基于距离判别分析法的冲击地压预测研究

考虑影响冲击地压的矿山地质因素和开采技术因素,提出预测预报冲击地压危险性的距离判别分析方法。选用煤层开采深度、顶板岩性、地质构造复杂程度、煤层倾角、煤层厚度、开采方法、有无煤柱、炮采或综采8项指标作为距离判别分析模型的输入变量,并以工程实测数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立相应判别函数对待判样本进行预测。研究结果表明,距离判别分析模型学习性能良好,预测精度高,回判估计的误判率为零,是冲击地压预测预报的一种有效而实用的方法。     

From laboratory simulation to scale-up and design of spray barriers mitigating toxic gaseous releases

Simulation of a process by means of physical models at a reduced scale is an essential tool in many application, allowing to perform a large number of experimental runs, so as to obtain a quantitative representation of the involved phenomena, at relatively low cost. Some difficulties can arise when the mathematical model derived from the simulation is applied to a real scale problem, in that the scaling of some empirical coefficients with the system size is not obvious at all. As fluid barrier scaling is a difficult task, still not deeply investigated in the scientific literature, the focus of this study is to translate knowledge from research on this topic into practice for industrial application. Following an extensive and accurate experimental work in wind tunnel, the main parameters determining the effectiveness of containment, absorption and dilution of chlorine releases were determined and a mathematical model is developed. In order to frame proper scale-up strategies, the most important result of this study rests on the explicit formulae giving, as a function of the aforesaid parameters, the single pass efficiency, the global absorption efficiency, and the toxic gas concentration downwind the barrier. In the far field, the gas concentration is practically determined only by the rate of atmospheric dispersion of the mass flow-rate of gas escaping the abatement. The absorption efficiencies are related to the drop size and to the mass transfer coefficients in the gas and liquid phases. The mean drop diameter plays an essential role in the absorption efficiency, since it simultaneously acts on air entrainment, interfacial surface and mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase. The evaluation of the mitigation effect for an industrial installation requires the scaling of the entrainment coefficient experimentally determined from wind tunnel testing. All the scaling criteria needed for adapting the proposed model to the design of a spray curtain suitable for the protection from a chlorine release, are amply discussed presenting some carefully designed simulations. Owing to its rather general structure, the model can be applied to different gaseous releases and/or absorbing solutions, provided that proper values of the parameters related with the chemical and physical absorption of the involved substances be theoretically or experimentally obtained in advance.     

剧毒化学品甲苯-2，4-二异氰酸酯运输危险性评估

为探讨低挥发性剧毒化学品甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯在运输过程中大量泄漏引起群体中毒事故的可能性以及对环境的影响,对本品的急性毒性、扩散模型、环境转归、生态毒性,以及运输泄漏事故资料进行综合分析和评估。评估结果本品吸人中毒的潜在危险性指数为低度危险物质;扩散模型运输泄漏模拟危险区域下风向距离小于某些非剧毒品;环境转归研究显示本品在环境介质中没有持久性,没有明显的生物蓄积性,生态毒性较低;历年来运输泄漏事故分析未见发生大规模严重群体中毒和环境污染事故。认为本品在运输过程中大量泄漏,不会大范围扩散引起严重群体中毒事故,也不会对环境造成严重和长期的危害,建议在运输环节中运输条件适当放宽,按照一般有毒品进行管理。     

煤粒瓦斯扩散行为的气压依赖性研究

为了研究煤粒瓦斯扩散系数对气压的依赖性,应用自主搭建的煤岩吸附瓦斯实验系统进行不同气压条件下的煤粒瓦斯扩散实验,并通过模型拟合得到不同气压条件下的扩散系数,分析扩散系数对气压的依赖性。研究结果表明:实验煤样具有双重孔隙结构;由于煤粒对瓦斯具有吸附性,导致模型拟合得到的扩散系数是表观扩散系数而不是真实扩散系数;表观扩散系数与真实扩散系数呈正比例关系,与等温吸附线斜率呈反比例关系;在低压阶段,煤粒瓦斯扩散由努森扩散主导,此时表观扩散系数与气压呈正比例关系;在高压阶段,煤粒瓦斯扩散由分子扩散主导,此时表观扩散系数与气压呈反比例关系。     

西北黄土对克百威的吸附特征

采用批量试验的方法研究了西北地区黄土对克百威的吸附动力学和热力学行为,并对相关影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:黄土对克百威吸附的最优动力学方程为准二级动力学方程;克百威在黄土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附方程;黄土吸附克百威过程中的吉布斯自由能ΔG■、焓变ΔH■及熵变ΔS■都小于0,表明黄土对克百威的吸附为自发进行的放热过程,并且吸附过程中体系混乱度减小,黄土吸附克百威的主要作用力为氢键力;pH值为4~10时,随pH值增大克百威的吸附容量减小,且pH值为4~8时减小趋势较平缓,p H值为8~10时减小趋势很大;随供试土样粒径减小,克百威在黄土中的吸附容量增大,当土壤粒径从0.45 mm减小到0.075 mm时,吸附容量由0.009 mg/g增加到0.049 mg/g;克百威在黄土中的吸附容量受其初始质量浓度影响很大,随克百威初始质量浓度增大,黄土对其的吸附容量相应增加,克百威初始质量浓度从20 mg/L增至110mg/L时,其在黄土中的吸附容量从0.080 mg/g增加至0.206 mg/g。     

Reuse of nickel recovered from spent Ni–Cd batteries for the preparation of C/Ni and C/Ni/Pd layered electrodes for energy sources

Nickel recovered in the recycling process of Ni–Cd batteries was used as a main component of bath for electrodeposition of nickel onto carbon fabric in order to obtain C/Ni composite. A part of the obtained composite was additionally coated with a thin layer of palladium (C/Ni/Pd composite). All the materials were investigated to assess the possibility of their use in the processes of electrochemical storage (sorption/desorption) of hydrogen and electrochemical oxidation of methanol. The obtained results showed the composites to be active electrode materials in these processes. The electrodes exhibited high activity and cyclability, especially in the process of methanol oxidation due to electrocatalytic activity of both nickel deposited onto carbon fabric and the outer layer of porous palladium coating nickel substrate.     

Identifying crash propensity using specific traffic speed conditions

INTRODUCTION: In spite of recent advances in traffic surveillance technology and ever-growing concern over traffic safety, there have been very few research efforts establishing links between real-time traffic flow parameters and crash occurrence. This study aims at identifying patterns in the freeway loop detector data that potentially precede traffic crashes. METHOD: The proposed solution essentially involves classification of traffic speed patterns emerging from the loop detector data. Historical crash and loop detector data from the Interstate-4 corridor in the Orlando metropolitan area were used for this study. Traffic speed data from sensors embedded in the pavement (i.e., loop detector stations) to measure characteristics of the traffic flow were collected for both crash and non-crash conditions. Bayesian classifier based methodology, probabilistic neural network (PNN), was then used to classify these data as belonging to either crashes or non-crashes. PNN is a neural network implementation of well-known Bayesian-Parzen classifier. With its superb mathematical credentials, the PNN trains much faster than multilayer feed forward networks. The inputs to final classification model, selected from various candidate models, were logarithms of the coefficient of variation in speed obtained from three stations, namely, station of the crash (i.e., station nearest to the crash location) and two stations immediately preceding it in the upstream direction (measured in 5 minute time slices of 10-15 minutes prior to the crash time). RESULTS: The results showed that at least 70% of the crashes on the evaluation dataset could be identified using the classifiers developed in this paper.     

采用遗传算法优化气体探测器布局策略研究

石油石化装置具有结构复杂且危险性高的特点,所加工物料多为易燃易爆有毒物质,且工艺单元之间集成度高,一旦发生泄漏若无法及时探测到则易形成气液积聚和火灾爆炸后果强化,装置拥塞度高使人员逃生困难。火气系统FGS作为安全关键系统,其中的气体探测网络如何快速可靠的实现对气体泄漏事件的探测显得尤为重要。已知探测时间,通过引入遗传算法利用其全局搜索的特点克服传统分支定界法的缺点,实现立体空间不同高度下设置探测网络达到场景全覆盖和缩短探测时间,同时求出探测时间附近的多组最优解,为探测器放置提供多种布置方案。通过与传统等间距探测器布置方案比较,从多种布置方案中选择更符合实际的最佳方案。通过海上浮式生产储油船的生产夹板气体探测案例,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

安全投入各要素分配方向的研究

针对灰色关联分析法存在的分辨系数的选择主观性较大,用关联系数的平均值得到的关联度降低了评价准确性等缺点,提出用经济学中的偏相关分析和不变替代弹性(CES)生产函数分析方法,建立安全投入与事故函数分析模型。应用SPSS和EViews软件,找出安全投入和事故之间偏相关系数绝对值最大的要素和标准化回归系数绝对值最大的要素,作为优先投入方向,并按照系数绝对值大小进行排序,为以后企业进行安全投入提供理论参考,避免企业资源的浪费。这两种方法可操作性强,主观随意性小,得到的结果可信性高。     

电离辐射防护涂料的研究

针对电离辐射的危害及防护,重点介绍了具有吸收、屏蔽射线功能的防辐射涂料的构成及要求。报导了一种对χ—射线(γ—射线)具有良好的屏蔽、吸收功能的涂料的研制过程和测试结果。该涂料由一种单相、均匀、化学性质稳定、分散性能优良、有较优的屏蔽能力的无机固熔体填料,配以经改性的耐高温骨架材料而构成。该涂料施工方便、涂膜光亮、无公害,可望在广泛的领域内有大的应用前景。     

Predicting Active and Effective Agents for Safety Test of the Actively Caring Approach

Recruiting intervention agents is a promising procedure to increase the reach of community-safety programs. Finding active and effective agents, however, has not always been a systematic process. One recent approach named Actively Caring (AC) hypothesizes that self-esteem, belongingness, empowerment, extroversion, and reactance constructs predict willingness to help others. This approach was tested as a mechanism for finding successful agents. Urban college students (N = 360) were asked to (a) complete a survey of AC measures and (b) volunteer to promote fire safety to others by distributing commitment cards requesting fire-safe behaviors. In all, participating volunteers (N = 107) motivated commitments from 278 households. These households represented many communities of the urban area, giving evidence that college students may be useful resources for promoting safe behaviors. However, the AC approach was not as effective as selected individual psychosocial and demographic variables in predicting active and effective agent behaviors. Implications for the AC approach, and other prosocial behavior models, for selecting intervention agents a priori are discussed.     

含水率对构造煤煤粒瓦斯扩散的影响研究

为了研究分析不同含水率对煤粒瓦斯扩散的影响,以平煤八矿构造煤为研究对象,利用瓦斯扩散试验装置,测定不同含水率条件下煤粒瓦斯解吸量,对比分析不同扩散模型,优选适合描述含水煤粒瓦斯解吸全过程的扩散模型,进而研究不同含水率对煤粒瓦斯扩散系数的影响。研究结果表明:相同时段下,干燥煤样的累计瓦斯解吸量最大,随着含水率增加煤样的累计瓦斯解吸量越来越小,水分的增加封堵了瓦斯扩散通道,在煤微孔隙内产生一定的蒸气压增大了瓦斯扩散的阻力使得单位时间内的瓦斯解吸量不断减小;通过3种扩散模型的对比发现幂函数模型在误差大小和稳定性方面都优于其他2种模型;利用该幂函数模型对扩散系数进行计算得出4种含水率对煤粒扩散系数的影响发现,扩散系数均经历前期快速下降和后期缓慢下降2个阶段,扩散系数随含水率的增大而减小且扩散速率趋于稳定。     

岗位有害物质控制效率用于局部通风设施防护效果评估的探讨

工程防护是消除和控制职业病危害因素的重要方法,而职业病危害工程防护设施防护效果评估的首要任务是明确其评价指标与评估标准。针对局部通风设施防护效果评估,提出了岗位有害物质控制效率评价指标,并对比分析了职业接触限值、控制风速、有害物质捕集效率和该指标的优缺点;提出了岗位有害物质控制效率的定义、检测方法和评估标准,对该指标用于局部通风设施防护效果评价存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出了下一步的研究方向。     

企业粉尘职业危害监督量化分级管理指标体系的筛选

目的是建立粉尘职业卫生监督量化分级管理指标体系,为企业的粉尘职业危害防治提供依据。对象与方法是以59名国内职业卫生领域专家为研究对象。通过编制的调查表,让专家依据各指标的重要程度打分。国内职业卫生领域符合条件的专家以电子邮件方式发送调查问卷70份,收回调查表59份。利用变异系数法,计算每一指标的平均分、变异系数和满分比,评价信度和效度,最终筛选确定粉尘企业职业危害监督量化分级管理的指标体系。结果如下,59名专家积极系数84.3%,8项一级指标和69项二级指标的平均值均超过2.5,变异系数均在50%以下,满分比均介于0-1之间,8项一级指标的克朗巴赫值均大于0.6,相关系数介于0.249-0.705之间。除预防措施和粉尘危害项目存在的问题外,其余均具有统计学意义。结论为企业粉尘职业危害监督量化分级管理指标体系经筛选包括8项一级指标和69项二级指标。     

不同粒度煤的瓦斯解吸扩散规律实验研究

为了证实和完善极限粒度理论,制备了煤粒度毫米级至厘米级(>10 mm)的5种粒度煤样,利用H-Sorb 2600T高温高压气体吸附分析仪对不同粒度的煤样进行等温吸附-解吸实验,并采用动扩散系数模型计算了煤粒瓦斯解吸扩散系数,分析不同粒度煤的扩散系数变化特征。研究结果表明:粒度毫米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势;粒度厘米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大降幅较小;煤粒度在毫米级范围内,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大快速下降;煤粒度为厘米级时,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大基本保持不变;极限粒度理论正确可靠,煤的极限粒度小于10 mm。     

不同侧压力系数下圆形巷道变形破裂规律分析

为研究侧压力系数对巷道周边岩体稳定性的影响,以一条深埋圆形巷道工程为背景,采用离散颗粒元软件PFC3D分析了5种侧压力系数下巷道周边岩体的应力差、位移、破裂分布模式和微裂纹数等,得到了圆形巷道周边岩体应力、变形和破裂随侧压力系数的变化规律。结果表明,1)随侧压力系数增大,巷道顶底部浅部岩体主应力差先增大后减小,深部岩体主应力差逐渐增大;而巷道两帮浅部岩体主应力差变化较小,深部岩体主应力差先减小后增大。这表明在相同埋深情况下,高侧压力系数不一定会对帮部岩体造成更大的破坏,但更容易使顶板产生高剪应力,不利于顶板岩体的稳定。2)侧压力系数越大,巷道顶板岩体竖向位移就越小,且其由拱顶往外平滑递减的规律性也越不明显,而帮部岩体水平位移变化规律与顶板岩体相反。3)巷道顶底部围岩在侧压力系数较大的情况下较易发生破裂,并随侧压力系数增大,其破裂范围越来越大;巷道两帮岩体则在不同侧压力系数下均会发生破裂,且其破裂范围随侧压力系数增大而略减小。4)不同侧压力系数下,巷道岩体总裂纹数都随开挖时间呈指数增长;且当巷道开挖完成后,岩体总裂纹数与侧压力系数呈抛物线关系。     

化工企业DVR风险分析模型的构建及应用——基于公共安全三角形模型*

为对化工企业风险进行评价,根据公共安全三角形理论,从危险源破坏性、目标脆弱性和应急处置可恢复性3个方面建立风险分析模型。在危险源破坏性上,从事故发生可能性和事故后果危险性2个方面进行讨论并得出可能性和危险性系数。在目标脆弱性上,建立人和物的脆弱性计算模型得出目标脆弱性的系数。设立应急管理指标,结合专家评分得出应急处置可恢复性系数。将各系数归一化相乘得到化工安全风险分析整合系数,建立基于危险源破坏性（Destructiveness）、目标脆弱性（Vulnerability）、应急处置可恢复性（Recoverability）的DVR风险分析模型,并进行应用实例分析。结果表明:该模型在化工企业的风险评价中具有一定的实用性。     

长输管道凹陷提压回圆评价方法

为了解决长输管道深凹陷所导致的清管器及内检测器难以通过的工程问题,基于局部提高管道内压可使凹陷回圆、深度减小以达到清管器或检测器可通过深度门槛值的思想,建立了内压作用下管道凹陷回圆过程非线性有限元模型;提出了管道凹陷回圆系数的定义;通过应力应变响应分析对凹陷回圆过程的安全性进行论证;对回圆系数的影响因素进行分析,探讨径厚比、管材、凹陷尺寸、初始内压、回圆压力等参数对回圆系数的影响;基于有限元计算算例,采用非线性回归的方法拟合了凹陷回圆系数工程计算公式。研究结果表明:在极限回圆压力工况下,凹陷回圆过程中管道未发生二次塑性损伤;误差分析显示拟合所得公式预测精度较好,可用于长输管道凹陷的回圆评价。     

充电式交流磁粉探伤仪的应用研究

本研究把锂电池的直流电转换为交流方波电来驱动磁探仪工作,这样得到一种全新的充电式磁粉探伤仪,它不需要外部接电、电磁转换效率高、可以连续工作、输出为交流磁场或交叉磁场、灵敏度高、安全可靠.它解决了现有磁粉探伤仪需要搭接长长的电缆、存在漏电危险、发热严重、不能连续工作等缺点.本研究将给磁粉探伤领域带来革命性的发展,并促进新...     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中的丙烯腈

为了建立采用毛细管柱测定工作场所空气中丙烯腈浓度的方法,使用活性炭管采集工作场所空气中的丙烯腈,二硫化碳溶液解吸,毛细管柱分离后,用氢火焰离子化检测器检测。结果显示:丙烯腈的检出限为0.73μg/ml,相关系数为0.9998,解吸效率94.3%～104.7%,相对标准偏差为0.41%～1.0%。因此,该方法灵敏度高、检测准确、操作性强,可提高丙烯腈的检测效率,适用于工作场所空气中丙烯腈的分析。