对监测数据进行实时监控和质量控制,创新地实现了对监测数据有效性的自动判别、监测网的运行情况自动评价等自动化质控措施。