Modulation-assisted high speed machining of compacted graphite iron (CGI)

The application of controlled, low-frequency modulation (～100 Hz) superimposed onto the cutting process in the feed-direction – modulation-assisted machining (MAM) – is shown to be quite effective in reducing the wear of cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools when machining compacted graphite iron (CGI) at high machining speeds (>500 m/min). The tool life is at least 20 times greater than in conventional machining. This significant reduction in wear is a consequence of the multiple effects realized by MAM, including periodic disruption of the tool–workpiece contact, formation of discrete chips, enhanced fluid action and lower cutting temperatures. The propensity for thermochemical wear of CBN, the principal wear mode at high speeds in CGI machining, is thus reduced. The tool wear in MAM is also found to be smaller at the higher cutting speeds (730 m/min) tested. The feed-direction MAM appears feasible for implementation in industrial machining applications involving high speeds.     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

Effect of fluid concentration in titanium machining with an atomization-based cutting fluid (ACF) spray system

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of metal-working fluid (MWF) concentration on the machining responses including tool life and wear, cutting force, friction coefficient, chip morphology, and surface roughness during the machining of titanium with the use of the ACF spray system. Five different concentrations from 5 to 15% of a water-soluble metalworking fluid (MWF) were applied during turning of a titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V. The thermo-physical properties such as viscosity, surface tension and thermal conductivity of these concentrations were also measured. The test results demonstrate that the tool life first extends with the increase in MWF concentration and then drops with further increase. At low concentration (e.g., 5%), a lack of the lubrication effect causes to increase in a higher friction at the tool–chip interface resulting in severe chipping and tool nose/flank wear within a short machining time. On the other hand, at high concentration, the cooling effect is less. This increases cutting temperature and a faster thermal softening/chipping/notching of the tool material and higher friction at the tool–chip–workpiece interaction zones resulting in early tool failure. A good balance between the cooling and the lubrication effects seems to be found at the 10% MWF concentration as it offers the best machining performance. However, machining with flood coolant is observed to perform the best in the range of 5–7%.     

介质阻挡放电等离子去除PFOA的影响因素及机制研究

采用介质阻挡放电等离子对全氟辛酸(PFOA)进行降解研究,考察了PFOA初始浓度、放电峰-峰值电压、溶液初始p H及初始电导率对PFOA降解的影响.结果表明介质阻挡放电等离子对PFOA具有良好的降解效果.在峰-峰值电压为14 k V,初始电导率为50μS·cm-1条件下,2h脱氟率可达48.43%.TOC去除符合伪一级反应动力学,速率常数为0.4075 h-1,去除率达53.30%,投加羟基自由基(·OH)捕获剂实验表明:·OH是主要的活性物质,对PFOA脱氟贡献率78.30%.采用UPLC-QTOF/MS对反应产物进行检测,并推测PFOA可能的降解路径:1·OH氧化PFOA进行脱氟反应生成C6F13C(OH)2COOH,经分子内脱H2O生成C6F13COCOOH;2·OH氧化PFOA分子,使羧酸键—COOH断裂,生成醛类C7F13HO,最后两者都经·OH氧化成C6F13COOH,然后按上述过程逐级脱去CF2生成短链全氟羧酸.     

氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响

通过批量培养实验研究了不同磷水平下N/P比对铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)和斜生栅藻(绿藻)生长速率的影响,并在太湖蓝藻水华暴发期间,监测了梅梁湾和湖心区水体叶绿素a浓度和氮磷营养盐结构变化,以探讨N/P比对蓝藻优势形成的影响.结果表明, N/P比对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响并不表现在一个确定值上,而与水体氮磷的绝对浓度有关,在0.02mg/L磷浓度下,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在N/P比为4:1~32:1范围内生长速率均较低(0.067~0.074,0.018~0.022d-1),说明受到营养盐的限制;当磷浓度达到0.20mg/L时, 铜绿微囊藻在N/P比为32:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.240d-1),斜生栅藻在N/P比为64:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.380 d-1);而在磷浓度升高到2.00mg/L时,不同N/P比下铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均达到最大生长速率(0.24~0.25, 0.378~0.381d-1),说明氮磷浓度均比较充足,N/P比对生长速率已经没影响.可见,氮磷浓度比N/P比对两种藻的生长影响更大.与斜生栅藻相比,铜绿微囊藻对氮磷营养的生理需求和最大生长速率均相对较低,属K策略物种,易在低氮磷浓度下形成优势.梅梁湾在水华暴发期间氮浓度一直远低于水华较轻的湖心区,而磷浓度远高于湖心区,进而导致梅梁湾N/P质量比(低于20:1)在水华期间一直低于湖心区(124:1),低N/P比是蓝藻水华暴发导致氮浓度下降,磷浓度升高的结果.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)法观测我国4个本底站大气CO2

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术自组装的大气CO2在线观测系统,于2009年在青海瓦里关、浙江临安、北京上甸子和黑龙江龙风山4个世界气象组织全球大气观测网(WMO/GAW)大气本底站对大气CO2进行了在线观测.初步分析结果表明,4站全年大气CO2体积分数最低值出现在7～8月,夏季临安、龙风山和上甸子站CO2平均体积...     

Theoretical study on the degradation reaction of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin with atomic oxygen O(3P) in dielectric barrier discharge reactor

Dielectric barrier discharges （DBD） have been used in the degradation of dioxins due to the large number of excimers and free radicals produced in discharge process. In this article, the density functional theory （DFT） is used to study the degradation mechanism of octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin （OCDD） with the atomic oxygen O（3P） in DBD reactor. The reactants, intermediates, transition states and products are optimized at the MPWB1K/6- 31 ＋ G（d,p） level. The vibrational frequencies have been calculated at the same level. The reaction pathways and mechanisms are analyzed in detail. The effect of removing the chlorine atom on environment also has been discussed.     

高效液相色谱法测定矿区塌陷区水体中多环芳烃

高效液相色谱法是目前多环芳烃(PAHs)测定最常用技术之一。针对EPA规定的16种优先控制PAHs污染物,采用高效液相色谱法进行矿区塌陷区水体样品的测试。通过紫外-荧光串联使用,紫外检测器变波扫描,荧光检测器波长切换,合理设定流动相梯度洗脱程序等手段优化分析条件,使16个组分在40min内获得良好的分离效果。并分别选取在紫外和荧光检测条件下各组分的最大响应进行定量,使各组分均具有更低的检出限。本方法精密度为0.98%～10.4%,加标回收率达72.4%～112%,可作为各种环境样品中PAHs分析检测的参考。     

F/M比在活性污泥污水处理工艺中的概念扩展和相关关系的建立

在活性污泥污水处理工艺中原有的进水F M比 (即fi)概念的基础上 ,首次引入了出水F M比 (即fe)、进出水F M比减少量 (即 -Δf)和复合半饱和常数Kfs等概念 ,由此建立了F M比 (包括fi、fe 和 -Δf)与曝气池主要运行参数及性能指标之间的相关定性定量关系 ,以及fe 随时间变化的动态定量关系 .采用真实的污水厂的数据 ,对相关关系的合理性进行了验证 ,并用灵敏度分析证明了fe 较优地反映了曝气池运行状况     

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interactionbetween suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River wasstudied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been alsoinvestigated. The results showed that (1) Cadmium in Cd(OH)+ formin the suspended particles exchanges with the cations.The exchangeratio of Cd2+ is nearly at its greatest value in the range of pH(8.0-8.5) in natural aquatic system; (2) Ion exchange ratiodecreases as the concentration of Cd2+ raises from 8.9×10-6 mol/L to 2x8.9 x 10-6mol/L; (3) At the lysine concentration of 6.8x10-6 mol/L, it can promote the ion exchange ratio; (4) Adsorption of thesuspended particles to cadmium is weaker in seawater and Jin ShaRiver than in the Yellow River.     

生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准探讨

基于中国与美国间生物敏感性的差异,对生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准值进行了研究.首先,对中美共有的且急性生物毒性数据符合3门8科的污染物进行筛选,然后,依据两国物种的敏感性与代表性建立基于不同生物组合的BER技术,最后,对不同生物组合BER技术预测水生生物急性基准值与实测基准值进行比较与分析,筛选出预测效果较好的BER技术.结果表明:共筛选出9个中美共有且毒性数据丰富的污染物(As(III)、Cr(VI)、Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、对硫磷、毒死蜱和三丁基锡),依据本土生物毒性数据推导出该9种污染物的我国水生生物急性基准值分别为201.72、2.64、0.74、1.32、55.83、92.25、0.12、0.36和0.38μg/L.此外,在对7种生物组合方式BER技术的预测效果进行分析比较的基础上,初步提出基于同属或科的生物组合方式的BER技术可较好地对9种污染物的本土水生生物急性基准值进行预测.研究结果可为在本土生物毒性数据缺乏时充分利用现有毒性数据或进行少量毒性试验的基础上对我国水生生物急性基准值的预测提供帮助.     

液相色谱法测定空气中苯并[a]芘的不确定度评估

根据《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》提供的不确定度分析思路,对液相色谱法测定空气中苯并[a]芘的不确定度进行了评估,分析了影响测量不确定度的各个因素,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定和表述。     

高径比对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

采用3组高径比分别为3：1,4.5：1和6：1的SBR反应器（R1,R2,R3）,以实际生活污水为进水并接种污水处理厂二沉池的回流污泥,研究SBR高径比对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥形成,同步去除碳,氮,磷性能的影响.结果表明,R1,R2,R3分别历时42,35和28d启动成功;颗粒污泥培养成熟后,其平均粒径逐渐趋于稳定,分别可达750,900,1100μm.启动阶段,R1,R2,R3对总氮的去除率分别为66%,61%,62%;颗粒污泥成熟后,R1,R2和R3出水均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,总氮去除率分别为79%,85%,91%,总磷去除率分别为91%,93%,94%,COD去除率分别为89%,92%,93%.进一步分析表明,在本试验研究范围内,SBR高径比增大有利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成,且利于增大颗粒粒径,进而提高沉淀性能和同步去除碳,氮,磷的性能.     

掺铜可溶玻璃微粒去除海洋原甲藻赤潮生物的研究

在研究高岭土、蒙脱土、CuSO4和可 溶玻璃粉的基础上提出并研究了掺铜和铜银混合可溶玻璃微粒对赤潮生物的去除。结果表明，对于海洋原甲藻（Prorocentrum micans)体系，在含铜可溶玻璃中引入一定量的Ag2O，可以减少除藻材料中CuSO4的用量。由于其具有同时缓释Cu^2 、Au^ 的作用，用量为2.0mg/L时，藻细胞的去除率在12h内可达到96.8%，并维持7d以上时间藻细胞数目没有明显增加。掺铜可溶玻璃除藻剂较CuSO4避免了投药过程中易造成局部Cu^2 浓度过高而伤害鱼类的缺点。     

集成模块系统同步硝化反硝化处理低碳氮比污水的试验

以模拟低C/N比污水为研究对象,采用集成模块式污水处理装置与技术,在反应器主反应区实现了同步硝化反硝化(SND),研究了在不同DO、HRT、C/N比、pH值下污水氨氮、总氮的去除,研究结果表明,DO=1.2~1.4mg/L,总HRT=20h(主反应区HRT=8h),原水C/N=5:1,pH=7.5时,NH3--N可以从15mg/L降至2.5mg/L,总氮可以从20mg/L降至4mg/L,去除率可以达到83%和80%;主反应区SND动力学模型求解得出集成模块式污水处理SND动力学方程及反硝化过程中硝酸盐氮饱和常数 =1.55mg/L,远高于普通活性污泥反硝化过程中的饱和常数0.06~0.2mg/L.集成模块式污水处理技术能高效去除低C/N比污水中的总氮,且具有运行稳定和抗冲击等优点.为中小城镇生活污水深度脱氮提供了技术支持和理论基础.     

两性离子在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜表面接枝改性的研究

为增强膜的亲水性,提高抗污染能力,采用原子转移自由基反应(ATRP),将甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)接枝到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜表面;再以硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,通过自由基聚合反应将两性离子单体3-(甲基丙烯酰胺基)丙基-二甲基(3-硫代丙基)氢氧化铵内盐(MPDSAH)成功接枝到膜表面.采用全反射红外光谱仪(ATR-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及接触角测定仪分析了改性前后膜表面性质及结构形态变化.随接枝时间的增加,接枝密度(GD)逐渐升高,膜孔径变小,孔隙率降低,但同时膜表面亲水性明显增强.通过牛血清蛋白(BSA)吸附及过滤实验,检验PVDF膜改性前后的抗污染性能.随着GD的增加,在高浓度BSA溶液中膜表面吸附量明显减少.当GD为288.340μg·cm-2时,膜表面接触角(CA)降低最多,由原膜的77.2°降至41.7°,且在5 s内降为0,通量恢复率高达94.961%.因此,最佳接枝时间为2 h,此时接枝密度288.340μg·cm-2则是最佳接枝密度.     

Electro-oxidation of Ni (II)-citrate complexes at BDD electrode and simultaneous recovery of metallic nickel by electrodeposition

The simultaneous electro-oxidation of Ni (II)-citrate and electrodeposition recovery of nickel metal were attempted in a combined electro-oxidation-electrodeposition reactor with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a polished titanium cathode. Effects of initial nickel citrate concentration, current density, initial pH, electrode spacing, electrolyte type, and initial electrolyte dosage on electrochemical performance were examined. The efficiencies of Ni (II)-citrate removal and nickel metal recovery were determined to be 100% and over 72%, respectively, under the optimized conditions (10 mA/cm², pH 4.09, 80 mmol/L Na₂SO₄, initial Ni (II)-citrate concentration of 75 mg/L, electrode spacing of 1 cm, and 180 min of electrolysis). Energy consumption increased with increased current density, and the energy consumption was 0.032 kWh/L at a current density of 10 mA/cm² (pH 6.58). The deposits at the cathode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These characterization results indicated that the purity of metallic nickel in cathodic deposition was over 95%. The electrochemical system exhibited a prospective approach to oxidize metal complexes and recover metallic nickel.     

Plasma induced degradation of Indigo Carmine by bipolar pulsed dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) in the water-air mixture

Degradation of the Indigo Carmine (IC) by the bipolar pulsed DBD in water-air mixture was studied. Effects of vadous parameters such as gas flow rate, solution conductivity, pulse repetitive rate and ect., on color removal efficiency of dying wastewater were investigated. Concentrations of gas phase O3 and aqueous phase H2O2 under various conditions were measured. Experimental results showed that air bubbling facil~tates the breakdown of water and promotes generation of chemically active species. Color removal efficiency of IC solution can be greatly improved by the air aeration under various solution conductivities. Decolorization efficiency increases with the increase of the gas flow rate, and decreases with the increase of the initial solution conductivity. A higher pulse repetitive rate and a larger pulse capacitor Cp are favorable for the decolorization process. Ozone and hydrogen peroxide formed decreases with the increase of initial solution conductivity. In addition, preliminary analysis of the decolorization mechanisms is given.     

钛基改性DSA电极氧化法去除水中全氟化合物

为了提高金属氧化物电极(DSA电极)的稳定性及催化活性,实现全氟化合物(PFCs)的高效降解,分别以溶胶涂覆法和电沉积法制备了改性DSA(Ti/SnO_2-ZnO)电极,并用于全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的电化学降解过程研究.实验分别考察了电流密度、溶液初始pH、 PFOA与PFOS初始浓度对PFCs降解效果的影响.结果表明:两种方法制备的改性DSA电极表面均匀负载了SnO_2-ZnO复合涂层.在二维电极体系中,极板面积约为65.0 cm~2,电流密度为20.0 mA·cm~(-2),极板间距为15.0 mm,电解质为1.30 g·L~(-1)次氯酸钠溶液以及电解时间为150 min时,溶胶涂覆法和电沉积法所制备的Ti/SnO_2-ZnO电极对初始浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)的PFOA和PFOS分别在pH为3.50和6.50时去除效果最佳,分别达到了90.6%、94.6%和91.0%、93.7%;循环使用电极3次,其降解过程均符合准一级反应动力学,且电沉积法制备的电极效果优于溶胶涂敷法,表现出对PFCs类污染物稳定、高效的去除能力.