Effect of salicylic acid on morphological and biochemical attributes in cowpea

Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination, seedling growth, flowering and biochemical activities were studied out in four cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes in control environments. The results revealed that both germination and seedling growth were negatively affected by 0.02%. SA application, however did not affect the size of full expanded buds, time of 50% flowering and date of flower initiation. A maximum increase in peroxidase (EC1.11.1.7) activity was observed in UPC 4200 over other genotypes. No significant change in the content of total soluble and intercellular fluid proteins was observed except in UPC 4200 genotype. SA induced accumulation of total soluble sugars more at flowering stage than at seed setting stage. It is evident from the present study that UPC 4200 genotype was more responsive to salicylic acid both in terms of increased peroxidase activity and less negative effect on morphological attributes, thus suggesting its wider use without negative impact on environment as salicylic acid has been reported in plants.     

计划烧除攀枝花苏铁林区地面覆盖物对苏铁生长和土壤理化性质的影响

选择攀枝花苏铁林下计划烧除试验后苏铁及其根系周围土壤(0~15 cm)为对象,研究火烧对攀枝花苏铁植株生长、叶片生理和苏铁根系周围土壤理化性质的影响,以期为区域攀枝花苏铁种群恢复和生态环境保护提供理论依据.结果表明:计划烧除区域苏铁成年树的株数及株高没有显著变化,新生叶片数目和幼苗株数相对未烧除区域显著增加,增幅分别达201.66%和317.7%;烧除区域苏铁植株新生叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b,可溶性糖、蛋白质含量,硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量,C/N、N/P比与对照区域新生叶片相比无显著性差异,只有类胡萝卜素含量显著降低.计划烧除改变了苏铁根围土壤(0~15 cm)的理化性质,表现在烧除后的土壤含水量、pH值及总N、P、K含量显著降低;但是,火烧显著提高了土壤有机碳(TOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量,微生物量C、N含量也略有升高;这说明火烧有利于增加苏铁林下土壤养分(N)的有效性,为烧除后苏铁快速恢复生长提供有利条件.     

Studies on the influence of mycorrhiza on the growth and physiology of Vigna unguiculata and Abelmoschus esculentus

Diverse forms of microorganisms present in the soil and near the roots of plants, which play a vital role in numerous physiological processes, have attracted the attention of scientists. The dynamic microbial associations may be saprophytic, pathogenic, or symbiotic. The most widespread symbiosis of plants is the mycorrhizal association between root-inhabiting fungi and the feeder roots of plants. The present study was conducted to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on mineral nutrition of Vigna unguiculata and Abelmoschus esculentus. The experiment comprised of uninoculated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Glomus mosseae. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, nitrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus content showed an increase in vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus-treated seedlings compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The total soluble sugars and soluble starch content in leaves of all selected plant species in the present study showed a decrease in mycorrhizal seedlings compared to non-mycorrhizal seedlings.     

Variation in trace element mobility and nitrogen metabolism of Verbascum olympicum Boiss. under copper stress

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of copper (Cu) stress on accumulation and transport of trace elements, nitrogen assimilation, and growth parameters of Verbascum olympicum. Eight-week-old seedlings were grown in Hoagland's solution and exposed to 0, 50, 250, or 500?µM CuSO₄ for seven days in laboratory conditions. Bioaccumulation of trace elements (boron, bismuth, cobalt, Cu, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, zinc) in the roots and leaves was determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry after one, three, and seven days. Chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activities, soluble protein content, and biomass were determined. Copper accumulated in the roots and leaves (up to 19609.8 and 256.2?mg?kg^?1 dry weight, respectively). Other trace elements accumulated to higher levels in the roots of Cu-treated plants compared with those of control plants. High Cu concentrations decreased nitrogen-assimilatory enzyme activities. Compared with control plants, those treated with high Cu concentrations showed lower chlorophyll contents, total protein contents, and biomass. Nitrogen assimilation and growth parameters of V. olympicum were negatively affected by Cu treatment but mineral nutrition was not severely disrupted. The results support the suitability of V. olympicum as a candidate for phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils.     

Seasonal variation in total and soluble tissue nitrogen of Pleurophycus gardneri (Phaeophyceae: Laminariales) in relation to environmental nitrate

Seasonal variations in tissue nitrogen (ethanol soluble nitrate and ninhydrin positive substances, as well as total nitrogen) of different thallus parts of Pleurophycus gardneri Setchell and Saunders were monitored simultaneously with ambient seawater nitrate from 1982 until 1984 in Bamfield, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. A trend of low, nearly zero levels in ambient nitrate typical for the area in late spring and early summer normally contrasts with average nitrate concentrations of 10 mol NO₃ ^- l^-1 in late fall and winter. Total nitrogen content was greater in the perennial thallus parts, stipe and holdfast than in the annual blade and peaked in fall and early winter. The longitudinal thallus distribution of nitrate revealed a distinct and significant concentration of nitrate in the haptera reaching at maximum 8% nitrate-N of the internal total nitrogen. Internal nitrate concentration ranged from 20 to 5 000 times the ambient nitrate concentration in the midrib, and from 40 to 3 100 times in the wing, while the range was greatest with 400 to 14 000 times in the haptera. P. gardneri contained at most about 7 mol NO₃ ^- g fresh wt^-1 in the blade, which corresponds to about 6% of total tissue nitrogen. Ninhydrin positive substances comprised the major portion of the soluble N pool in P. gardneri and showed a pronounced seasonality. Concentrations of ninhydrin positive substances ranged from 20 to 800 g N g fresh wt^-1 in the midrib and in the wing. In the stipe, ninhydrin positive substances varied from 180 to 2 200 g N g fresh wt^-1, and from 250 to 1 200 g N g fresh wt^-1 in the haptera. Evidence is given that (1) the perennial parts, stipe and haptera of P. gardneri contain the majority of nitrogen products independent of season and ontogenetic stage; (2) ninhydrin positive substances are the most abundant internal nitrogen constituents; (3) the low N values in the blade in summer suggest a nitrogen limited growth; and (4) nitrate may not be the predominant external nitrogen source.     

Characteristics of pollutants behavior in a stormwater constructed wetland during dry days

A stormwater wetland treating non-point source pollution (NPS) from a 64 ha agricultural watershed was monitored over a period of five months. The results indicated that pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were increased in the wetland due to the algal growth. The highest total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was observed in the aeration pond due to the resuspension of solids, decreased in the wetland. The respective decreases in total nitrogen (TN) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 15.9% and 28.7% on passing through the wetland. The nitrate and ammonia were increased by 45.4% and decreased by 79.9%, respectively. These variations provided strong evidence for the existence of nitrification. The total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate had respective reductions of 52.3% and 58.2% over the wetland. The total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were also decreased. Generally, the TN, TP and phosphate removal efficiencies were positive. These positive removal efficiencies were mainly due to microbial activities, uptake by plants, and chemical precipitation at high pH. Negative removal efficiencies can be caused by continuous rainfall activities, with short antecedent dry days (ADDs) and unstable hydraulic conditions, some other biogeochemical transformations and algal growth also being important parameters.     

干旱胁迫过程中外源钙对忍冬光合生理的影响

以不同浓度Ca2＋对干旱胁迫处理下的忍冬进行化学调控,研究外源Ca2＋对干旱胁迫处理下忍冬叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、过氧化氢酶活性以及光合速率的影响,以探讨外源Ca2＋对缓解干旱胁迫下忍冬光合作用下降的作用机制。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,忍冬的正常生理代谢明显受到抑制,叶绿素质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数、游离脯氨酸质量分数、过氧化氢酶活性以及光合速率分别降低到0.4 mg·g-1、0.06~0.1 mg·g-1、0.8 mg·g-1、0.25 u.mg-1和12~14μmol·m-2.s-1;当施入钙离子后,干旱胁迫对忍冬的伤害得到不同程度的缓解,并在最大程度上稳定叶绿素含量和CAT活性;并能使脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累显著减少。说明外源Ca2＋能够在一定程度上弥补干旱胁迫导致的Ca2＋亏缺,使植物维持较正常的生理活动,稳定细胞膜结构,维持体内离子吸收平衡,维持较高的光合速率并保护光合结构。     

Effects of planting date and time of nitrogen application on yield and sugar content of sweet sorghum

This experiment was conducted at Azad University experiment station to evaluate the effects of planting date and time of nitrogen application on yield and sugar content of sweet sorghum in 2003. Four planting dates (May 4, March 19, June 3 and June 18) and three stages of nitrogen application (3-5/8 leaf stage, boot stage and soft dough stage) were assigned to the main and subplots, respectively. Plant height and diameter, fresh stalk yield, total dry weight, brix value (soluble solids), sugar content and grain yield were affected by planting date. For all the characteristics, the maximum value was obtained by the first planting date. Only stem height, diameter and total plant dry weights were affected by time of nitrogen application. In these cases, nitrogen application at (3-5/8) leaf stage was superior to others. According to the results, sweet sorghum should be planted on the beginning of May and nitrogen be applied at (3-5/8) leaf stage.     

酸雨对全生育时期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响

酸雨是全球关注的重大环境污染问题之一,中国亦继西欧和北美之后,成为当今世界第三大酸雨区。光合作用是植物生物量和作物经济产量形成的生理基础,叶绿素荧光常用来判断逆境胁迫对植物光合作用造成的伤害。有研究表明,酸雨会对植物叶绿素荧光造成影响,然不同生长阶段植物对逆境的抵抗能力亦存在差异,采用模拟酸雨（酸雨 pH 值梯度为4.5、3.5、2.5）或模拟天然降水持续胁迫（每隔3天喷施1次）水稻（Oryza sativa）（从幼苗期至灌浆期）,利用原位无损伤叶绿素荧光测定技术（德国Walz公司PAM-210脉冲调制式荧光仪）分别探测和分析幼苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期水稻叶片（处理组和对照组）,研究酸雨对全生育期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响,相关研究未见报道。结果表明,与CK相比,pH 4.5酸雨使幼苗期和孕穗期初始荧光（Fo）显著提高了7.69%、8.84%,使幼苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期非光化学猝灭参数（qN）显著提高了8.64%、4.86%、6.09%,使幼苗期和孕穗期最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）,PSII电子传递速率（ETR）,实际原初光能捕获效率（ΦPSII）,光化学猝灭参数（qP）显著降低,幼苗期、孕穗期降幅依次为Fv/Fm（3.01%、6.88%）、ETR（8.40%、10.24%）、ΦPSII（8.39%、12.23%）、qP（3.79%、12.55%）;pH 3.5、pH 2.5酸雨不同程度地显著降低了各生育时期Fv/Fm、ETR、ΦPSII、qP,幼苗期和孕穗期qN,显著提高了各生育时期Fo,且随酸雨pH值降低,变化幅度增大。同时,pH 4.5或pH 3.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为灌浆期＆lt;幼苗期＆lt;分蘖期＆lt;孕穗期;pH 2.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为分蘖期＜幼苗期＜灌浆期＜孕穗期。总之,酸雨胁迫强度与水稻叶绿素荧光参数存在剂量-效应关系,酸雨持续胁迫会对不同生育时期水稻光合作用造成影响,并且不同生育时期水稻光合作用对酸雨胁迫敏感性存在差异,这些是评价酸雨胁迫对植物影响时需考虑因素。     

Morphological and physiological response of different root orders to biochar addition in continuous cropping cotton in Xinjiang,China北大核心CSCD

为缓解新疆棉花连作障碍,充分挖掘棉花根系生物学潜力,以新疆棉花根系为研究对象,采用模块根分级的方法探究不同根序根系的形态和生理特征以及它们对添加生物炭(BC)的响应.结果表明:根序对两个时期的生理指标、形态指标和根系生物量有显著影响.随着根序级的增加,吐絮期根系的可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、全非结构性碳水化合物含量、第二和第三模块根的平均直径和根系生物量不断增加,两个时期比根长、比表面积和吐絮期组织密度不断减小.与对照相比,添加BC增加蕾期第一、第二模块根的可溶性蛋白含量分别为30.7%和21.8%,增加第一模块根的全非结构性碳水化合物含量79.8%、可溶性糖含量151%、比根长182%和比表面积193%,增加第二模块根的组织密度124%、吐絮期第一模块根的比根长6.3%和第一、第二模块根的组织密度分别为51.2%和23.8%.综上所述,棉花不同根序根系在生理和形态上存在异质性;第一模块根对BC添加最敏感,且BC使其在形态上更细更长,生理上活性更强,这有利于棉花对养分的吸收.(图4表3参57)     

镉污染对水稻不同生育期抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方法,研究了不同Cd添加水平（0、5、10、20、30、60 mg.kg-1,以CK,T1,T2,T3,T4,T5表示）对水稻分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛（MDA）、总巯基（-SH）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、植物络合素（PCs）含量以及水稻叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响。结果表明,叶片中Cd的含量随生长时期的延长而增加;T1处理时,水稻3个时期中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b含量最高,表明低质量分数Cd有利于水稻的生长;而T4和T5处理显著降低了叶绿素含量（P〈0.05）。Cd对不同生育时期抗氧化酶的影响不一,对分蘖期SOD、POD、CAT活性影响较明显,而对孕穗期和抽穗期SOD、POD、CAT活性以及可溶性蛋白质含量影响不显著（P〉0.05）。高质量分数Cd提高了叶片中MDA含量,在T5处理时,MDA含量在分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期分别为对照的1.9倍、4.5倍和4.6倍。水稻不同生育时期总-SH、GSH、PCs含量随着Cd处理质量分数的增加而增加,表明Cd处理诱导了水稻PCs的解毒机制。     

Effects of photoperiod on photosynthetic characteristics and quality of Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze in a plant factory北大核心CSCD

为探究光周期对番杏[Tetragonia tetragonoides(Pall.)Kuntze]生长及品质的影响,利用植物工厂中光源高度可控的优势对番杏进行不同光照时间(8、10、12、14、16 h)处理,测定分析番杏的生长、光合特性及营养品质.结果表明:(1)番杏各农艺性状随光照时间延长而增长,在光照时间14 h与16 h处理之间未呈显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)适宜光周期有利于光合色素积累,在16 h处理下叶绿素a、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量最大,叶绿素b含量则在14 h光照时最大;净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))和气孔导度(G_(s))随光照时间延长上升,其中净光合速率在14 h与16 h光照之间变化不显著,胞间CO_(2)(C_(i))则呈先降后升的趋势;光周期变化对最大光化学效率F_(v)/F_(m)与光化学淬灭系数q_(P)未造成显著影响,非光化学淬灭系数NPQ随光照时间延长呈先降后升的趋势,14-16 h光照处理之间变化不显著,电子传递效率ETR则随光周期延长而降低;(3)不同光周期对番杏各营养成分含量的影响有所差异,可溶性蛋白变化差异较小,硝酸盐随光照时间延长而降低,14 h光照下可溶性糖含量最大.本研究表明14-16 h光照处理有利于番杏生长和营养物质积累.(图5表2参37)     

Drought stress induced changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in genus Avena

Seven species of genus Avena viz., Avena sativa, Avena strigosa, Avena brevis, Avena vaviloviana, Avena abyssinica, Avena marocana and Avena sterilis were used to study the impact of drought stress on lipid peroxidation and other antioxidant enzymes. Maximum increase in the catalase activity was recorded in A. vaviloviana (129.97%) followed by A. sativa (122.82%) and A. brevis (83.38%) at vegetative stage; however at flowering stage the maximum increase was reported in A. sativa (25.62%) followed by A. sterilis (20.46%) and A. brevis (18.53%). At vegetative stage drought, maximum increase in peroxidase activity was recorded in A. sativa (122.82%) followed by A. brevis (83.38%) and A. sterilis (49.78%). Flowering stage drought, showed maximum increase in A. Sativa (27.09%) followed by A. marocana (23.50%) and A. sterilis (20.46%). A. sativa and A. sterilis showed stress tolerance at both the stages by accumulating higher percentage of peroxidase followed by A. brevis at vegetative and A. marocana at flowering stage. Level of lipid peroxidation in terms of Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased in the leaves when plants were subjected to moisture stress. The rate of increase in lipid peroxidation occurs irrespective of stage however; maximum increase was recorded in A. strigosa at both the stages. Avena species which showed high level of MDA content, indicates more lipid peroxidation and more membrane permeability and are comparatively more susceptible for water stress than those which produce less Malondialdehyde (MDA) content at higher magnitude of water stress such species have better capability for moisture stress tolerance.     

大气高CO2浓度对油菜氮素同化累积与植株生长的影响

为了指导高CO2浓度条件下甘蓝型油菜Brassica napus L.合理施氮、创建油菜高产高效以及进一步探明油菜氮代谢的调节机制提供理论依据,本研究采用微区试验,研究2个油菜品种（沪油15-33号和742-2）在2个CO2浓度水平（自然CO2摩尔分数400μmol·mol-1和高CO2摩尔分数（800±20）μmol·mol-1）和2个氮素水平（施氮与不施氮）条件下,氮素同化酶（NR和GS）活性和可溶性蛋白含量的变化,以及油菜地上部干物质量和氮素累积量的响应。试验结果表明,高CO2浓度会提高NR和GS活性;在氮素处理的影响方面,NR活性的变化与油菜的品种和生育时期不同有关：在高CO2浓度条件下,品种A在各时期的施氮处理的酶活性高于不施氮处理;品种B只在抽薹期的施氮处理低于不施氮处理,其他时期则升高;对于GS酶活性,在自然CO2浓度条件下施氮会提高GS酶活性,高CO2浓度条件下施氮则降低其活性（苗期除外）。CO2浓度升高会降低叶片中可溶性蛋白含量（盛花期除外）;在正常CO2浓度下,增施氮肥会提高叶片中可溶性蛋白含量,而在高CO2浓度下,增施氮肥会降低叶片中可溶性蛋白含量。CO2浓度升高和增施氮肥都会提高油菜地上部干物质量与氮素累积量,油菜干物质量与氮素累积量总体上与上述测定指标呈极显著相关。     

不同静电场处理方式对大豆生物学效应的比较研究

分别研究了静电场预处理种子、静电场处理幼苗以及种子和幼苗累积静电场处理3种电场处理方式对大豆叶片叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a(Chla)荧光动力学参数和根系活力的影响.结果表明,3种静电场处理方式均能对大豆产生明显的生物学效应.其中,静电场处理种子对大豆的影响相对较小,静电场处理幼苗对大豆的影响较大,而对种子和幼苗累积静电场处理对大豆的影响最为显著.图2表1参11     

Comparison of phytotoxic effects of bio-synthesised copper oxide nanoparticle and ionic copper on Elodea canadensis

This study aims to investigate the phytotoxic effects of both Punica granatum peel extract directed copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and copper nitrate on Elodea canadensis. The CuONPs were characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. The ratio of photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and copper accumulation in the E. canadensis was determined to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the CuONPs and copper nitrate on E. canadensis. The significant improvements were observed in the growth rate of E. canadensis, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid contents, and total soluble protein in the E. canadensis when it was exposed to the CuONPs. Additionally, CAT and APX activities and MDA contents were enhanced by accumulation of the CuONPs into the E. canadensis. These results suggested that oxidative stress was alleviated, owing to the result of an increase in the antioxidants such as CAT and APX, with an increase in the concentration of the CuONPs. Finally, the findings of this study show that copper nitrate has many negative effects on E. canadensis compared bio-synthesised CuONPs.     

浮尘对冬小麦叶片光合作用及细胞膜透性的影响

我国是浮尘发生频繁的国家。浮尘作为一种灾害性天气不仅直接危害作物,而且通过减少直接辐射,减缓冰雪融化,减少河水流量,改变土壤性质等间接影响作物的生长发育。因此,深入研究浮尘对作物的影响具有重要意义。但目前,国内外的学者主要偏重研究人为粉尘和工业污染物对野生植物及绿化植物的影响,较少关注自然降尘对作物的影响;特别是在长期浮尘胁迫下冬小麦叶片的气孔导度、净光合速率、细胞质膜相对透性等生理指标的变化很少有研究。通过模拟降尘和盆栽试验,研究了拔节期和盛花期的降尘对冬小麦叶片温度（Tleaf）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、游离脯氨酸含量（Pro）、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、细胞膜透性的影响（MP）。结果表明,降尘使拔节期和盛花期冬小麦的净光合速率分别下降52%和43.9%,差异均显著（P〈0.05）;降尘还增大细胞膜透性,破坏了冬小麦自身调节系统,使拔节期和盛花期的叶绿素含量分别下降14.4%和20.4%,达到极显著差异（P〈0.01）;降尘还使拔节期叶片的气孔导度下降到对照的26.9%（P〈0.05）,同时叶面温度升高,脯氨酸含量增加38.2%。     

Effect of nitrogen supply on nitrogen uptake,accumulation and assimilation in Porphyra perforata (Rhodophyta)

Porphyra perforata J. Ag. was collected from a rocky land-fill site near Kitsilano Beach, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and was grown for 4 d in media with one of the following forms of inorganic nitrogen: NO ₃ ^- , NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^- plus NH ₄ ⁺ and for 10 d in nitrogen-free media. Internal nitrogen accumulation (nitrate, ammonium, amino acids and soluble protein), nitrate and ammonium uptake rates, and nitrate reductase activity were measured daily. Short initial periods (10 to 20 min) of rapid ammonium uptake were common in nitrogen-deficient plants. In the case of nitrate uptake, initial uptake rates were low, increasing after 10 to 20 min. Ammonium inhibited nitrate uptake for only the first 10 to 20 min and then nitrate uptake rates were independent of ammonium concentration. Nitrogen starvation for 8 d overcame this initial suppression of nitrate uptake by ammonium. Nitrogen starvation also resulted in a decrease in soluble internal nitrate content and a transient increase in nitrate reductase activity. Little or no decrease was observed in internal ammonium, total amino acids and soluble protein. The cultures grown on nitrate only, maintained high ammonium uptake rates also. The rate of nitrate reduction may have limited the supply of nitrogen available for further assimilation. Internal nitrate concentrations were inversely correlated with nitrate uptake rates. Except for ammonium-grown cultures, internal total amino acids and soluble protein showed no correlation with uptake rates. Both internal pool concentrations and enzyme activities are required to interpret changes in uptake rate during growth.     

大气汞浓度升高对水稻叶片生理效应的影响研究

采用大田开顶式气室熏气实验,研究大气汞浓度升高对水稻叶片气体交换参数、脯氨酸、丙二醛的积累以及超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响。实验结果显示,水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)随大气汞浓度的升高均较对照略微下降,表明大气汞浓度的升高对水稻光合作用和气孔开放程度有一定影响;扬花期水稻胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随大气汞浓度的升高明显降低(P0.05)表明Pn的略微下降属于气孔限制,同时蒸腾速率(Tr)显著增加(P0.01)表明大气汞对水稻的蒸腾生理功能有一定的影响。乳熟期水稻叶片气体交换参数与大气汞浓度无显著差异(P0.05),且各指标均低于扬花期。水稻叶片脯氨酸(Pro)含量在拔节期随大气汞浓度的升高而显著增加(P0.05),扬花期先升高后下降,在45 ng·m-3时达到最大,成熟期无显著差异(P0.05);水稻叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量在拔节期先升高后下降,45 ng·m-3时达到最大,扬花期和成熟期均无显著差异(P0.05);水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在拔节期先升高后下降,15 ng·m-3时达到最大,扬花期无显著差异(P0.05)。以上结果表明大气汞浓度的升高可以引起水稻叶片膜脂过氧化以及脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的积累,且随着体内Pro、MDA和SOD对大气汞胁迫的协同反应,水稻对逆境的适应能力增强,对汞胁迫产生了耐受性。     

Biochemical parameters of plants as indicators of air pollution

In the present study species like Mangifera indica, Linn., Cassia fistula, Linn., and Eucalyptus hybrid were exposed to different air pollution load for short duration (active biomonitoring). Variation in biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, protein, soluble sugar free amino acid, ascorbic acid, nitrate reductase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in the leaves were found to be pollution load dependent. These variations can be used as indicators of air pollution for early diagnosis of stress or as a marker for physiological damage to trees prior to the onset of visible injury symptoms. Just by analyzing these biochemical indicators air quality can also be assessed.