Prediction of flange wrinkling in deep drawing process using bifurcation criterion

Surface distortions in the form of wrinkles are often observed in sheet metals during stamping and other forming operations. Because of the trend in recent years towards thinner, higher-strength sheet metals, wrinkling is increasingly becoming a more common and troublesome mode of failure in sheet metal forming. The prediction and prevention of wrinkling during a sheet forming process are important issues for the design of part geometry and processing parameters. This paper treats the phenomenon of flange wrinkling as a bifurcated solution of the equations governing the deep drawing problem when the flat position of the flange becomes unstable. Hill’s bifurcation criterion is used to predict the onset of flange wrinkling in circular and square cup drawing. In particular, the maximum cup height that can be drawn without the onset of flange wrinkling is predicted for the given set of process parameters. A parametric study of the maximum cup height is also carried out with respect to various geometric, material and process parameters. Finite element formulation, based on the updated Lagrangian approach, is employed for the analysis. The incremental logarithmic strain measure, which allows the use of a large incremental deformation, is used. The stresses are updated in a material frame. The material is assumed to be elastic–plastic, strain hardening, yielding according to an anisotropic yield criterion of Barlat et al. (2005) [23] (named as Yld2004-18p). Isotropic power law hardening is assumed. Inertia forces are neglected due to small accelerations. Modified Newton–Raphson iterative technique is used to solve the nonlinear incremental equations.     

板料液压成形技术的发展动态及应用

介绍了板料液压成形技术的发展 ,尤其是近几年发展起来的径向加压的液压成形、液压成对成形和粘性介质压力成形等 3种金属成形技术 ,以及近几年国外板料液压成形设备的开发和应用情况。     

薄板深拉延成形有限元仿真

板材成形有限元仿真采用虚拟制造技术反映模具与板材之间的相互作用以及板材实际变形的全过程,有助于推动生产的快速化和设计的智能化。汽车企业通过对板材成形过程的有限元仿真可确定钢板性能参数范围和冲压工艺参数范围,以保证生产的稳定性。采用动力显式有限元软件LS-DYNA,对上海宝钢St14-T冷轧薄板的深拉延成形过程进行了仿真计算,分析了变形过程的金属流动规律。     

纯铜薄板矩形盒拉深特性的试验研究

作为非回转对称成形试验研究的一部分,进行了大量的矩形盒拉深试验。指出纯铜薄板的各向异性对矩形盒拉深成形性的影响不十分显著。增大凸模形状参数rc/w,成形中法兰短边和曲边材料向凹模口的流入速度减小,曲边变形加工度增大,是使成形极限降低的原因之一。rc/w=0.1附近,极限成形高度hmax最大。     

Part 2: Analytical modeling of regular planar polygon tube hydroforming as a special case of symmetric multi-nose tube hydroforming

Part 2 of this series of papers presents an analytical model for regular planar polygon tube hydroforming (THF) as a special case of the analytical model for symmetric multi-nose tube hydroforming. The governing equations derived for multi-nose THF in Part 1 were evaluated by taking the limit of die geometric variables, resulting in a new set of governing equations for regular polygon THF. The model was validated using finite element analysis and a THF experiment, where good agreement was obtained. The model is able to predict field variables such as stresses and strain distribution, thinning rate distribution, and deformed shape at a particular pressure.     

抛物形件用软凸模拉深成形

分析了抛物形件用软凸模拉深过程,用聚氨酯橡胶凸模能简化抛物形件的制造工艺,有效地防止拉裂、起皱和回弹,给出了软凸模拉深系数和合适的软模硬度。     

Effect of quasi-static prestrain on the formability of dual phase steels in electrohydraulic forming

Dual phase steels derive their name from their microstructure, which consists of islands of martensite surrounded by a ferrite matrix. These steels are increasingly being used in automobile structures in order to reduce weight, improve fuel economy, and maintain crash safety performance. The higher strength grades of dual phase steels, such as DP780 and DP980, often present significant formability challenges in sheet stamping operations, and therefore any technologies which could alleviate these issues would be of significant value to the automotive industry. Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is based upon the electro-hydraulic effect: a complex phenomenon related to the discharge of high voltage electrical current through a liquid. In EHF, electrical energy is stored in a bank of capacitors and is converted into the kinetic energy needed to form sheet metal by rapidly discharging that energy across a pair of electrodes submerged in a fluid. During such a discharge, a high pressure, high temperature plasma channel is created between the tips of the electrodes. The resulting shockwave in the liquid, initiated by the expansion of the plasma channel, is propagated toward the blank at the acoustic velocity of the fluid, and the mass and momentum of the water in the shock wave accelerates the sheet metal blank toward the die. The objective of this paper is to report the results of formability testing of dual phase steels under three basic conditions: (1) conventional limiting dome height (LDH) testing; (2) starting with a flat blank and using one pulse of EHF to fill the desired die geometry; and (3) starting with a quasi-static preforming step to partially fill the die cavity and then using one pulse of EHF to fill the remaining area of the die cavity. A hybrid process which combines sheet hydroforming (HF) and EHF as described herein has the potential to reduce the cycle time of the EHF process by replacing the initial EHF forming increments with one quasi-static preforming step. Additionally, a numerical model was developed and employed in order to better understand the sheet deformation process within EHF. The numerical model consists of four distinct models that are integrated into one: (1) an electrical model of the discharge channel, (2) a model of the plasma, (3) a model of the liquid as a pressure-transmitting medium, and (4) a deformable sheet metal blank in contact with a rigid die. Significant improvements in formability were confirmed experimentally for DP780 and DP980 by forming into conical and v-shape dies using EHF from a flat sheet and by using EHF combined with a quasi-static preforming step. Numerical modeling showed that the peak strain rates occurring in both single-pulse EHF the hybrid HF-EHF process are approximately 17,000 units per second.     

Warm forming die design,part I: Experimental validation of a novel thermal finite element modeling code

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become an invaluable tool in the design of sheet metal stamping dies and processes. FEA has gained widespread acceptance as the best method of optimizing dies for conventional stamping processes. More recently, FEA has been shown to be an effective method of designing tooling for sheet forming processes. In this work, an FEA based approach is applied to the warm stamping (warm forming) process. This work introduces a new thermal finite element analysis software called PASSAGE®/Forming (PASSAGE) that enables the up-front design of the thermal management of warm forming dies. This thermal finite element analysis software is designed to specifically handle the forming and optimization scenarios related to the heating of a stamping die while minimizing user interface time. In this work, PASSAGE has been applied to a simple block of steel embedded with cartridge heaters to validate the prediction capability of this software under two different heating conditions. The results show that PASSAGE is capable of predicting the actual steady-state temperature distribution within the block with an acceptable level of accuracy while yielding notable information to the user with respect to specifying power requirements. A finite element software package like PASSAGE is a valuable tool that will aid greatly in the implementation of warm forming as a manufacturing process beyond the scope of the laboratory and into production.     

采用薄膜模型模拟三维板料成形过程

此文基于有限变形理论建立了三维金属板料成形过程的弹塑性有限元数学模型。数学模型采用物质坐标系中的Total Lagrange描述、J_2型本构方程、等向强化假设,考虑了板料的厚向异性,对于金属板料与模具的摩擦采用近似的库仑摩擦定律以改善计算的收敛性。为简化计算采用薄膜单元。采用根据此模型编制的程序模拟了机油收集器基本件的成形过程,并与实验结果进行了对比。     

Shear cutting and counter shear cutting of sandwich materials

New lightweight sandwich materials challenge existing forming processes as well as following process steps. As such the manufacturing potential of shear cutting has to be evaluated. Two cutting methods are compared. Method commonly used is shear-cutting within one stroke engaged, the other one is known as counter-shear cutting, which uses two strokes.The challenges of cutting sandwich materials are variation of hole diameter within the different layers, fraying of the textiles, deformation of the hole contour and burr formation. These effects occur in conventional shear cutting as the intermediate layer and the lower sheet metal are cut by the scrap of the upper sheet instead of the cutting punch.The following methodology included shear cutting with closed cutting edge i.e. cutting of holes into five different sandwich materials. The sandwiches exemplarily represent multiple kinds of possible material designs. For instance, aluminum and steel face sheets, different thicknesses of intermediate layers and different intermediate layers materials such as integrated textile fibers have been used. Adequate cutting parameters such as die clearance and the use of a blank holder have been determined. To achieve good results a stiff machine design with good guidance and precise control of punch position was crucial.Observations of conventional shear cutting revealed the need of small cutting clearance of 4%. High burnish area is possible for the upper face sheet due to the superimposed force by the lower face sheet. The major conclusion depicted that high cutting quality of sandwich materials requires counter shear cutting. Hence, the roll-over of the lower sheet facing the intermediate layer, the burnish area at the lower sheet, good cutting quality of the fibers improve significantly and burr formation is avoided completely. Summarized this paper provides cutting parameters for sandwich materials based on experimental work.     

An Analytical Prediction of Flange Wrinkling in Sheet Metal Forming

Wrinkling is one of the major defects in sheet metal forming. The ability to accurately predict the occurrence of wrinkling is critical to the design of tooling and processing parameters. An analytical approach for predicting the onset of flange wrinkling is presented. This method is based on the wrinkling criterion proposed by Cao and Boyce for predicting the buckling behavior of sheet metal under normal constraint. Using a combination of energy conservation and plastic bending theory, the analysis provides the critical buckling stress and wavelength as functions of normal pressure. The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained from Cao and Boyce's numerical approach, and also match well with the experimental results of a square cup forming. In addition, the effects of material properties on the wrinkling behavior are also discussed. The analytical method significantly reduces computational time and is suitable for direct engineering application.     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料 ,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况 ,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的 4 0 0MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势     

板材成形新技术及其发展趋势(Ⅰ)

近些年来,面对全球化的竞争,越来越需要小批量、多样化、周期短的新的成形技术.薄板成形技术在成形工艺中占有很重要的地位,其多样化趋势已经变得越来越明显,出现了多种加工方法,它对将来的工业结构和产品的生产技术将是一场革命.文中介绍了变压边力技术、成对液压成形技术、粘介质成形技术、无模分层成形技术等几种柔性化程度高的板材成形技术及其发展趋势.     

The strain gradient approach to predict necking in tube hydroforming

A stress-based forming limit diagram for necking prediction which is based on the strain gradient theory of plasticity in conjunction with the M–K model has been represented and used in tube hydroforming. In this study, the finite element model for bulge forming of straight tube has been constructed and verified with published experimental data. The adaptive simulation technique is based on the ability to detect the onset and growth of defects (e.g., wrinkling, and bursting) and to promptly readjust the loading paths. Thus, a suitable load path has been obtained by applying Adaptive Simulation Method in ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL).     

Simulations and experiments in punching spring-steel devices with sub-millimeter features

This work demonstrates the feasibility of meso-scale (100 μm to mm) punching of multiple holes of intricate shapes in metals. Analytical modeling, finite element (FE) simulation, and experimentation are used in this work. Two-dimensional FE simulations in ABAQUS were done with an assumed material modeling and plane-strain condition. A known analytical model was used and compared with the ABAQUS simulation results to understand the effects of clearance between the punch and the die. FE simulation in ABAQUS was done for different clearances and corner radii of the punch, die, and holder. To complement modeling with real experiments and for the purpose of comparison, a set of punches and dies were made to punch out a miniature spring-steel gripper. Comparison of compliant grippers made by wire-cut electro discharge machining (EDM) and punching shows that realizing sharp interior and re-entrant corners by punching is not easy to achieve. However, the promise of realizing meso-scale parts with complicated shapes through punching is demonstrated in this work; and further work is identified and some strategies are suggested for improvement. The main contribution of this paper is in adapting the well-established punching and blanking operations to the meso-scale as a viable alternative to making miniature devices currently dominated by lithography-based techniques.     

金属板材成形的静力隐式有限元分析与程序设计

阐述了用于板材成形过程静力隐式数值模拟的弹塑性大变形有限元方法 ,基于给出的方法编制了板材成形过程数值模拟软件 ,并对矩形板的液压胀形进行了有限元分析 ,计算结果与典型的实验结果吻合很好。对球形模具拉伸成形过程进行了数值模拟 ,给出了计算结果     

轿车后轴纵臂内高压成形研究

用400MPa内高压成形机对轿车后轴纵臂进行内高压成形试验研究,设计了合理的模具结构,包括分模面和冲头密封形式。分析了矩形截面圆角成形特点和所需成形压力计算公式,制定出合理的内高压工艺和参数,成功地试制出轿车后轴纵臂,经检测尺寸满足设计要求。     

材料结构参数对薄板冲压成形仿真结果的影响

采用不同材料屈服模型及参数对典型冲压过程进行了仿真 ,对仿真结果进行了分析。分析表明材料模型及参数对仿真结果影响至关重要 ,板料的厚度分布及成形极限图对结构参数n和r值很敏感。这对更好的了解不同材料在冲压时的力学行为和进行冲压仿真时怎样合理选择材料模型及参数提供了帮助     

板料成形模拟中压边力处理的研究

针对弹性压边建立了一个力学模型 ,用于板料成形的动力显式有限元模拟。以NU MISHEET’93方盒拉深标准考题为例 ,模拟了方盒在不同压边力情况下的起皱情况。数值计算结果表明该模型能有效地模拟弹性压边力 ,并预测工件法兰部位的起皱状况。     

新材料新工艺在新型汽车开发中的应用

讨论各种新型材料 ,包括铝合金、镁合金、高强度钢、超高强度钢和塑料等 ,在汽车制造业中的应用现状和前景。新型材料的推广应用离不开新工艺的发展。亦介绍了液压成形、发泡铝材技术、充液拉深、多点深拉深和拼接技术等新的成形工艺在新型汽车开发中的应用概况。