论水工程设施收集的水资源的所有权归属

雨水收集设施等水工程日益得到应用,需要解决雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源的所有权。因大气降水是一种自由资源,不属于《宪法》中的"水流"或《水法》中的"水资源"的范畴,雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源所有权不能适用《宪法》、《水法》的规定,而是取决于雨水收集设施等水工程设施的所有权。雨水收集设施等水工程设施不是土地的组成部分,所有权包括国家所有、集体所有、其他组织和个人所有等形式,因此,雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源所有权自然包括国家所有、集体所有、其他组织和个人所有。但水工程设施不是公益性、大中型的水利设施,允许其他投资主体投资,其所有权应以集体、个人所有为主要形式     

导读

今年夏季出现的严重旱情，使人们对水资源的危机有了更深切的感受，并由此而产生了深深的忧虑。如何保护和利用好珍贵的水资源，成为人们关注的热门话题。本期稿件中，关于保护和利用水资源的研究文章，占有较大的比重。希望这些文章探讨的问题和总结的经验作法，能对人们有所借鉴和启迪。 我国水资源的总量位于世界前列，但人均占有量却很少，加之地理位置分布不均衡，致使水资源的问题十分突出，而建立水权制度，可以调整各种社会关系，调和各种利益冲突，调动权利人保护水资源的积极性。操小娟的《水权制度及其立法对策分析》一文，通过…     

城市水资源承载力概念探析

在对区域水资源承载力概念分析的基础上,考虑水资源承载力的实质和城市自身的特点,城市水资源承载力概念界定的出发点是:城市水资源承载力应从城市水资源所承载的客体或对象出发界定;城市水资源承载力所承载的对象最终应落在人口数量上;对城市的范围,应以市辖区为限.     

我国矿水资源的分类及其利用

地下水资源为储存和流动在含水系统中、对人类有利用价值的地下水,包括淡水资源和矿水资源两部分。饮用和生活用水、工业用水和农业用水,常以地下淡水资源作为供水源。因此,人们在讨论地下水资源时,往往容易理解为地下水资源就是淡水资源.忽视了地下矿水资源。实质上地下矿水资源是地下水资源的重要组成部分,在国民经济中具有非常重要的理论意义和实际意义。     

加拿大水管理符合可持续发展

加拿大在世界水资源排行榜上名列前茅,尽管如此,加拿大政府还是非常重视水资源的利用,并取得了可喜的成果。据悉,加拿大在水的利用方面经历了开发、管理和可持续水管理3个阶段。1970年前是水开发阶段,重点强调开发水资源工程建设;1970～1987年期间是水管理阶段,当时的水管理理念是只将水作为一种消费性资源,主要着眼于如何向当代社会提供足够的水资源;1987年世界环境与发展委员会发表了“我们的共同未来”的报告,报告提出了水资源“可持续发展”的概念,从而使加拿大的水务事业进入了一个崭新的阶段———可持续水管理阶段。为实现水资源的可…     

横向流除油器的研制及其在油田含油污水处理中的应用

研制开发出的新型横向流除油器具有独特性能,除油器的聚结区由相互正交的梯形板组所组成,水流在其中沿正弦波路流动;分离区由一系列单元六面体所组成的三维板构成,水流在其中沿水平方向流动,并且流速不断变化。水流在设备内沿水平方向流动,油垂直向上移动,泥垂直向下滑动,处理后水质不会产生二次污染等问题。用该设备处理大庆油田含油污水效果良好,完全可以代替现有工艺中的自然沉降罐和混凝沉降罐。     

水资源敲警钟“最严保护”待落实

2012年,国务院发布《关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》,以水资源开发利用总量控制、用水效率控制和水功能区限制纳污“三条红线”明确水资源管理的“底线”。今年1月,国务院办公厅发布了《实行最严格水资源管理制度考核办法》,明确各省区市人民政府是实行最严格水资源管理制度的责任主体,明确各地水资源管理控制目标、考核内容、奖惩措施等,标志着管理责任与考核制度的正式确立。     

国内资讯

《煤炭工业发展“十二五”规划》发布 国家发改委日前印发《煤炭工业发展“十二五”规划》,强调资源开发与生态环境要协调发展,综合考虑生态环境承载力和水资源条件,做好煤炭开发布局,开发中应更加注重资源高效清洁利用,更加注重保护环境。我国煤炭消费量还将持续增加,考虑到调整能源结构、保护环境、控制PM2．5污染等因素的影响,煤炭在一次能源结构中的比重将明显下降。     

对开征水资源开发利用的环境补偿费的思考

本文所讨论的水资源是指在现阶段技术经济条件下可以被人类利用的淡水资源,特别是指地表水和浅层地下水.它具有可重复利用和时空分布不均衡的特性,是一种人类必需的而不可替代的环境因子.我国宪法规定:“水资源是属于国家所有即全民所有的自然资源,国家保障它的合理利用,禁止任何组织或个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏它”.《中华人民共和国水法》第34条中明确规定“对城市中直接从地下取水的单位,征收水资源费;其他直接从地下或江河、湖泊取水的可以由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府决定征收水资源费”.党中央、国务院在《关于出席联合国环境与发展大会的情况及有关对策的报告》中也指出:“各级政府应更好地运用经济手段来达到保护环境的     

水利工程环境安全保障及泄洪消能技术研究

正"水利工程环境安全保障及泄洪消能技术研究"(项目编号:2016YFC0401700)是国家重点研发计划"水资源高效开发利用"重点专项在"重大水利工程建设与安全运行"领域首批启动的项目之一。项目成立了由著名水工水力学专家刘之平教授级高工领衔、11家单位200余名科研人员参加的科技攻关团队,包括中国水利水电科学研究院、南京水利科学研究院、长江科学院等科研院所,河海大学、四川大学、天津大学、湖北工业     

Impacts of Multiple Stresses on Water Demand and Supply Across the Southeastern United States1

Abstract: Assessment of long‐term impacts of projected changes in climate, population, and land use and land cover on regional water resource is critical to the sustainable development of the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to fully budget annual water availability for water supply (precipitation ? evapotranspiration + groundwater supply + return flow) and demand from commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, mining, and thermoelectric uses. The Water Supply Stress Index and Water Supply Stress Index Ratio were developed to evaluate water stress conditions over time and across the 666 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins in the 13 southeastern states. Predictions from two Global Circulation Models (CGC1 and HadCM2Sul), one land use change model, and one human population model, were integrated to project future water supply stress in 2020. We found that population increase greatly stressed water supply in metropolitan areas located in the Piedmont region and Florida. Predicted land use and land cover changes will have little effect on water quantity and water supply‐water demand relationship. In contrast, climate changes had the most pronounced effects on regional water supply and demand, especially in western Texas where water stress was historically highest in the study region. The simulation system developed by this study is useful for water resource planners to address water shortage problems such as those experienced during 2007 in the study region. Future studies should focus on refining the water supply term to include flow exchanges between watersheds and constraints of water quality and environmental flows to water availability for human use.     

Sustainable Water Resources Management in a Conflict Resolution Framework1

Abstract: A decision support system for sustainable water resources management in a water conflict resolution framework is developed to identify and evaluate a range of acceptable alternatives for the Geum River Basin in Korea and to facilitate strategies that will result in sustainable water resource management. Working with stakeholders in a “shared vision modeling” framework, sustainable management strategies are created to illustrate system tradeoffs as well as long‐term system planning. A multi‐criterion decision‐making (MCDM) approach using subjective scales is utilized to evaluate the complex water resource allocation and management tradeoffs between stakeholders and system objectives. The procedures used in this study include the development of a “shared vision model,” a simulated decision‐making support system (as a tool for sustainable water management strategies associated with water conflicts, management options, and planning criteria), and the application of MCDM techniques for evaluating alternatives provided by the model. The research results demonstrate the utility of the sustainable water resource management model in aid of MCDM techniques in facilitating flexibility during initial stages of alternative identification and evaluation in a basin suffering from severe water conflicts.     

Managing Drought Through Water Markets: Farmer Preferences in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: Managing drought in agriculture has taken on growing importance as population growth and environmental concerns place increasing pressures on agricultural water use. One alternative for agricultural water resource management in areas of recurrent drought is allocation through market mechanisms. While past research has aimed to explain why farmers are reluctant to participate in already established water markets, this research seeks to identify the appropriate market mechanism given farmers’ preexisting attitudes toward water markets. Statistical analysis of survey data from 166 farmer interviews in the Rio Grande Basin indicate that farmers are significantly more likely to participate in short‐term water mechanisms, such as spot water markets and water banks than in permanent transfer mechanisms, particularly those that fully separate water rights from land. In sharp contrast to expectations, the choice of market mechanism did not differ significantly between farmers based on their a priori intention to buy, sell or both buy and sell in these markets. Choice of market mechanism also did not differ among farmer types although small, lifestyle or hobby farmers clearly preferred spot water markets to other types of short‐term mechanisms. Evaluating these attitudes a priori may help to design more suitable water market mechanisms for the basin.     

水资源研究中几个问题的探讨

本文讨论了区域水资源的评价问题.无论是地表水、地下水,还是土壤水都是来源于大气降水,降水资源才是区域总水资源;同时讨论了区域水资源的平衡原理.降水资源转化了截留水、地表水、土壤水和地下水4项水资源.该文对这2种不同的水体进行了深入讨论,着重论述了土壤水资源的概念及其特征.并对潜水蒸发和水资源的价值问题提出了看法.     

平衡调温调湿方式中变流量冷冻水系统设计

通过对变流量冷冻水系统的分析指出，在运用平衡调温调湿方式的空调系统中，应用变流量冷冻水系统可以较大地节约能源和投资；并提出了实现这种应用的方法。     

Water resource management in Kabul river basin, eastern Afghanistan

Severe drinking water shortage affects all resident of the Kabul river basin. Two and a half decades of civil war in Afghanistan (it began in late 1978) have resulted in widespread environmental degradation and water resource development throughout the country. The war has already finished and, therefore, water resource management for supplying water is one of the most important tasks for Afghanistan’s government. The Kabul river basin which is the most populated area in the country is located in the eastern part of Afghanistan. This article deals with the water resource properties of the Kabul river basin and also water demand in the important cities of the basin, such as Kabul, the capital and the largest city in the country. Also a few suggestions for providing water for domestic and agriculture purposes in short term, medium time and long term have been discussed.     

虚拟水在我国水资源管理领域的应用和探讨

虚拟水以其形象的表达和丰富的内涵,成为2000年以后全球水科学研究领域的热点,被广泛认为是深入研究水资源管理的重要概念,也是衡量人类对水资源系统真实占有量的有效工具。文章系统介绍了虚拟水的基本概念,并对其目前在我国水资源管理领域的应用做了系统性的阐述和探讨。     

关于炼化企业水资源利用的几点思考

通过对我国水资源状况及石化行业水消耗情况分析,找出我国石化企业新鲜水用量,污水排放在绝对量,吨原油、万元产值的单耗,单排等方面与国外相比较存在的差距。指出存在的主要问题是:清污分流不彻底;污污分流不健全;汽提后的净化水回用量小;新鲜水冲洗地面及作为机泵冷却水直排,导致新鲜水的浪费。同时针对以上问题提出相应的建议参考指标及对应措施。     

Water Mass Balances for the Solaire and the 2020 Tower: Implications for Closing the Water Loop in High‐Rise Buildings1

Abstract: Building water mass balances were performed for one 150‐story conventional building scenario for comparison with three scenarios of the 2020 Tower, a hypothetical 150‐story high‐rise building with on‐site wastewater treatment and reuse. To ensure that the assumptions for the hypothetical building are appropriate, a one‐year water balance was also conducted of the existing 27‐story Solaire building that partly closes the water/wastewater loop, meters major water flows and implements low‐flow/water conserving fixtures and appliances. For comparison, a conventional 27‐story building scenario with the same low‐flow/water conserving fixtures as the Solaire but no water reuse was also assessed. The mean daily indoor water use in the Solaire was 246 l/(d cap) which exceeds mean daily water use found in the literature. The water mass balances showed that an urban high‐rise building needs another source of water even when potable reuse water is produced because of losses during water end use and treatment (i.e., evaporation, water in treatment residues). Therefore, water conservation (i.e., modification of human behavior) and water efficiency improvements (i.e., equipment, appliances and fixtures) are important major factors in reducing the municipal water needed in all scenarios.