重气泄漏扩散实验的计算流体力学(CFD)模拟验证

运用CFD软件Fluent中的标准双方程湍流模型,对重气瞬时和连续泄漏的扩散进行了模拟以预测重气扩散过程中参数的变化,结果表明重气在垂直高度上的浓度随高度增加而减小,对于重气到达一点处的时间而言,瞬时泄漏的预测时间小于实际到达时间,而且浓度减小到零的时间也要先于实际的时间,连续泄漏的情形则相反,模拟过程假设风速和风向不变导致模拟结果没有实际的波动大.通过将模拟的最大摩尔浓度进行误差统计计算表明:Fluent对于连续泄漏源的扩散模拟结果最为准确.CFD模型能准确预测重气扩散过程中气体浓度的变化,可以应用于实际的风险分析和安全评价中.     

风速对LNG泄漏扩散过程影响的数值模拟

为研究环境风速对液化天然气(LNG)泄漏扩散过程的影响,采用Fluent建立LNG连续泄漏计算流体力学模型,开展不同风速下LNG泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟研究。结果表明,LNG泄漏扩散分为扩散初期、扩散中期、扩散后期3个阶段,扩散过程中LNG从低温重气逐渐转变成轻质气体。环境风速对气云的扩散主要体现在:低于5级风时,云团以两侧卷吸为主,气云表现为"叶状分叉"、中间低两端高,此时气云横风向扩散较快,甲烷扩散距离与冻伤距离随风速增大而增大;而高于5级风时,云团以顶部卷吸为主,气云表现为云团坍塌、中间高两端低,此时气云垂直风向扩散较快,甲烷扩散距离与冻伤距离随风速增大而减小。初步建立了LNG蒸气云爆炸风险范围与冻伤区域和泄漏时间、环境风速的函数关系,可为爆炸风险区域和低温冻伤区域的预测提供理论支撑。     

危险物质意外泄漏的重气扩散数学模拟(2)

危险物质泄漏事故常常形成比空气重的气云 ,鉴于重气扩散与中性或浮性气体扩散有着明显的区别 ,国外已经开发了大量的不同复杂程度的重气扩散模型。本文综述了唯象模型、箱及相似模型、浅层模型和三维传递现象模型的基本原理和模拟方法 ,以及各类模型的优缺点。     

危险物质意外泄漏的重气扩散数学模拟(1)

危险物质泄漏事故常常形成比空气重的气云 ,鉴于重气扩散与中性或浮性气体扩散有着明显的区别 ,国外已经开发了大量的不同复杂程度的重气扩散模型。本文综述了唯象模型、箱及相似模型、浅层模型和三维传递现象模型的基本原理和模拟方法 ,以及各类模型的优缺点。     

危险物质意外泄漏的重气扩散数学模拟（1）

危险物质泄漏事故常常形成比空气重的气云,鉴于重气扩散与中性或浮性气体扩散有着明显的区别,国外已经开发了大量的不同复杂程度的重气扩散模型。本文综述唯象模型、箱及相似模型、浅层模型和三维传递现象的基本原理和模拟方法,以及各类模型的优缺点。     

危险物质意外泄漏的重气扩散数学模拟（1）

危险物质泄漏事故常常形成比空气重的气云，鉴于重气扩散与中性或浮性气体扩散有着明显的区别，国外已经开发了大量的不同复杂程度的重气扩散模型。本文综述唯象模型、箱及相似模型、浅层模型和三维传递现象的基本原理和模拟方法，以及各类模型的优缺点。     

危险物质意外泄漏的重气扩散数学模拟（2）

危险物质泄漏事故常常形成比空气重的气云，鉴于重气扩散与中性或浮性气体扩散有着明显的区别，国外已经开发了大量的不同复杂程度的重气扩散模型。本文综述了唯象模型、箱及相似模型、浅层模型和三维传递现象模型的基本原理和模拟方法，以及各类模型的优缺点。     

丙烯管道连续泄漏扩散爆炸事故分析

针对南京丙烯管道受外力损坏后泄漏扩散爆炸事故,用TNT当量法模拟推测丙烯泄漏量,结合液体泄漏模型估算泄漏速度及时间,再用重气扩散平板模型和中性气扩散高斯烟羽模型,并运用MATLAB 7.0软件描绘可能发生丙烯气体燃爆的危险区域.结果表明,理论计算及分析的结果与现场报道吻合.     

危险物质意外泄漏的重气扩散数学模拟（2）

危险物质泄漏事故常常形成比空气重的气云，鉴于重气扩散与中性或浮性气体扩散有着明显的区别，国外已经开发了大量的不同复杂程度的重气扩散模型。本文综述了唯象模型、箱及相似模型、浅层模型和三维传递现象模型的基本原理和模拟方法，以及各类模型的优缺点。     

重气扩散的数值模拟模型验证

重气泄漏扩散事故是经常发生且危害较大的一种事故形式 ,由于重气的密度大于空气 ,因此重气往往沿地面扩散 ,泄放物质进入人体将引起中毒事故 ,若泄放物质被点燃或引爆将引起大规模的燃烧爆炸事故。本文给出了描述重气扩散过程的数值模拟模型及计算方法 ,并采用本文提出的模型和算法 ,对ThorneyIslandTrial008实验进行了数值模拟 ,模拟结果与实验结果符合较好 ,说明本文提出的模型和算法是适用的。     

Analysis of meteorological parameters for dense gas dispersion using mesoscale models

The current study focuses on characterizing the atmospheric details required for dense gas dispersion analysis resulting from release of cryogenic liquids like LNG. The study investigates the effectiveness of coupling the prognostic MM5 mesoscale model with the CALMET diagnostic model for producing meteorological conditions that is characteristic of dry and arid regions like Qatar, with non-neutral boundary conditions. MM5-CALMET wind fields and temperature data are compared with the meteorological field observations from the Doha International Airport (DIA) on a monthly basis, daily basis and hourly basis to study the effect of different averaging periods. The monthly averages replicate the annual patterns of meteorological parameters very well. However difference in observation and model are observed for wind speed and wind direction variable. The daily averages obtained from the model are in good agreement with the observation for wind speed and temperature. For hourly averaging, the model is found capable of mimicking the temperature of a given location, but not wind speed and direction. The prediction of wind direction parameter using MM5-CALMET is moderate for any averaging period. The sub-optimal performance of wind direction variable is attributed to grid resolution of vertical and horizontal layers of MM5-CALMET model. Additionally a case study is performed to illustrate the effect of variation of meteorological parameters on the lower flammability limits (LFL) resulting from flammable dense gas release of LNG. The case study demonstrates the issues that arise in a risk analysis study when “wrong” meteorological data could be used. The overall study indicates that utilizing the coarsest prognostic meteorological model output in a diagnostic model provides an effective option for generating meteorological inputs for dispersion studies.     

Study on convection and dispersion characteristics of dense gases in urban environment considering trees

Although several studies on the dispersion of heavy toxic gas released from ruptured tanks on vehicles during transportation have considered complex terrain such as urban buildings, the influence of trees on the flow field in urban areas during gas dispersion tends to be ignored. In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was proposed to investigate the characteristics of gas release and dispersion from loaded vehicle in the urban environment. In this model, the tree crown was treated as a porous medium, and the influence of drag due to the crown was incorporated into the model by a momentum source term through a user-defined function. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of chlorine (Cl₂) dispersion under the conditions of building distribution, tree species and porosities were comprehensively analysed, to cover the influence of urban complexity, leaf density, and tree planting configuration. The results show that compared with flat terrain, the presence of urban buildings will prolong the dense gas retention time and increase the dangerous distance. It is found that the horizontal dispersion distance can increase by 63% and the isosurface of 25 ppm hazardous gas can increase by 130% with the introduction of buildings. Compared with the terrain with only buildings, the introduction of arbors or shrubs can result in a 147% or 359% increase in the maximum concentration. Also, trees will prolong the dispersion duration. It is also found that the higher the porosity, the less the wind blocking effect, and the weaker the ability of capturing gas. The wind field affected by arbores and shrubs are different in height, and arbores capture more Cl₂. Planting short shrubs around buildings can effectively reduce the spread of harmful gases.     

Experimental study on thermal and toxic hazards connected to fire scenarios in road tunnels

The problem of toxic smoke in case of an accident with fire scenario is particularly severe in long tunnels and immediate effects from combustion product exposure often include fatalities. Notwithstanding extensive studies on fire simulation in tunnel, there is still a substantial lack of information on the different toxic products from combustion of light or heavy vehicles. In particular, there is a need for reliable test methods suitable to provide toxic products yields connected to defined accidental fire scenarios. In this paper, experimental runs in a laboratory scaled tunnel, simulating accidental fires of different heat release rates allowed firstly to characterize the thermal profiles in pool and car fires and to compare results by an analytical pool fire model. Results were compared as well with those obtained in a real scale tunnel, so as to quantitatively assess the scaling effect. A series of experiments was performed simulating an accidental scenario including pool fire from collision between a light vehicle and a HazMat heavy vehicle. An extensive set of experimental data allowed performing with good accuracy and reproducibility a complete characterization of toxic gases from car model fires, together with carbon monoxide and oxygen trends. The results obtained under different heat release rates allowed evidencing the dependence of the yields of toxic gases upon the considered scenario. Based on the intrinsic toxicity data of identified compounds, it is possible to draw practical conclusions, useful to assess the potential hazard associated to exposure to toxic smoke in road tunnel.     

青草沙输水隧道安全施工通风模型及湍流流动特性研究

随着我国隧道总里程的迅速增加,隧道施工的通风问题日益突出。文中将着重分析上海市青草沙水源地原水工程7200m过江隧道施工的通风问题,即从流体力学的三维不可压缩雷诺时均Navier-stokes方程出发,基于RNGk-ε湍流模型及近壁区两层壁面模型,采用有限体积方法和SIMPLE算法,对隧道内湍流流动进行数值模拟。数值分析有害气体的分布情况,讨论正常施工、发生事故时不同通风量条件下,隧道盾构掘进工作面附近流场、温度及有害气体浓度的变化规律。得出：对于隧道施工中有害气体的连续泄漏事故,随着通风风量的增加,有害气体的浓度逐渐降低。对于有害气体瞬时泄漏的事故,当盾构机架通风管的通风量约为380.00m3/min,放置于机架中部附近的排风管压力为200Pa时,隧道施工的通风效果最佳。本文涉及的通风方式和有关的研究结果为保证隧道施工的安全性提供理论依据。     

Sensitivity analysis of Phast’s atmospheric dispersion model for three toxic materials (nitric oxide, ammonia, chlorine)

We present the results of a parametric sensitivity analysis of a widely used model for atmospheric dispersion of toxic gases, in order better to understand the influence of user-adjustable parameters on model outputs. We have studied 60 min continuous release scenarios for three different products (nitric oxide, ammonia and chlorine), chosen to cover a range of physical characteristics and storage conditions. For each product, we have broken down base-case scenarios into a number of sub-scenarios corresponding to different release conditions which determine physical phenomena (flow rate, release angle, release elevation and atmospheric stability class). The use of statistical tools to analyze the results of a large number of model executions allows us to rank model parameters according to their influence on the variability of a number of model outputs (distances and concentrations), on a per-scenario and per-product basis. Analysis of the results allows us to verify our understanding of the modeling of cloud dispersion.     

An improved model for heavy gas dispersion using time-varying wind data: Mathematical basis,physical assumptions,and case studies

This study developed an improved model for the dispersion of released toxic gases, SLABi, based on the widely used model SLAB. Two major improvements enhanced the model's ability to represent observations. First, SLAB was upgraded to account for temporal variation in wind vectors. Thus, real-time changes in meteorological conditions can be considered in dispersion forecasting. Second, a source term module was developed and embedded in SLABi to standardize the procedure of emission calculation. Both the standard SLAB model and the SLABi model were applied to a case study to evaluate the impact of time-varying winds on the dispersion of released gases. The results showed that meteorology has a significant influence on the dispersion of released gases. The SLABi model can provide decision makers with timely and accurate guidance, so as to minimize hazards to people and the environment.     

A simplified steady-state model for air,water and steam curtains

Curtain mitigation systems are modeled here since they have experimentally shown their efficiency in reducing the concentration of certain toxic gases within dense gas clouds. Air, water and steam are analyzed in a model as the physical barriers to decrease the gas concentration. The model, developed for a steady-state mitigation process, is based on the mass, energy and momentum conservation laws. Concentration estimations during the dispersion before and after the mitigation are performed with a SLAB type model. A sensitivity analysis for each model is given to detect which variables have bigger effects. A release of chlorine is used as an example and the results are calculated in a prototype developed in Visual C++, where the model is solved using the Runge–Kutta 4th order method. The results include the effects of composition, speed, temperature and height of the releasing point as well as a comparison with CFD simulations. The proposed model is simplified and it cannot reproduce eddy effects but it is fast and robust enough. The model provides a set of equations that can be used in numerical problems where explicit derivatives are required, e.g. optimizations procedures.     

CFD analysis of the dispersion of toxic materials in road tunnels

The present work is aimed at analyzing the evolution of accidental scenarios deriving from the release of toxic materials inside a tunnel. This scenario, compared to the more frequently investigated cases of fire, followed by smoke dispersion, may involve a large variety of common products characterized by widely differing physical properties; nonetheless it has been analysed in the literature less than expected. The present study compares the dispersion of two common toxic chemicals (chlorine and ammonia), in order to derive some preliminary information about the influence of the physical properties and the release rate. A reference road tunnel geometry is assumed, while the release occurs from ground level, at the centre of one lane and in the middle of the tunnel. Two study cases involving a road tanker, transporting the product as liquefied gas under pressure, were considered: a catastrophic release, from a 220 mm hole, emptying the tanker in a few tens seconds (case A), and a continuous release, from a much smaller hole (15 mm), lasting 5 min (case B). For the sake of simplicity, the release is assumed to be in gaseous phase; the dispersion of the toxic is simulated for the 5 min period following the start of the release using a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis, according to an RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) approach with the standard k–ε turbulence model, assuming no ventilation conditions. Structured curvilinear grids with hexaedric cells, refined according to the local concentration gradient, are used. For case A scenarios, especially for the whole release duration, dispersion is mainly governed by the “plug-flow” effect caused by the large volume of toxic entering the tunnel in a rather short time; then, the role of diffusivity and gravity becomes more important. Chlorine, heavier than air and with lower diffusivity than ammonia, progressively accumulates towards the floor; the dispersion of ammonia, which is lighter than air, appears more influenced by diffusivity than by gravity, since a limited stratification is observed. These trends are more evident for case B scenarios, where the toxic flow rates are much lower. It is expected the results will give some useful insight into the dispersion phenomenon within highly confined spaces and maybe also provide some suggestion about ventilation systems design and emergency procedures.     

不同隧道坡度下射流风机临界风速研究

为研究隧道坡度对射流风机临界风速的影响,通过理论分析与数值模拟,采用全尺寸隧道模型和5种不同火源功率,考虑0%,±1%,±3%,±5%,±7% 9种不同隧道坡度,研究隧道坡度对射流风机临界风速的影响规律。结果表明:坡度对射流风机临界风速有较大影响。在射流风机与火源纵向间距不小于100 m情况下,即其临界风速与火源纵向间距无关;当上坡时,其临界风速与火源功率的1/3次方成正比,坡度越大,临界风速越小;当下坡时,其临界风速与火源功率的1/3次方成正比,坡度（绝对值）越大,临界风速越大;对数据结果进行拟合,得到上坡与下坡时的射流风机临界风速模型,并与模拟结果取得了较好的一致性。     

南山铁矿风场及扩散规律风洞模拟研究

以风洞模拟方式研究中性层结条件下南山铁矿凹山采场地域边界层风场特征,并以示踪气体扩散摸拟方法给出该地域大气扩散参数的实验结果。