慢生型花生根瘤菌16S rRNA分析

以２１株分离自四川,云南不同花生产区的慢性型花生根瘤菌和６株参比菌株为材料,进行了１６ＳｒＤＮＡＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ,结果除证实了慢性型花生根瘤菌同慢生型大豆根瘤菌（Ｂｒａｄｙｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ）高度的遗传相似性外,还发现了一些菌株同Ｂｒａｄｙｒｈｉｚｏｉｂｉｕｍｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ和Ｂｒａｄｙｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｅｌｋａｎｉｉ有较高的遗传相似性,菌株Ｓｐｒ１－２的１６ＳｒＲＮＡ     

干旱地区几种豆科植物根瘤菌的数值分类和SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳分析

从新疆、内蒙干旱地区苜蓿属、草木樨属、锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤中分离出５４株根瘤菌,对其中４８株根瘤菌和２２株参比菌一起进行了数值分类研究,在８５％的相似性水平上,未知菌分为３个不同于已知种的新群．另加入６株分离自锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤菌,共７６株菌进行了全细胞蛋白ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ分析,在８０％的相似性水平上,已知菌相应成群,未知菌除ＸＪ９６３４２在６８％的相似性水平上和群５、６、７、８、Ｒ．ｇａｌｅｇａ聚群外,其余未知菌则分布在４、５、６、７、８、９、１０七个群中．群４中所有菌株属于数值分类的群１;群６中有３株菌属于数值分类的群３;群９中有８株菌为数值分类群２的菌株．反映了两种方法在分类上得到的结果比较近似．     

花生根瘤菌的生长特性和脂肪酯组成研究

用７３株慢生根瘤菌Ｂ．Ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ，Ｂ．ｅｌｋａｎｉｉ和Ｂ．“ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ”为对照，对２２株花生根瘤菌的生长速度，产碱能力和细胞脂肪酸组成进行了测定，结果表明，花生根瘤菌慢生根瘤菌属（Ｂｒａｄｙｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｓｐ．ａｒａｃｈｉｓ），除花生根瘤菌含有比大豆根瘤菌（Ｂ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ）较高的脂肪酸，１６：１ｗ５ｃ（１６个碳原子１个双键的脂肪酸）而外，花生根瘤菌与大豆根瘤菌相似，     

陕甘宁地区根瘤菌数值分类与DNA同源性分析

在陕甘宁地区根瘤菌资源调查的基础上,选取其中与黄芪、岩黄蓍、木兰、鸡眼草及胡枝子共生的４０株快生根瘤菌和２５株参比菌株,对１３３项表型性状进行聚类分析,在８２％的相似性水平上构成５个不同于已知种的新亚群．对第１、２、３、４亚群ｘ（Ｇ＋Ｃ）／％测定及ＤＮＡ同源性分析结果表明,４个亚群ｘ（Ｇ＋Ｃ）／％含量均处于Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ属范围;各亚群内菌株ＤＮＡ同源性均在７５％以上,每个亚群中心菌株与１３个已知种模式菌株的ＤＮＡ同源性均小于６３％．从而证明,第１、２、３、４亚群为４个独立的快生根瘤菌新种群     

慢生根瘤菌交叉结瘤及其系统发育关系的研究

选用包括6株花往根瘤菌[Bradyrhizobium sp.(Arachis)]在内的13株慢生根瘤菌，进行了6种豆科植物结瘤试验及共系统发育分析。研究结果表明，慢生根瘤菌与试验的豆科宿主植物间普遍存在交叉结瘤，还发现有些菌株在原宿主外的豆科植物根部形成类根瘤的现象。16S rDNA和23S rDNA的PCR－RFLP分析揭示出这些菌株rDNA基因的差异性，不同宿主来源的慢生根瘤菌株可以同属一个rDNA类型，而从同一宿主中分离的根瘤菌菌株可分属多种不同的rDNA类型，研究结果表明，采用rDNA PCR-RFLP等遗传背景分析的手段，可能筛选出广谱的根瘤菌力株，表4参8。     

饭豆(Vigna umbellata L.)根瘤菌的分离及多样性

从生长在湖北省几种不同土壤中两类饭豆(Vigna umbellata L.)的根瘤中分离、纯化并通过结瘤试验筛选出26株饭豆根瘤菌；对这些菌株和来自其它种属的8个参比菌株的培养特性、生长速度、耐酸碱性、生长最终pH值、耐盐性、天然抗药性、碳源和氮源的利用及部分快生型菌株质粒图谱进行了系统的比较研究，并通过聚类分析得到数值分类树状图谱。结果发现，分离自不同类型土壤中的饭豆根瘤菌具有较大的多样性，在77％的相似水平上，形成了三大类群，群Ⅰ为慢生型菌群，群Ⅱ与群Ⅲ为快生型菌群，在80％相似水平上各群又可进一步划分为不同亚群，而且亚群中部分菌株的相似性与地理来源有相关性。图2表4参13。     

ERIC-PCR:一种快速鉴别环境细菌菌株的方法

以 Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ（ 肠杆菌基因间共有重多序列） 序列设计的特异引物对３ 株大肠杆菌、３ 株软腐欧氏杆菌、２ 株草生欧氏杆菌、１ 株梨火疫欧氏杆菌、１ 株催娩克氏菌、１ 株阴沟肠杆菌和９ 株具有降酚能力的细菌等２０ 种细菌的基因组 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 进行 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 分析．每种菌株均存在数目不等的各自独特的带型,能够区分同一种类中极为相近的菌株．经多次重复,各特异性扩增的主要带型能重复稳定出现．聚类分析的结果表明,供试菌株多数按照分类地位归到相应的组中．９ 种具有降酚能力的细菌中,２ 种分离自处理焦化废水池活性污泥,７ 种来自土壤样品． Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 指纹图显示,前２ 种属于一类,都有一条大小约１ ．１ ｋｂ 的主带,其它７ 种土壤中分离出来的细菌除其中１ 种有１ 条约１ ．２ ｋｂ 大小的主带外,其余６ 种都有１ 条大小约１ ．４ ｋｂ 的带．聚类分析将从土壤中分离出来的细菌归为３ 种不同的类型． Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 可以从分子水平对细菌基因组进行快速指纹图分析,在对环境细菌分离物进行快速鉴定和归类等方面具有实用价值     

我国蚕豆根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育研究

采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、IGS PCR-RFLP等方法对分离自我国11个省的50株蚕豆根瘤菌及11株参比菌株进行了表型测定和遗传型研究,同时对5株蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株进行了16S rDNA全序列测定.表型测定的结果表明,在80%的相似水平上供试菌株分为4个群,各群间存在地区交叉;16S rDNA PCR-RFLP的聚类结果与数值分类的聚类结果有很好的一致性;IGSRFLP反映的多样性更明显,形成的遗传群较多,可用于菌株间的鉴别.实验结果表明我国蚕豆根瘤菌具有极大的表型多样性和遗传多样性.系统发育研究结果表明,蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株均位于快生根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)系统发育分支,与R.leguminosarum USDA2370的全序列相似性达99.9%,说明蚕豆根瘤菌属于Rhizobium,系豌豆根瘤菌的一个生物型.图4表3参12     

四川省部分豆科植物根瘤菌的遗传多样性

从四川省豆科植物鸡眼草属、合欢属、豇豆属、葛属、金合欢、杭子梢分离获得了103株根瘤菌,采用AFLP、BOXAIR-PCR研究了这些菌株的遗传多样性.结果表明,分离自四川省豆科植物6个属的根瘤菌存在明显的遗传多样性,AFLP分析中,全部供试菌株的相似性为21%,全部供试菌株可分为26个AFLP遗传群;BOXAIR-PCR聚类分析结果表明,103个菌株分在70%相似性水平处,供试菌株被分为18个BOX遗传群.除部分菌株外,多数根瘤菌按宿主类型聚群,同一宿主而地理来源不同的根瘤菌分布于不同的遗传群,表明宿主和地理环境对根瘤菌具有深刻影响.图3表1参9     

花生根瘤菌的生长特性和脂肪酸组成研究(英文)

用73株慢生根瘤菌B．Japonicum、B．elkanii和B．"intermedium"为对照．对22株花生根瘤菌的生长速度、产碱能力和细胞脂肪酸组成进行了测定．结果表明：花生根瘤菌属于慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobiumsp．arachis）；除花生根瘤菌含有比大豆根瘤菌（B．japonicum）较高的脂肪酸16：1w5c（16个碳原子1个双键的脂肪酸）而外，花生根瘤菌与大豆根疚菌相似，表明了他们在系统发育及进化方向上的一致性．细胞脂肪酸分析法是根瘤菌系统发育研究中一种简便而可信的方法．     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).