"老瓦"眼中的瑞典环境保护

作为中国人民的老朋友，中华环保基金会的绿色使者，从第一次来中国到现在已经有20多年了。在这20年间我多次来到这个对我来说神秘的东方古国，每次都会给我带来新的惊喜。记得第一次来华时，大街上的人大部分穿的是篮色、灰色的那种毛式服装，天空也是灰色的。现在北京的天越来越蓝，草坪也多了起来。人们越来越重视环保，关心小动物，注意保护树木、草坪，汽车也不冒黑烟了。中国有这样的变化我很高兴。     

Retinal regionalization and heterogeneity of butterfly eyes

The regional characteristics of the eyes of butterflies from different families have been surveyed using epi-illumination microscopy, utilizing the eyeshine visible due to the tapetum situated proximally to the rhabdom. All butterflies studied have a high spatial acuity in the frontal region. The facet diameter varies slightly across the eye, and the interommatidial angle and the eye parameter p are especially large dorsally. Whereas the ommatidial lattice is generally highly regular, the eyeshine colours distinctly depend on the species. Sometimes the eyeshine is locally uniform, but often it is heterogeneous. It is hypothesized that the regional characteristics as well as the local heterogeneity are adaptations that optimize spectral discrimination.     

彩沙示踪研究九龙江河口湾北侧湾口海区底沙运动

１９９８年１１月６～７日在九龙江河口湾鸡屿北侧沙洲进行了彩沙示踪试验研究,取得沙洲底沙运动数据：（１）两个主要运动方向及其最大运移速度为：ＮＷ向６１ｍ／ｄ,ＳＷ向３２ｍ／ｄ。（２）一个全潮周日的最大扩散范围为：ＮＷ－ＳＥ向７４ｍ,ＳＷ－ＮＥ向４２ｍ,垂直扩散深度３ｃｍ左右。（３）底沙运动过程中粗粒沙滞留在沙洲,细粒沙被搬走。（４）垂直鸡屿北岸的断面净翰沙率为朝ＮＷ方向７１７ｔ／ｄ。证实了鸡屿北侧沿     

Vision complements echolocation in an aerial-hawking bat

The northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii normally hunts flying insects in the air using frequency-modulated echolocation calls. It is also known to detect and catch visually conspicuous prey (white moths) hovering low among grass stalks. To overcome the problem with acoustic clutter from the grass, which interferes with target echo detection, the bats make use of visual cues in addition to those of echolocation. We therefore investigated the minimum size of prey that the bats could distinguish by using vision, by presenting the bats with different sized dead and spread moths. We found that vision increased the chance of detection only when the moths had a wingspan of at least 5 cm. Smaller targets were detected using echolocation alone. The mean detection range was 3.5 m, suggesting that the bats need a visual acuity of 49 of arc to detect the prey. This is consistent with results of optomotor response tests and counts of retinal ganglion cells in closely related species. Our results suggest that the visual acuity of Eptesicus bats may not be adequate for prey detection under normal conditions, but that the bats can use vision when the prey is unusually large and conspicuous. The northern bats display a flexibility in prey detection techniques not previously recognised among aerial-hawking bats and they are able to use their full visual capacity in the field.     

昆明湖水体悬浮颗粒物与有色可溶性有机物光谱吸收特性研究

基于2011年9月23日在北京颐和园昆明湖测量的10个采样点的水体各组分吸收系数光谱,分析了秋季昆明湖悬浮颗粒物、非藻类颗粒物、藻类颗粒物及有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收特性.结果表明,水体总吸收当中,藻类颗粒物贡献率最大,CDOM次之,非藻类颗粒物贡献率最低,这表明藻类颗粒物是秋季昆明湖水体中最主要的水体组分.秋季昆明湖南部藻类颗粒物吸收系数与叶绿素a浓度均大于北部,这可能是因为昆明湖水由北侧流入从南侧流出,且北京秋季盛行北风导致的.未发现CDOM与叶绿素a浓度间具有显著的相关关系,可能与藻类空间分布不均匀、并且受CDOM外源影响有关系.     

夏季高原河流CDOM光学特性、组成及来源研究

对高原河流有色溶解有机物(CDOM)光学特性、组成及来源进行研究,有利于更好的了解高原河流水体生态环境,为高原河流生态系统中溶解有机物(DOM)循环过程的研究提供数据参考.利用2017年夏季无定河和湟水流域河流的实测数据对CDOM的吸收特性、荧光特性、水质参数以及它们之间关系进行分析,进而对高原干旱地区河流CDOM光学特性及其组成与来源进行研究.研究结果表明:两流域河流中CDOM吸收系数随波长的增加呈衰减趋势,但吸收光谱曲线差别较大;两流域CDOM在440 nm处的吸收系数[a(440)]与溶解有机碳(DOC)具有显著相关性(p0.01),而与叶绿素a浓度(Chla)不存在相关性.无定河a(440)与Chla浓度的相关性说明其河流现场产生(生物活动)作用较小.通过对比分析S_(275-295)、SUVA_(254)发现,无定河分子量和芳香性程度均大于湟水,且湟水与无定河CDOM的分子量变化要高于其它河流的研究.根据CDOM三维荧光光谱分析发现,类腐殖质荧光峰是两流域河流CDOM荧光的主要贡献者;通过荧光指数FI、腐殖化指数HIX、生物源指数BIX的研究发现,湟水以陆源输入为主,腐殖化程度高,无定河以陆源输入为主的同时存在一定的自生成分,人为生产活动干扰是其陆源输入的主要影响因素.通过冗余分析发现,湟水DOC、Chla、pH对类腐殖质荧光峰及荧光强度影响较大(p0.01);无定河DOC、电导率(EC)、浊度(Tur)与类腐殖质荧光峰及荧光强度显著正相关(p0.01).     

唐丹玲:我用诗性情怀参与千年生态系统评估

2005年3月30日，由国家科学技术部和国家环保总局共同主办的“千年生态系统评估(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment，简称MA)成果发布会暨中国西部生态系统综合评估项目(Integrated Ecosystem Assessment of West China，简称MAWEC)成果发布会”在北京举行。     

基于智能视觉的环境污染监测系统设计研究

如何在源头上解决污染、有效对污染物进行及时监测和处理逐渐成为人们广泛关注的问题。结合污染源监测系统的工作原理进行深入调查和研究,提出了基于智能视觉的环境污染检测体系。通过公共端的光纤智能视觉系统对污染数据进程采集和传输,以实现高速快捷的信息传递效果。该系统具有结构简单、利用率高等优点。为验证系统的实用性,通过仿真实验对系统实际测量数据进行分析和对比,并对所获数据进行测量,对该系统的准确性和线性度进行评价,同时对污染情况进行监测并及时选取有效的处理方案。     

基于水色遥感的香港海域黄色物质浓度反演模型

研究了珠江口东岸香港海域黄色物质的光谱吸收特性,并分析光谱指数与吸收系数ag(440)之间的相关关系。采用CCD遥感数据和研究区海域数据采样点的同期实测光谱吸收系数,建立基于改进光谱指数NDSI、MRSI的黄色物质吸收系数反演模型。结果表明:MRSI模型提取的黄色物质吸收系数ag(440)与实测值之间的R2=0.8278,RMSE=0.0332,比NDSI模型的反演精度更高,且MRSI模型具有较强的区域适用性。利用2009～2011年3、8、12月CCD数据和MRSI吸收系数反演模型求得研究区海域黄色物质浓度,并探讨了黄色物质浓度在研究区海域的时空分布规律。     

Role of quantum dots nanoparticles in the chemical treatment of colored wastewater: Catalysts or additional pollutants

The objective of the study was to investigate the presence and the activity of quantum dots nanoparticles in colored wastewaters. The special interest is devoted to the investigation of their role in the typical treatment of water or wastewater, studying their influence on the effectiveness of applied treatments methods. The standard chemical processes for water treatment and disinfection (direct UV photolysis and direct ozonation) were applied for the degradation of colored organic pollutant, reactive azo dye, in the presence/absence of CdSe/ZnS core-shells quantum dots. The obtained results indicated that investigated nanoparticles inhibit the overall efficiency of applied processes, especially in the case of direct UV photolysis, although catalytic effect might be expected in part due to the semiconductor nature of quantum dots. Such results lead to a conclusion that CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles behave as additional pollutants in the system. They should be removed from the system prior the treatment, because their presence could decrease the efficiency, i.e., prolong the time of treatment and correspondingly increase the costs of the treatment process.     

减灾文化:城市减灾管理的新视野

研究城市减灾文化在全球性灾害日益加剧的今天尤为重要。本文通过城市减灾文化形成的时代背景阐述,分析了减灾文化的内涵及功能,并以减灾精神文化、减灾制度文化和减灾行为文化为出发点提出城市减灾文化建设的主要路径,为城市减灾管理提供新的视角和理论依据,对于推进社会稳定与可持续发展具有重要实际意义。     

基于机器视觉光流法的涡旋可视化及测量

为了分析涡旋产生的形式和运动特点,探究产生涡旋现象的机理,以对气候变更进行预测和对自然灾害进行防治,有别于PIV这样昂贵的、体积庞大的涡旋测量设备,设计了一套简易的实验设备用于产生稳定移动的涡旋。使用机器视觉对涡旋进行可视化,并使用Farneback光流法对流场运动情况采集数据。为了使光流法适用于变化大的场景,利用金字塔算法将采集到的二维光流场数据做图像缩小处理,通过残余光流的计算得到像素偏移矢量,并与实际的流场大小的比例换算得到流场的流体微元实际位移,偏向角数据。对于采集光流数据遇到的异常光导致的数据噪声,采用拉依达法剔除异常数据。使用去异化数据计算流场中流速的分布和涡量的分布,结果表明,使用机器视觉的方法对涡旋的测量具有可行性。     

Identification of visible colored dissolved organic matter in biological and tertiary municipal effluents using multiple approaches including PARAFAC analysis

This study provided insights into the persistent yellowish color in biological and tertiary effluents of municipal wastewater through a multi-characterization approach and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis. The characterization was performed on three to five full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), including differential log-transformed absorbance (DLnA) spectroscopy, resin fractionation, size-exclusion chromatography for apparent molecular weight analysis (SEC-AMW), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Hydrophobic acids (HPOA) were abundant in visible colored dissolved organic matter (DOM). The SEC-AMW result showed that the molecular weight of the colored substances in the secondary effluents is mainly distributed in the range of 2–3 kDa. Through XPS analysis, C-O/C-N and pyrrolic/pyridonic (N-5) were found to be positively correlated with chroma. PARAFAC component models were built on biological (two components) and tertiary effluent (three components) and the correlation analysis revealed that PARAFAC component 2 in biological effluent (BE-C2) and component 1 in tertiary effluent (TE-C1), which were ascribed to Hydrophobic acids and Humic acid-like, were the responsible visible colored DOM components cause yellowish color. In addition, component similarity testing found that the identified visible colored DOM PARAFAC BE-C2, and PARAFAC TE-C1 were identical (0.96) in physicochemical properties, with 4% removal efficacy on average, compared with 11% for invisible colored DOM. This implied that tertiary effluents containing colorants (TE-C1) were resistant to degradation/removal using different disinfection and filtration processes in advanced treatments. This sheds light on many physicochemical aspects of PARAFAC-identified visible colored DOM components and provides spectral data to build an online monitoring system.     

环境视觉下复杂建筑中的GPS测量控制技术研究

在环境视觉下,传统的复杂建筑物测量方法,由于建筑物的占地面积大,并且带有一定的复杂因素,无法进行准确尺度的测量,提出一种在环境视觉下的复杂建筑GPS测量控制技术.通过分析环境与建筑间关系后,以此为基础们进行GPS测量控制分析.使用GPS技术能够从空中的角度进行作业测量,避免了地面测量过程中数据累加的过程,极大的提高了测量的准确率,GPS自带的激光影像技术已经能够进行虚拟演化,保证测量过程中的精准度,GPS测绘过程中能够调动多个卫星进行多视角的测量,保证了测量的精度.为了验证设计的复杂建筑中的GPS测量控制技术的有效性,设计了模拟仿真实验,利用实验过程产生的数据,有效的证明了设计的复杂建筑中的GPS测量控制技术的有效性.