微好氧颗粒污泥工艺降解五氯酚的实验研究

微好氧颗粒污泥工艺能够同时进行好氧氧化和厌氧还原过程，是处理五氯酚（PCP）的理想方法。对影响好氧颗粒污泥降解PCP的因素水力学上升流速、碱加入量以及水力停留时间进行考察。结果表明，水力学上升流速为4.58m／h，进水NaHCO3浓度为900mg／L，水力停留时间为24h时，处理效果比较好。     

低COD浓度废水启动EGSB反应器

以厌氧活性污泥和好氧活性污泥接种于2个膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器中,进水流量为10 mL/min,回流量为180 mL/min,进水COD浓度在180 mg/L左右,有机负荷率(OLR)为1.728 kg COD/m3·d左右,污泥负荷率(SLR)为0.19 kg COD/kg MLSS·d左右,出水COD浓度维持在40mg/L左右,COD去除率达80%以上.控制温度在32～35 ℃,pH在6.8～7.2,反应器内氧化还原电位在-340 mV以下,水力停留时间(HRT)4.2 h,上升流速4.86 m/h以及加入80 mg/L絮凝剂(硫酸铝钾),缩短了启动时间,促进了颗粒污泥的形成.分别经过60 d和120 d运行,反应器启动成功.结果表明,上升流速、絮凝剂和污泥类型对颗粒污泥的形成有影响;接种好氧活性污泥在低浓度COD下,合理控制负荷速率能成功启动EGSB反应器.     

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）处理生活污水试验研究

采用厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）反应器在常温下处理小区生活污水,接种颗粒污泥。试验结果表明：当进水COD 411～560 mg/L,反应器容积负荷可达到3 kg COD/(m³·d),水力停留时间4 h,上升流速8 m/h,COD去除率可达到85%以上,出水COD为67～88 mg/L。并对EGSB反应器的结构及运行控制参数进行了优化,使其适宜于在常温下处理生活污水及其他低浓度有机废水。     

IC厌氧反应器处理垃圾渗滤液

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器对天津大港垃圾焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液进行处理,研究了COD的去除效果、容积负荷、沼气产量和污泥的颗粒化,分析了循环比、上升流速对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器经60 d的启动运行后,达到300 m3/d的设计水量,进水容积负荷达到17.7 kg COD/(m3·d),水力停留时间3.7d,COD去除率高于80％,出水挥发酸(VFA)低于l 500 mg/L,平均每去除1 kg COD产沼气0.42 m3,适宜的上升流速和循环比为2.0 ～5.0 m/h、8∶1 ～20∶1.启动结束后,厌氧消化污泥明显出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的沉降速度达到了67.5 ～ 96.0 m/h,0.3～1.0 mm的颗粒污泥量占有74％.     

连续流气提式反应器中有机物去除和氮转化的行为

以城市污水为处理对象,以絮状污泥为接种污泥,在连续流气提式好氧颗粒污泥流化床(CAFB)反应器中成功培养得到好氧颗粒污泥.探讨了CAFB中颗粒污泥的形成过程、生物多样性、有机物的去除行为及氮转化特性.研究结果表明,CAFB运行第7天颗粒污泥占主要优势,系统中依次出现原、后生动物,表明颗粒污泥趋于成熟.CAFB反应器中培养的好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的COD及NH4+-N去除能力.稳定运行阶段,当进水的COD容积负荷在1.5 ～3.5 kg COD/(m3·d)的范围时,COD的去除负荷稳定在1.0～2.0 kg COD/(m3·d).控制水力停留时间为(4 ±0.25)h、溶解氧质量浓度为(5 ±0.5) mg/L,可达到最高的硝化效率,但此控制条件下反硝化作用不明显.分析认为,作为完全混合式反应器的CAFB,需要较严格的控制溶解氧才能实现同步硝化反硝化作用.     

微氧膜生物反应器同时去除有机物和氮的研究

采用微氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器处理生活污水,进行同时去除有机物和氮的研究。结果表明,膜出水COD不受水力停留时间变化的影响一直稳定在较低值,为15~35mg/L,去除率在94%以上。氮通过发生同时硝化反硝化反应而去除。在水力停留时间为16h以上时, 系统总氮去除率为65% ~92%,平均去除率为77%。     

连续流传统活性污泥系统中好氧颗粒污泥的培养

采用西安市第四污水处理厂A2/O系统中的絮体污泥为接种污泥,在连续流传统活性污泥系统中进行了好氧颗粒污泥的培养研究。当系统温度为25～27℃、沉淀时间为2 h、溶解氧为4.2 mg/L、搅拌速度为240 r/min时,系统可培养出粒径为0.5～1.5 mm的颗粒污泥,扫描电镜结果显示,颗粒污泥主要由球状菌和杆状菌组成,此外还存在少量的丝状菌。实验结果表明,相对于反应器的形式和沉淀时间,水力剪切力和接种污泥中的丝状菌对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响更大,胞外多糖的产生对好氧颗粒污泥的形成也起着至关重要的作用。     

微氧膜生物反应器同时去除有机物和氮的研究

采用微氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器处理生活污水，进行同时去除有机物和氮的研究。结果表明，膜出水COD不受水力停留时间变化的影响一直稳定在较低值，为15～35mg／L，去除率在94％以上。氮通过发生同时硝化反硝化反应而去除。在水力停留时间为16h以上时，系统总氮去除率为65％～92％，平均去除率为77％。     

大直径好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其特性

接种某城市污水处理厂的好氧颗粒污泥,采用较高的污泥负荷、高选择压和人工洗出絮状污泥的培养方式,促使好氧颗粒污泥直径迅速增长.考察了大直径好氧颗粒污泥的增长、破裂、稳定的变化过程.大直径好氧颗粒污泥最大直径可达9.6mm,最大沉淀速率为160 m/h,污泥指数(SVI)在32～60 mL/g左右.大直径颗粒污泥内部质地疏松有孔洞,外表层相对致密并由大量的丝状物质构成,且活性低于普通活性污泥.     

曝气量和曝气时长对好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复的影响

采用啤酒废水,在SBR中对在4℃的冰箱中储存8周的好氧颗粒污泥进行活性恢复。设置曝气时长分别为150 min和270 min,曝气量分别为0.1 m3/h和0.2 m3/h,考察了曝气时长和曝气量对好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复的影响。实验结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥在4℃冰箱中储存8周后,其颜色、粒径无明显变化;设置较长曝气时间(270 min)、较大曝气量(0.2 m3/h)时,颗粒污泥平均沉降速率、MLSS和SVI恢复最快,且对COD处理效果也恢复较快。而短曝气时间(150 min)、小曝气量(0.1 m3/h)有利于好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮去除效果的恢复。     

Sorption of pentachlorophenol on peat-bentonite mixtures.

Batch kinetic and isotherm studies were carried out to determine the adsorptive characteristics of peat and bentonite mixtures for pentachlorophenol, and to examine the hydraulic conductivity of peat-bentonite mixtures to determine if they are applicable for use as cutoff barriers. Batch kinetic studies showed that over 90% of PCP was removed from water spiked with approximately 1 mg/l of PCP using a peat-bentonite (5%) mixture. The equilibrium time was 8 hours. The optimum pH range for adsorption of PCP by the peat-bentonite mixture was found to be 3-3.5. Batch isotherm studies showed that the adsorption of PCP by the peat-bentonite mixture from aqueous solution was best described by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Batch adsorption studies using various ratios of bentonite in the mixture showed that the adsorption of PCP decreased linearly with increased amount of bentonite in the mixture, indicating that adsorption of PCP by the peat moss portion of the mixture was the dominant process. The inverse of the hydraulic conductivity was found to increase exponentially with an increase in the bentonite content of the mixture over the range studied. The minimum hydraulic conductivity observed was 3.3 x 10(-7) cm/s for a 50% peat-50% bentonite mixture. Peat-bentonite mixtures can be used to successfully remove PCP from aqueous media and can be used effectively as a barrier to attenuate the migration of PCP through soil and groundwater systems.     

Simultaneous removal of nitrate and pentachlorophenol from simulated groundwater using a biodenitrification reactor packed with corncob

Both nitrate and pentachlorophenol (PCP) are familiar pollutants in aqueous environment. This research is focused on the simultaneous removal of nitrate and PCP from simulated contaminated groundwater using a laboratory-scale denitrification reactor packed with corncob as both carbon source and biofilm support. The reactor could be started up readily, and the removal efficiencies of nitrate and PCP reached up to approximately 98 % and 40–45 % when their initial concentrations were 50 mg N/L and 5 mg/L, respectively, after 15-day continuous operation at 10 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 25 °C. Approximately 91 % of PCP removal efficiency was achieved, with 2.47 mg/L of chloride ion release at 24 h of HRT. Eighty-two percent of chlorine in PCP removed was ionized. The productions of 3-chlorophenol and phenol and chloride ion release indicate that the reductive dechlorination reaction is a major degradation pathway of PCP under the experimental conditions.     

PACT工艺处理PAM生产废水的实验研究

采用粉末活性炭活性污泥工艺(PACT)处理经凹凸棒土预处理后的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)生产废水。实验考察了粉末活性炭(PAC)的投加对活性污泥处理系统的影响,并探讨了PAC投加量、曝气时间、水力停留时间等参数对降解反应的影响。结果表明:PAC的投加能提高水中溶解氧的利用率,改善污泥沉降性能,增强活性污泥系统对有机物的去除效果;在PAC投加量500 mg/L、曝气10 h的条件下,PACT工艺对PAM生产废水的处理效果良好,COD的去除率为80.8%,BOD5去除率为83.8%,丙烯酰胺(AM)去除率为84.2%。     

Formation of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), which are among the members of persistent organic pollutants, and PCDEs have been determined in a number of environmental samples. The main possible sources are the technical production of chlorinated phenols and all processes of incomplete combustion. PCDEs were observed in the fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator (MWI). It was speculated that the condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes occurred via PCDEs to form polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Nevertheless, PCDEs formation from condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes has not been confirmed by experimental observation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the formation mechanism of PCDEs from the condensation of chlorophenols with chlorobenzenes. The results are expected to be helpful in understanding the formation of PCDEs and in controlling and abating PCDEs emissions from MWI. METHODS: The pyrolysis of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and/or polychlorobenzenes (PCBz) was carried out in a sealed glass tube. The reaction products were extracted and purified with K2CO3 solution. The samples were concentrated and then cleaned up on an alumina column. GC/MS was used for identification and quantification of reaction products. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results showed that the pyrolysis of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at 340 degrees C for 6 h led to the formation of decachlorodiphenyl ether (DCDE) (2.41 microg/mg) and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDD) (0.24 micropg/mg), while the pyrolysis of PCP yielded DCDE (13.08 microg/mg) and OCDD (180.13 microg/mg). In addition, the amount of DCDE formation from the pyrolysis of the mixture of PCP and HCB was 4.65 times higher than the total amount of DCDE formation from the pyrolysis of HCB and PCP, respectively. This indicated that PCP and HCB were prone to condensation and formation of DCDE. DCDE was the main congener of PCDEs from condensation of PCP with HCB at 340, 400 and 450 degrees C. A small amount of nonachlorodiphenyl ether (NCDE) was formed by dechlorination reaction at 450 degrees C. The condensation of PCP with 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (Cl4Bz) formed 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octachlorodiphenyl ether (OCDE). Small amounts of heptachlorodiphenyl ether (HpCDE) and hexachlorodiphenyl ether (HxCDE) were detected at 450 degrees C. Meanwhile, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and PCDFs were detected from the condensation of PCP and PCBz. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental studies clarified the behavior of the formation of PCDEs from condensation of polychlorophenols and PCBz. The condensation of polychlorophenols with PCBz formed PCDEs through elimination of HCl between polychlorophenols and PCBz molecules. Another pathway of PCDEs formation was elimination of H2O between two polychlorophenol molecules. In addition, dechlorination processes had caused the specific homologous pattern of PCDEs under higher temperatures.     

A kinetic study on oxidation of pentachlorophenol by ozone

The kinetics of pentachlorophenol (PCP) ozonation in terms of the gaseous O3 and dissolved PCP concentrations has been investigated. When the O3 concentration in the gas phase was in the range of 10 to 40 g O3/m3, the O3 dissolved for a short time period was proportional to the gaseous O3 concentration. In this range, the ozonation reaction was first order for each reactant and the overall reaction was second order. At 25 degrees C, in an aqueous solution, the reaction rate constant was estimated to be 10.048 L/mol.sec. The reaction rate was much greater than the mass-transfer rate, indicating that the reaction of O3 and PCP was an interface reaction on the surface of gaseous O3 bubbles. The final product of the PCP ozonation was oxalic acid, with the carbon yield of the reaction being 59.4%. The ozonation of PCP in the aqueous solution was not a radical reaction but a direct reaction between O3 and PCP molecules under the conditions investigated in this study, since O3 has a high selectivity toward PCP. The reaction rate increased with the reaction temperature up to 35 degrees C but decreased at temperatures greater than 35 degrees C due to the decreased solubility of O3. The addition of H2O2 did not increase the reaction rate significantly.     

Co-polymerization of penta-halogenated phenols in humic substances by catalytic oxidation using biomimetic catalysis

Introduction

A synthetic water-soluble meso-tetra(2,6-dichloro-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinate of iron(III) chloride, Fe-(TDCPPS)Cl, was employed to catalyze the oxidative co-polymerization of penta-halogenated phenols in two humic materials of different origin.

Materials and methods

Co-polymerization of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was followed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), the unbound PCP recovered from reacting humic solutions was evaluated by gas-chromatography/electron capture detector, and the oxidative catalyzed coupling of pentafluorophenol (PFP) into humic matter was assessed by liquid-state ¹⁹F-NMR spectroscopy. HPSEC showed that the catalyzed oxidative coupling between PCP and humic molecules increased the apparent weight-average molecular weight (M _w) values in both humic substances.

Results and discussion

HPSEC further indicated that the co-polymerization reaction turned the loosely bound humic supramolecular structures into more stable conformations, which could no longer be disrupted by the disaggregating effect of acetic acid. The occurrence of covalent linkages established between PCP and humic molecules was also suggested by the very little amount of PCP found free in solution after the catalyzed co-polymerization. ¹⁹F-NMR spectroscopy suggested that also PFP could be oxidatively coupled to humic materials. PFP-humic co-polymerization reaction produced ¹⁹F-spectra with many more ¹⁹F signals and wider chemical shifts spread than for PFP alone or PFP subjected to catalyzed coupling without humic matter.

Conclusions

These findings show that biomimetic iron-porphyrin is an efficient catalyst for the covalent binding of polyhalogenated phenols to humic molecules, thereby suggesting that the co-polymerization reaction may become a useful technology to remediate soils and waters contaminated by polyhalogenated phenols and their analogues.     

EGSB反应器运行中的床层流态行为及其控制

生物量流失是EGSB反应器在高负荷状态下稳定运行面临的主要问题。利用实验室EGSB反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度葡萄糖废水,研究EGSB反应器在高负荷状态下的床层流态行为及其受影响因素。结果表明,在该反应器结构形式下,当有机负荷达到23-26 kg COD/（m3·d）,水力上升流速在约3.0 m/h,气体上升流速在约1.3 m/h状态下运行时,床层易发生剧烈流化现象,并导致颗粒污泥的解体和流失。降低反应器回流比、减小反应器内水力上升流速,控制床层在悬浮状态时可以有效降低高负荷状态下生物量的流失,并取得了有机负荷46 kg COD/（m3·d）,COD去除率97%以上的处理效果。     

Influence of metal oxides on PCDD/Fs formation from pentachlorophenol

Chlorophenols (ClPhs) are considered as important precursors for PCDD/Fs formation. The influences of series of metal oxides including MgO, Al2O3, CaO, BaO, TiO2, V2O5, MnO2, Fe2O3, Co3O4, CuO, Ag2O, ZnO, HgO, SnO, PbO, La2O3, CeO2, and Eu2O3 on PCDD/Fs formation from pentachlorophenol (PCP) were investigated in a laboratory-scale reactor. The results indicated that most of the above metal oxides have obvious suppressing effects on the total amount of PCDD/Fs formation from precursor PCP except for CuO, ZnO, MnO2, TiO2 and Co3O4 with promotion effects at 280 degrees C for 2 h. Although MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, PbO, La2O3 and Eu2O3 could reduce the amount of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), they promote the formation of more toxic 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD at the same time. The total suppressing efficiencies of several metal oxides including CaO, BaO, PbO, Ag2O, HgO and SnO which have lower Z/r (charge to radius ratio) <2 are all over 90%. The theories of generalized acid-base and atomic parameter (Z/r) were used to speculate the effecting mechanisms. The factors including time and temperature on suppressing efficiencies of CaO, BaO and PbO have also been studied in the present paper. The results showed that the total suppressing efficiencies of CaO, BaO and PbO increase with the increase of heated time and temperature.     

Dry deposition (downward, upward) concentration study of particulates and heavy metals during daytime, nighttime period at the traffic sampling site of Sha-Lu, Taiwan

Downward, upward dry deposition fluxes and total suspended particulate of particulate heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn) were measured in daytime and nighttime period in Sha-Lu, a small city in the central Taiwan during summer period of 2003. The results showed that the total suspended particulate concentrations of particulate mass in the daytime period (averaged 996.2 g/m3) were higher than in nighttime period (averaged 560.7 g/m3). And the downward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 54.07 g/m2s) were about two times as that of upward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.48 g/m2s) in the daytime period. Furthermore, the average downward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 26.22 g/m2s) were also about two times as that of upward dry deposition fluxes (averaged 12.11 g/m2s) in the nighttime period. In addition, the average downward dry deposition fluxes are greater than the upward dry deposition fluxes for all the heavy metals in either daytime or nighttime period. The proposed reasons are that the wind speed and concentration difference for daytime and nighttime period lead to these results at the traffic sampling site of central Taiwan. In addition, the deposition velocity for mass, heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn) during daytime and nighttime period were also calculated. The average daytime dry deposition velocity for downward particulate mass, upward particulate mass, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn were 5.56, 2.66, 1.71, 0.18, 1.06, 0.24, 0.47 and 0.11 (cm/s), respectively. And the average nighttime dry deposition velocity for downward particulate mass, upward particulate mass, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn were 4.70, 2.11, 1.66, 0.18, 0.86, 0.23, 0.32 and 0.07 (cm/s), respectively at traffic sampling site of central Taiwan.