环境CGE模型的发展及特征分析

随着CGE模型在环境与经济政策分析领域中的应用不断拓展 ,环境CGE模型的研究和应用也逐渐走向深入。本文在简要介绍CGE模型的发展状况和主要特征之基础上 ,对环境CGE模型的发展、类别、特征及其局限性进行了较为详细的分析     

含有资源与环境账户的CGE模型的构建

自改革开放以来,中国经济获得了飞速发展；但与此同时，经济增长日益受到资源供给量和环境承载力的严重制约。严峻的现实敦促学术界创新和拓展传统的经济学理论。将资源、环境问题纳入综合的社会经济分析框架中。也要求政府部门采取有效的环境政策,走可持续发展的道路。为了在一个综合性的框架下全面分析外部冲击或政策变动所造成的影响,本文在传统基准CGE模型的基础上引入了资源和环境方面的核算账户，并通过增加和修正方程，在CGE模型中纳入了对资源与环境问题的刻画。从而建立了一个具有较强通用性的政策分析工具。文章论述了扩展建模的主要思路、方法和应用。     

征收能源消费税对社会经济与能源环境的影响分析

能源税是遏制能源消费膨胀、促进经济增长模式转变的重要政策手段,但能源税的征收环节和税收使用方式不同,对于社会经济和能源环境的影响也会有很大差异,从而直接影响着政策实施的效果.CGE模型是考量政策变动对社会经济全局影响的有力工具,本文在传统基准CGE模型的基础上引入了能源消费税,并对能源使用与环境污染问题进行了刻画.基于这一扩展的CGE模型,文章模拟分析并比较了不同的能源消费税征收环节和税收返还方式所产生的社会经济与能源环境影响.分析结果表明,如果税收返还能够很好地发挥正向激励的作用,进而使能源生产效率有所提高,那么最终可以达到"双重红利"的理想结果.     

气候变化问题研究中的一般均衡模型

气候变化研究中的一般均衡分析是指在气候变化研究领域中用一般均衡分析的思想,在考虑气候变化、经济系统、能源系统及其相互关系的基础上,通过对传统一般均衡模型结构的调整,开展诸如影响气候变化的环境政策模拟以及环境经济影响综合评估等定量研究的一种方法。本文介绍了一般均衡模型在气候变化研究中的应用。通过对国内外相关模型的跟踪分析,我们对一般均衡模型在气候变化研究中有关减排的社会成本、社会收益、环境政策模拟和设计等方面的研究现状进行了梳理,探讨了一般均衡模型和碳税、减排成本、居民消费行为以及技术进步等因素的相互关系及他们在一般均衡模型中的数学表述。同时,文章也讨论了一般均衡模型在气候变化问题研究中的不足,即方程参数设定时经常遭受质疑、解答与环境系统相关的问题时过于简单等。最后,作者给出了这一领域未来的研究方向。     

全球能源经济可计算一般均衡模型研究综述

全球能源经济可计算一般均衡(Computable General Equilibrium Model,CGE)模型是研究低碳政策对能源经济系统影响的主要工具,在国际低碳经济研究领域具有重要作用。全球能源经济CGE模型发展起始于20世纪70年代,经过数十年的拓展已经形成了一批发展成熟且应用广泛的模型平台。我国能源经济CGE模型研究开始于20世纪90年代,研究领域主要聚焦在中国本土与国内区域,而在全球尺度上的模型研究尚处于起步阶段。伴随我国在全球气候治理当中的重要性凸显,中国能源环境问题的研究需要具有国际视野。本文对当前全球能源经济CGE模型的研究现状进行分析,对全球CGE模型的主要作用与特点做出评价,并对典型模型进行比较,在介绍了模型优缺点的基础上对全球能源经济CGE模型的发展趋势与关键问题进行讨论,并对中国未来发展全球模型给出具体建议。全球能源经济CGE模型政策评估的主要优点是评估基于坚实的理论基础,可以根据相关理论判断模型结果是否合理并对政策的作用机制与影响结果做出基于经济规律的解释;以及能源与经济系统整体协调一致的相互作用机制。能源经济CGE模型主要争议性问题包括结果依赖大量参数且参数取值不稳健,以及模型假设过于理想且技术表达抽象。当前能源经济CGE模型研究的关键问题与主要趋向包括:关键参数的实证研究与准确校核、经济系统异质化与细节化描述、技术细节表述与内生化变革以及非理想与不均衡市场条件建模。建议中国开发全球模型应充分借鉴全球先进模型开发的基础与经验,在当前全球模型主流框架下重点研究发展中国家在非理想与不均衡市场环境下经济行为表述的改进,同时注重模型基础数据的整理与重要参数的校核。     

基于混合CGE模型的乘用车节能减排政策分析

占我国汽车新车销售市场份额超过75%、汽车保有量份额超过三分之二的乘用车是节能减排政策的重要对象之一。如何全面有效地评估相关政策的"成本与效益",为政策的制定与实施提供决策的依据,是汽车交通节能减排政策研究的重要课题。构建了一个在标准CGE模型框架内嵌入消费者乘用车保有、新车车型选择和交通工具选择行为的动态混合CGE模型,对乘用车节能减排相关的技术和税费政策进行了模拟分析。结果表明:《乘用车燃料消耗量限值》标准技术政策对削减汽油消费量的作用明显,对经济整体呈正面影响,但对消费者购买小排量或同排量中的低油耗车没有直接的激励作用;如果调整幅度相同,那么,调整生产阶段消费税与销售阶段车辆购置税所产生的政策效果比较接近,但综合来看后者优于前者;如果单从削减汽油消费量来看,通过车辆购置税增税来遏制高油耗车要优于通过减税来鼓励低油耗车,而同时实施低油耗车减税与高油耗车增税,则政策效率更好而成本更低。     

引入资源价值补偿机制的资源税改革研究

资源是社会经济发展的基础,也是社会可持续发展的动力和保证,随着我国经济的快速发展,资源短缺现象日益突出,资源补偿不足的问题也日益凸显.国内外研究证明,资源补偿和资源税改革息息相关,资源价值补偿作为一种有效的资源补偿方式,具有很好的适用性和可操作性,是政府调控资源生产、消费和恢复的有效手段之一.长期以来,我国的资源税改革一直受到关注焦点,但学者门多关注于如何提高税率,扩大税基,而忽视了资源税改革中的资源补偿问题.本文首先回顾了相关研究成果,在此基础上借鉴国外经验,在资源税改革中引入资源价值补偿机制,并构建资源环境CGE模型(即RECGE模型),从资源价值补偿对社会经济、资源环境以及社会福利等方面进行模拟分析,研究资源价值补偿的影响.研究表明:资源价值补偿能有效缓解资源压力,改善环境状况,而合理而有效的资源补偿能有效协调经济和资源环境系统,促进社会经济的可持续发展.     

基于CGE模型的能源税政策影响分析

在能源-环境-经济(3E)研究领域中,CGE模型得到了广泛的应用.本文通过一个10部门静态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型定量分析中国实施能源税对经济、能源、环境以及各生产部门的影响.模型以2002年为基准年,研究设定5个情景,包括一个基准情景和四个能源税征收情景.模型模拟分析表明,征收能源税对国民经济总量增长有轻微影响;与此同时,能源税政策有利于减少能源需求量,降低能源强度,减少煤炭在能源合成品中的份额,对能源结构的改善有一定作用,并可促进产业结构的调整,有利于减少二氧化碳和二氧化硫的排放量,改善环境质量.在实施的过程中,可以采用渐进提高税率,并在征收能源税的同时,降低所得税(用能源税收入替代其它税种的收入)以及减免行政性收费等方式,实现税制的绿化,且可避免对国民经济和居民生活产生明显冲击.     

利用CGE模型评价水价改革的影响力——以北京市为例

为保证水价改革公平，将水价影响控制在可承受范围内，需要有工具能评估水价改革的影响。以北京市为例，建立了CGE模型用以评价各部门水价水平高低。通过改进CGE模型的收入方程，以评价水价改革对价格水平、生产、用水量和水费收入的影响。评价结果表明：从1996到2005年，各部门水价水平大幅增加，但极不平均；水价改革对价格水平的影响极低；对某些部门的生产有程度很低的不利影响。但可提高净产值。促进个别部门发展。     

燃油税改革:环境、经济、社会的影响

通过构建CGE模型,研究了调整燃油税税率对我国环境、经济、社会影响。研究结果表明,燃油税改革具有双重效应:1燃油税改革可减少石油需求量,降低NOx排放量,因此燃油税改革具有节能减排效果;2燃油税改革使交通运输等相关产业减少产量,造成劳动力需求量下降;3燃油税改革使政府收入增加、居民的收入减少、居民福利下降。在此基础上,论文为燃油税改革提出了相关政策建议。     

生产部门提高能源效率的宏观能耗回弹分析

提高能源效率已成为我国节能减排政策的重点,但是由于经济系统内在的调整机制作用,在宏观层面所能实现的节能效果可能不及微观技术层面能源效率提高的程度,甚至还会诱发更多的能源消耗,该现象被称为“宏观能耗回弹”效应.本文通过构建一个中国环境资源CGE模型,测算生产部门提高能源效率的宏观能耗回弹效应.结果显示,能源效率提高5％后,短期回弹效应为52.38％,节能效果仅达到技术层面预期的一半左右;长期回弹效应达178.61％,在高耗能部门竞争力提高、耗能产品出口扩张和经济增长的推动下,节能效果不但被完全抵消,总能耗还进一步增加.因此,生产部门提高能源效率在短期内确实能够降低我国能源消耗,但是由于回弹效应的存在,长期来看,在技术层面“产量相同投入更少”的努力反映到宏观经济层面则转变成“生产更多投入更多”,并且加剧了我国经济高耗能的偏好,提高能源效率所引发的产出增长和结构调整对能耗增加的刺激作用可能最终会抵消或者超过提高能源效率的节能效果.     

Forced internalization of external environmental cost: experience of a South African Company

While environmental regulations are designed to ensure that organizations comply with minimum environmental standards, organizations may be compelled to pay penalties if they exceed the set standard. This study provides explanations on the effectiveness of a forced internalization of external environmental cost in a brewery in South Africa. A review of relevant literature indicates the apathy of organizations to internalize environmental costs. To see whether this apathy still holds, this paper uses the contingency theory approach to management accounting to analyze a case study on the effectiveness of forced internalization of brewery wastewater treatment cost by a municipality in South Africa. Findings reveal that the policy forced brewery managers to develop a waste-reduction strategy to improve production efficiency while limiting the volume of brewery wastewater and chemical oxygen demand emissions discharged to municipal waste treatment plant. A significant implication of this study is the forced internalization of wastewater treatment cost and the use of resources more efficiently and sustainably in production by the brewery as a result of the municipality’s policy to demand extra fees when agreed minimum wastewater discharges are exceeded. The importance of this policy is that it brought about improvements to the environmental, social, and economic performances of the brewery. The study suggests that environmental regulators should look beyond mere regulatory and monitoring roles to formulate policies to ensure that organizations take responsibility for external environmental costs they have created.     

Environment Implications of China''''s WTO Accession

China's WTO accession will have important environmental implications. This article aims at providing environmental analysis of the impact of China's accession to the WTO, based on its final offer for WTO accession and a 53-sector, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of China. We try to provide some empirical evidences for policy makers to evaluate the effects of China's WTO accession from environmental prospective.     

The economic,environmental and agricultural land use effects in the European Union of agricultural labour subsidies under the Common Agricultural Policy

In this study, we assessed the economic, environmental and agricultural land use impacts in the EU of a 20% reduction in the Pillar I budget of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) and spending the saved money via a subsidy on labour in primary agriculture. The impact of such a policy has been assessed with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and a partial equilibrium (PE) model. It is concluded that reallocation of Pillar I budgets to a coupled agricultural labour subsidy increased employment in agriculture, especially in agricultural sectors and regions that are relatively labour intensive. Average employment in agriculture in the EU increased with 1.6% in the CGE model and with 0.6% in the PE model. Agricultural production and environmental emissions from agriculture increased as well. At the same time, prices of agricultural outputs decreased. Value added including subsidies increased for agricultural labour, but total value added in agriculture decreased. The latter was especially explained by decreased land prices and land-related value added. Measured in terms of equivalent variation, total welfare in the EU decreased. Welfare costs equalled about 1400 € per full-time work equivalent in agriculture extra. These results show that policy makers should weigh carefully the pros and cons of the direct and indirect overall economic, environmental and land use impacts of a subsidy on agricultural labour at the expense of the Pillar I budget of the EU CAP.

     

Evaluating efforts to build sustainable WEEE reverse logistics network design: comparison of regulatory and non-regulatory approaches

Many developing countries such as Turkey are still making an effort on building an infrastructure for waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) reverse logistic network design (RLND) processes. It is obvious that policies/laws/regulations related to WEEE management provide a sustainable framework for implementation in the RLND. The question is here: Does the implementation of WEEE directives make sense in terms of reducing the total cost of the network in the long term? This study aims to compare regulatory and non-regulatory situations of WEEE RLND in developing countries by formulating two models named as ‘regulatory’ and ‘non-regulatory’. Model 1 is considered as sustainable with economic, environmental and social goals, and the quotas imposed by the environmental directive are taken into consideration as the data of product return amount. In Model 2, only economic goal is considered, and product return amount is forecasted using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A case study is conducted in a recycling company in order to evaluate performance of the proposed models. This study contributes to the relevant literature by (1) comparing the regulatory and non-regulatory situations RL models explicitly and (2) proposing ANN model to forecast EEE product return or WEEE quantity for non-regulatory situation.     

考虑能源、环境影响的住宅建筑节能CGE模型构建

中国承诺将于2030年左右使单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降60%—65%,排放总量达到峰值并争取尽早实现。我国目前的碳排放主要来自工业、交通运输业和建筑业,其中建筑业碳排放约40%,所占比重最大,而高达550亿m2的存量住宅能耗和排放是建筑业碳排放的主力。住宅建筑节能是关系到我国建筑业节能减排目标能否顺利实现的重要因素,是我国节能减排工作的重要领域。构建一个可用于衡量住宅建筑节能对资源环境及经济发展影响的可计算模型是推动住宅建筑节能工作的重要基础。本文尝试以CGE标准模型为基础,依次对住宅建筑生产模块、污染排放模块、节能住宅建筑模块、动态模块和环境福利模块进行详细构建说明。在四方面对标准模型进行扩展:第一,将生产要素扩展为资本、劳动和能源要素束,能源要素束被深化分解为清洁能源与非清洁能源束,然后再予深化细化;第二,依据差异的贸易伙伴将进出口细化为差异的国家和地区;第三,将建筑污染排放作为一个特殊部门,建立建筑污染排放模块,纳入到CGE模型中,并将污染要素纳入到效应函数中;第四,依据资本增长模型,建立动态模块。通过将住宅建筑节能作为变量扩展到标准CGE模型的方法,构建了住宅建筑节能CGE扩展模型。借助该扩展模型,可以研究非节能建筑约束、外部节能建筑与经济增长之间的内在关系,进而破解非节能建筑约束、外部节能建筑与住宅建筑节能快速发展之间难以协调的矛盾。在本文研究成果的基础上,可进一步建立相应的社会核算矩阵(SAM),并对各种函数的参数估计和敏感性检验进行实证分析。     

Analysis of the relationship between environmental policies and air quality during major social events

Based on an analysis of major recent social events in China, such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, 2010 Shanghai World Expo, 2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games, and 2014 Beijing Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference, mandatory, temporary, and indemnificatory quantitative policies aimed at protecting air quality, which were carried out by both central and local governments, made substantial contributions to changes and improvements in air quality. To some extent, the findings show that command and control measures play a significant role in protecting air quality, while the law and economic and voluntary environmental safeguard measures do not during major social events. Therefore, it reminds us the air quality could and will improve not only during major social events but also in the regular days if we implement appropriate environmental policies and safeguard measures.     

Review,assessment and recommendations on environmental policies in Western China

Reviewing the existing environmental policies in Western China,we find that:in time sequence,the characteristics of China's western environmental policies shift from"development drive governance"to the full implementation of environmental protection and construction;and in spatial sequence,the ecological,social,and economic development of Western China reach to coordination through the nature reserve setting,ecological migrants,fiscal transfer payment and differentiated ecological environmental policies.Due to the implementation of the policies and projects,environmental degradation trends in the western ecological environment were alleviated significantly,the living conditions of farmers and herdsmen were improved,and many successful experiences were explored.However,future ecological environmental construction in Western China requires further improvement in integrated planning,eco-compensation mechanism,and policy assessment.This paper concludes with specific recommendations such as drawing up ecological environment construction planning,strengthening environmental law enforcement and incentive mechanisms,improving policy assessment and scientific support,enhancing environmental protection capacity,improving eco-compensation mechanism,and refining the environmental policies for key areas.     

公平性感知、信任与农业环境保护 ——不确定情形下农户行为选择

为深入理解农业环境政策从制定到落实的内在逻辑，从农户的公平性感知和信任出发，在农业环境保护的不确定情形下，探索性地构建农户农业环境保护行为响应理论分析框架，并基于山东、山西和陕西3省微观农户调查数据，采用路径分析、贝叶斯非线性结构方程模型和斜率分析等方法进行验证。结果表明：（1）农户农业环境保护的公平性感知对农业环境保护行为有直接和间接影响。直接影响为公平性感知越高，越能显著促进农户农业环境保护行为；间接影响为公平性感知通过提高信任进而作用于行为。（2）农业环境保护的不确定性显著阻碍了农户农业环境保护行为，且显著干扰了公平性感知向行为的转化。据此提出，农业环境保护政策的制定应考虑农户公平性感知和信任，传统命令型农业环境政策应逐步向农户参与型政策让渡；对农业环境定期检测并给予农户反馈，在降低政府长期监管成本的同时，也减少了农户农业环境保护的不确定性，从而推进农业环境保护政策的有效落实。