南京玄武湖底泥磷释放复水模拟实验研究

重点分析了底泥营养物的分层分布对湖泊水质的影响强度;模拟了复水过程底泥内营养盐中的磷的释放规律;建立了上覆水中磷浓度变化对界面物质交换的影响方程。模拟分析研究表明,分布在底泥沉积物的无机态营养盐在较长时间内都将持续影响湖体水质,实验结果对实施生态湖建设及防止湖体富营养化具有一定意义。     

沉积物中磷形态及影响其释放的环境因素研究进展

磷是控制水体富营养化最关键的营养物质,在外源磷得到控制之后,内源磷通过各种复杂过程再次进入水体,成为水体富营养化的主要磷污染源。目前,国内外对底泥磷的相关研究已非常多,但缺乏系统的整理和总结。从底泥磷的形态和影响其释放的环境因素2个方面进行了系统总结,介绍了底泥磷的主要形态、释放机制,分析了环境因素对于底泥磷释放的影响。     

阳宗海沉积物中磷的稳定性

絮凝剂(FeCl3)治理阳宗海砷污染的过程中,水体中的磷被大量沉积进入底泥,弄清其是否会在环境条件变化后发生反溶形成二次污染对湖泊富营养化防治具有重要意义。通过模拟实验模拟泥-水界面pH变化、物理扰动和微生物活动的变化,旨在分析这些环境因子变化对沉积物中磷溶出的影响。结果表明,阳宗海水体在目前这种磷浓度下,底泥的磷会随时间的增加而溶出再次造成水体磷污染,当暴露在清洁水条件下时磷的释放率会增加;这种由于絮凝剂吸附沉淀到湖底的磷,在上覆水pH增加0.5时底泥磷解吸附释放速率增加;每年秋季湖泊上下层水的交换活动会造成水体磷浓度的季节性升高,形成不可忽视的磷内源。而夏季水温分层导致湖泊底部厌氧,使厌氧微生物活性增强,这将进一步促进底泥中磷的释放。     

西湖北里湖沉积物磷形态分布及其与间隙水磷的关系

杭州西湖是典型的富营养化浅水湖泊。经过环湖截污等工程措施,影响西湖的外污染源得到有效的治理,但西湖仍处于富营养化状态。在外污染源得到控制后,富含营养盐的沉积物成为西湖水质改善的主要限制因子。通过研究西湖北里湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态和丰度、间隙水磷含量垂向时空分布特征,分析沉积物磷形态与间隙水磷含量的相关性,探讨内源磷对西湖北里湖营养盐的贡献作用。结果表明,北里湖沉积物中活性磷含量较低,不同磷形态及其含量在垂向上呈现一定的波动,没有表现出明显的规律。间隙水总可溶性磷(TDP)和PO34-含量随沉积物深度的变化不明显,但其含量总体在垂向上都有先升高后降低的趋势,与沉积物中各形态磷均具有一定的正相关性。因此,沉积物磷对水体富营养化具有一定的贡献。     

底泥磷形态及分布特征对水体富营养化的影响

富营养化是当今中国浅水湖泊面临的重大污染问题。结合国内外的报道,通过大量湖泊水库的实地调查,对各种磷形态的性质和分布特征及转移规律作了深入研究,介绍了水体底泥中磷的物理化学性质、磷的存在形式与转化、磷的分布特征、磷在不同粒径底泥下的含量及转移趋势,为探明水体富营养化提供科学而有力的依据。最后指出了其对湖泊富营养化的影响,并对控制湖泊富营养化提出了见解。     

城市浅水型湖泊底泥污染物释放过程模拟试验研究

通过对城市浅水型湖泊(以宁波东钱湖为例)疏浚后上层底泥污染物释放过程模拟试验研究,分析了环境因子对底泥污染物释放特性的影响及其原因,得出了上覆水营养盐水平、水温和扰动对底泥污染物释放的影响曲线.同时,说明了湖泊内源性有机污染源对湖泊水质存在着潜在的危险性,提出了疏浚施工期间的规避措施,为城市浅水型湖泊底泥疏浚和富营养化治理提供依据.     

淀山湖底泥氮磷营养盐释放及其影响因素研究

通过大量现场实测数据,对建立的淀山湖水生态系统模型进行率定和验证,并利用该模型对淀山湖底泥氮磷营养盐释放机制进行了系统研究,模拟了温度、流量、入流负荷等因素对底泥氮磷营养盐释放的影响。模拟结果显示:(1)该模型较好地模拟了底泥释放的动态变化;淀山湖底泥无机磷具有一定的释放特性,无机氮以底泥吸附为主,底泥磷酸盐、氨氮、硝酸盐氮释放通量分别为-40~18、-15~75、-38~-10mg/(m2·d)。(2)不同季节下温度对底泥氮磷营养盐的释放影响作用不同。(3)在氮磷营养盐释放较明显的夏秋季节,流量对氮磷营养盐释放影响较大。(4)削减入流负荷会加快底泥氮磷营养盐的释放,当入流负荷削减达到95%时,底泥中氮磷营养盐开始全面转向正释放状态。淀山湖外源污染得到控制以后,沉积物中营养物将对水体水质构成威胁。     

水源水库沉积物间隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量

为了阐明水源水库沉积物营养盐释放对水体富营养化的贡献,以周村水库为研究对象,探讨沉积物间隙水中氮、磷营养盐的分布特征,同时采用Fick第一定律对沉积物-水界面营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算。周村水库表层沉积物间隙水中NH4+-N的浓度为6.47 to 16.82 mg·L-1,PO43--P的浓度在0.13 to 0.56 mg·L-1之间,均远高于上覆水中的营养盐浓度,表明周村水库表层沉积物具有很大的营养盐释放潜能。Fick第一定律的计算结果表明,沉积物-水界面NH4+-N与PO43--P的扩散通量分别为62.831 to 133.231和0.364 to 1.271 mg·（m2·d）-1,研究区域中间隙水中的营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水扩散,沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源。     

富营养化水体清淤后的微生物脱氮技术应用

景观水体清淤带来的主要负面影响是水体富营养化。为了探索清淤及微生物修复的组合应用,通过在实验室建立模型,分别研究了清淤、微生物修复及二者结合处理对富营养化水体水质的影响。结果表明,清淤能降低氨氮的释放。底泥微生物的活动会促进氨氮的释放,增加水体的富营养化风险。单纯清淤会使底泥的硝化作用增强,但同时使反硝化作用减弱,降低水体总氮的去除能力。因此,通过投加氮循环微生物可促进清淤后的反硝化作用,消减湖泊底泥及上覆水中的氮素含量,达到修复富营养化湖泊的目的。研究结果表明,清淤和微生物修复技术结合使用,可减少水体氮素积累,避免蓝藻爆发,是富营养化水体清淤防控的一种有效措施。     

关于磷自沉积物的释放

一般说来,沉积物在湖泊营养物循环中的重要性随水深减少和湖水停留时间增加而增大.我国湖泊多为浅水型,而且湖水在湖泊中的停留时间颇长,因此为防治湖泊富营养化,有必要开展沉积物释磷的研究. 一、研究沉积物释磷的意义 湖泊沉积物(即底泥,或称底质)是湖水磷的重要来源之一.Frink曾指出,湖泊底泥能起植物营养源的作用.并推断:在无外来营养物输入的时期,底泥对上复水层的供磷能力或许能维持水生生物的生长.细见正明等则强调,在封闭性水域的     

Effects of light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension on the phosphorus immobilization capability of drinking water treatment residuals in lake sediment

Drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), nonhazardous by-products generated in a drinking water treatment plant, can be reused to immobilize phosphorus (P) to control the internal P loading from lake sediments for eutrophication control. Reasonably, before practical application, it is essential to determine the P immobilization capability of WTRs in lake sediments under various conditions. In this work, laboratory scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension on the P immobilization capability of WTRs. The results suggested that absence of light, low microbial activity, and sediment resuspension can increase the internal P loading from lake sediments. WTRs can, however, reduce the internal P loading significantly. Further analysis demonstrated that WTRs can stabilize P, decreasing the P bioavailability in the sediments under varied conditions. WTRs also presented little undesirable effects on the dissolved oxygen levels and pH of overlying water. Therefore, light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension have little effect on the P immobilization capability of WTRs in lake sediments.     

Detection of phosphorus species in sediments of artificial landscape lakes in China by fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus (P) pollution in the sediments of seven artificial landscape lakes was studied via fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy. The lake sediments accumulated significant amounts of P from supplementation with reclaimed water and from runoff from the golf course lawns. The differences in total sediment P among lakes were correlated to the varied pollution extent from the lawns. One striking feature of the artificial lake sediments was the insufficiency of NaOH-extracted Al, which plays an important role in avoiding internal P release during anoxia. Another characteristic was the dominance of orthophosphate in the NaOH-EDTA extractants of the sediments, due to the heavy external P pollution. Phytate, considered prevalent in many soils and lake sediments, as well as polyphosphates and phosphonates which have appeared in some natural lake sediments, was not detected. The rank order of present biogenic P species was monoester-P>DNA-P>pyrophosphate>lipid-P.     

中国主要湖泊营养氮沉降临界负荷的研究

水体营养氮沉降临界负荷是不致使水体产生富营养化的最高氮沉降量。文中探讨了一种依据湖泊氮质量平衡原理计算营养氮沉降临界负荷的方法。用该方法计算表明 ,我国主要湖泊的营养氮沉降临界负荷比较低 ,大部分小于 1keq· hm- 1 · a- 1 ,部分已为目前的氮沉降量或者两者相当接近 ,意味着只接受氮沉降也能导致这些湖泊产生富营养化。但实际统计结果表明 ,氮沉降在导致受工农业生产和生活影响很大的城市和郊区湖泊的水质富营养化的所有氮污染源中所占比例较低 ,而其它来源的氮输入如河道入湖、工业生活废水和农田径流等才是导致富营养化的最主要因素 ,它们的量已远远超过了这些水体可随最高允许氮负荷。因此 ,对控制这些湖泊的水质富营养化而言 ,控制氮沉降并不是目前最紧迫的任务 ,而其它人为污染源的控制才是最急需的。但氮沉降临界负荷在湖泊富营养化的中长远控制中仍具有十分重要的意义。     

典型城市湖泊沉积物污染特征与清淤深度

城市湖泊外源污染阻断后,沉积物污染物向上覆水体扩散成为水质主要威胁,探明城市湖泊沉积物污染分布特征和来源是实现湖泊清淤的前提。以龙亭湖和包公湖沉积物为对象,分析了沉积物OM、TN和TP分布特征并进行源解析,基于有机指数和有机氮指数探讨了其清淤深度。结果表明,龙亭湖和包公湖表层 (深度20~30 cm) 沉积物污染严重且分布差异显著,OM (93.08~8.67 mg·g⁻¹,120 cm深度变化) 和TN (5.42~0.26 mg·g⁻¹,40 cm深度变化) 随深度显著降低,TP (1.04~0.55 mg·g⁻¹,110 cm深度变化) 纵向分布变化不显著。龙亭湖沉积物OM来源与取样位置相关,且沉积物形成早期存在大量外源OM输入 (C/N>14) ;包公湖取样点OM以陆源输入占主导 (C/N=5.008~52.808) 。基于此,提出有机指数≥0.5或有机氮指数≥0.133的沉积物层及以上部分应清除,龙亭湖和包公湖所选点位最大清淤深度分别为100和70 cm,湖泊取样点底泥清淤削减量分别达到33.33%~100%和33.33%~53.84%。该研究结果对城市湖泊水质长效保持提供实践参考。     

An integrated method for removal of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes

As the eutrophication of lakes becomes an increasingly widespread phenomenon, cyanobacterial blooms are occurring in many countries. Although some research has been reported, there is currently no good method for bloom removal. We propose here a new two-step integrated approach to resolve this problem. The first step is the inactivation of the cyanobacteria via the addition of H(2)O(2). We found 60 mg/L was the lowest effective dose for a cyanobacterial concentration corresponding to 100 μg/L chlorophyll-a. The second step is the flocculation and sedimentation of the inactivated cyanobacteria. We found the addition of lake sediment clay (2 g/L) plus polymeric ferric sulfate (20 mg/L) effectively deposited them on the lake bottom. Since algaecides and flocculants had been used separately in previous reports, we innovatively combined these two types of reagents to remove blooms from the lake surface and to improve the dissolved oxygen content of lake sediments.     

Lake eutrophication at the urban fringe,Seattle region,USA

Nutrient pollution and associated eutrophication of freshwaters threaten the ecological integrity and the services provided to humans by lakes. We examined how human residential development influenced the level of lake eutrophication in the Seattle, WA, USA, region. We surveyed 30 lakes and measured 3 indicators of eutrophication: concentrations of chlorophyll-a and phosphorus, and the proportion of algae that are inedible to zooplankton. We classified lakes based on the waste-treatment method for shoreline homes: septic, sewer, and undeveloped lakes. Septic lakes occurred along the urban-rural fringe while sewer lakes occurred near urban centers. Septic lakes were more eutrophic than sewer lakes and undeveloped lakes, as indicated by higher levels of phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. These results suggest that septic systems contribute to the high levels of eutrophication in lakes at the urban-rural fringe. Lakes at the urban-rural fringe represent an opportunity for proactive management of urban expansion to minimize lake eutrophication.     

太湖内源释放及营养盐输运研究

从对流-扩散方程出发,通过公式推导,建立了包含底泥污染的水流-水质模型,对模型进行了率定和验证后,应用于太湖.该模型将湖泊水相和内源悬移相污染作为一个整体,结合污染物在悬移泥沙上的各种迁移过程,研究了太湖总氮、总磷内源释放的分布和数量,过程中考虑了悬移泥沙的各种影响因素,得到了较理想的模拟结果,当风速≤3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量较小,内源污染物释放主要通过泥-水界面的静态释放;当风速>3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量随风速增加迅速增大.通过计算得出2001年太湖内源释放的总氮为3.0万t,总磷为0.8万t.     

Eutrophication assessment and management methodology of multiple pollution sources of a landscape lake in North China

Landscape lakes in the city suffer high eutrophication risk because of their special characters and functions in the water circulation system. Using a landscape lake HMLA located in Tianjin City, North China, with a mixture of point source (PS) pollution and non-point source (NPS) pollution, we explored the methodology of Fluent and AQUATOX to simulate and predict the state of HMLA, and trophic index was used to assess the eutrophication state. Then, we use water compensation optimization and three scenarios to determine the optimal management methodology. Three scenarios include ecological restoration scenario, best management practices (BMPs) scenario, and a scenario combining both. Our results suggest that the maintenance of a healthy ecosystem with ecoremediation is necessary and the BMPs have a far-reaching effect on water reusing and NPS pollution control. This study has implications for eutrophication control and management under development for urbanization in China.     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。