Development of chemically produced hydrogen energy-based impact bonding process for dissimilar metals

There has been a growing demand in the fabrication of dissimilar metal parts for application in the automotive, aerospace, defense, chemical and nuclear industries. Welding of dissimilar materials can be accomplished via impact welding, which can minimize the formation of a continuous inter-metallic phase, while chemically bonding dissimilar metals. This paper discusses an innovative technique for bonding dissimilar metals by chemically produced hydrogen energy by reacting aluminum powder and water. Experiments were carried out to study impact bond characteristics using copper and stainless steel cylindrical billets. The influence of nosed flyer billet angle and billet mass on bonding characteristics were studied. The test results have demonstrated that the nosed flyer billet angle has significant influence on wavy bond patterns at the interface. Among the three flyer billet nose angles of 9°, 12° and 15°, the billets with a flyer angle of 15° resulted in a complete wave morphological pattern along the whole sample cross-section. This study shows the potential of developing a cost effective system/machinery where discrete metal parts can be bonded at near net shape.     

A method for double-sided friction stir spot welding

A rotating anvil similar to a pinless friction stir welding (FSW) tool can be applied to friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of thin metal plates. FSSW is a solid-state joining process that is currently being used by automotive manufacturers as an alternative to rivets and traditional resistance spot welding. The principal detractor of this process is the keyhole left by pin extraction, which can be detrimental to the weld strength. A pinless tool can be used to eliminate the keyhole. However, this approach is limited to joining thin sheet (≤1 mm). Using a rotating anvil with the FSSW process permits the joining of thicker cross sections, improves the mechanical strength of the spot weld and reduces the reaction forces on the spot welding frame. A numerical model of the process, tensile shear tests and macrosection analysis are used to evaluate the spot welds.Macrosection and numerical analysis reveals that the material flow between the pinless tool and rotating anvil is complex and unique to this process. It has been found that the use of a rotating anvil for FSSW is a viable means to create quality spot welds in thicker weldments.     

Friction stir welding: Process,automation, and control

This article provides an introduction to the basic principles of friction stir welding (FSW) as well as a survey of the latest research and applications in the field. The basic principles covered include terminology, material flow, joint configurations, tool design, materials, and defects. Material flow is discussed from both an experimental and a modeling perspective. Process variants are discussed as well, which include self-reacting (SR-FSW), stationary shoulder, friction stir processing (FSP), friction stir spot welding (FSSW), assisted FSW, and pulsed FSW. Multiple aspects of robotic friction stir welding are covered, including sensing, control, and joint tracking. Methods of evaluating weld quality are surveyed as well. The latest applications are discussed, with an emphasis on recent advances in aerospace, automotive, and ship building. Finally, the direction of future research and potential applications are examined.     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料 ,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况 ,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的 4 0 0MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势     

2024-T3铝合金单搭接化铣板疲劳特性及失效机理

目的 研究2024-T3铝合金单搭接化铣板的疲劳性能及失效形式。方法 采用步进法对化铣板搭接件进行疲劳试验,运用奈尔检验法对疲劳强度进行数据处理,运用扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析对典型疲劳断口进行观察和成分分析,对比基板厚度和铆钉孔径对化铣板搭接件疲劳强度的影响,分析并探讨2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳失效形式及机理。结果 基板厚度对2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度影响较大,而铆钉孔径影响较小。随着基板厚度的增加,化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度呈现出降低的趋势,对2种铆钉孔径（3、4 mm）,厚度为1.8 mm化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度较厚度为0.6 mm的试样分别降低了13.2%和13.0%。基板厚度增加使铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳失效形式从上基板铆钉头部失效变为下基板纽扣处失效,并最终表现为铆钉断裂失效。结论 随着基板厚度增加,搭接件微动磨损加剧,加速了疲劳裂纹萌生,这是造成2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件疲劳强度显著降低的主要原因。     

Magnetic pulse welding: Interface of Al/Cu joint and investigation of intermetallic formation effect on the weld features

This paper attempts to highlight emerging issues when joining dissimilar metal pairs by magnetic pulse welding. For this purpose, joint of Al/Cu and Al/Al welded with the same parameters are compared. Al/Cu combination involves a formation of an interfacial intermetallic phase whereas Al/Al joint is bonded by metal continuity at the interface. The intermetallic is found to be amorphous, nanoporous, and damaged by a multi-directional cracks. The formation of such features is respectively explained by a melting confined at the interface followed by high rate cooling, cavitation phenomenon and solidification shrinkage. Mechanical characterizations of the Al/Cu joint show brittle fracture at the interface with fragmentation of the [0] intermetallics (glass type rupture). The intermetallic defects such as pores and cracks strongly reduce the breaking load level when compared to the Al/Al case. On the other hand, the Al/Al joint shows ductile fracture with plastic deformation of the interface.     

Experimental investigation on mechanical and metallurgical properties of super duplex stainless steel joints using friction welding process

Friction welding is one of the most economical and highly practicable methods in joining similar and dissimilar metals. In this study, high-quality welds are produced in the super duplex stainless steel by continuous drive friction welding successfully. Design of experiment was done using central composite design of response surface methodology. In the present work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welded super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32760) were examined. The base material has a microstructure consisting of the ferrite matrix with austenite islands. Ferrite content was analyzed through the phase analyzer software and found that it is in the range of 42–55% in all weld metals. The phases were further analyzed through X-ray diffraction method. All the weld metals have higher hardness than the base metals. Weld transverse tensile failures consistently occurred away from the weld zone and exhibit more hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strengths than the base material. The austenite content increases with nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen could enhance the yield stress and ultimately tensile strength of super duplex stainless steel. Secondary phase precipitation is not observed in the welded joint probably due to the shorter heating times.     

Dimpling process in cold roll metal forming by finite element modelling and experimental validation

The dimpling process is a novel cold-roll forming process that involves dimpling of a rolled flat strip prior to the roll forming operation. This is a process undertaken to enhance the material properties and subsequent products’ structural performance while maintaining a minimum strip thickness. In order to understand the complex and interrelated nonlinear changes in contact, geometry and material properties that occur in the process, it is necessary to accurately simulate the process and validate through physical tests. In this paper, 3D non-linear finite element analysis was employed to simulate the dimpling process and mechanical testing of the subsequent dimpled sheets, in which the dimple geometry and material properties data were directly transferred from the dimpling process. Physical measurements, tensile and bending tests on dimpled sheet steel were conducted to evaluate the simulation results. Simulation of the dimpling process identified the amount of non-uniform plastic strain introduced and the manner in which this was distributed through the sheet. The plastic strain resulted in strain hardening which could correlate to the increase in the strength of the dimpled steel when compared to plain steel originating from the same coil material. A parametric study revealed that the amount of plastic strain depends upon on the process parameters such as friction and overlapping gap between the two forming rolls. The results derived from simulations of the tensile and bending tests were in good agreement with the experimental ones. The validation indicates that the finite element analysis was able to successfully simulate the dimpling process and mechanical properties of the subsequent dimpled steel products.     

Joining sheet panels to thin-walled tubular profiles by tube end forming

This paper is focused on novel utilizations of the fundamental modes of deformation of tube end forming for assembling sheet panels to thin-walled tubular profiles.The objective is to present an innovative and environmental friendly joining technology built upon the combination of compression beading with tube inversion that can successfully eliminate currently available technologies based on mechanical fixing with fasteners, welding and structural adhesive bonding. The technology works at room temperature, is capable of ensuring significant economic and time savings and offers potential for opening new markets for the assembly of lightweight frame structures.The presentation is supported by experimentation and numerical modelling based on independently determined mechanical properties of the materials with the purpose of characterizing and evaluating the process feasibility limits as a function of the major operative parameters.The feasibility of joining sheet panels to tubular profiles by means of the proposed technology is demonstrated by presenting industrial applications and by evaluating the performance of a safety auto part in an operation failure test.     

汽车覆盖件成形过程数值模拟技术研究进展

汽车覆盖件成形过程的数值模拟涉及几何、材料和接触三重非线性等一系列难题.对数值模拟中的诸多相关技术进行了回顾总结.并指出了在汽车覆盖件成形过程的数值模拟中应采取的技术和方法.     

早强剂对钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料的强度及水化性能影响

针对钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料存在早期强度低的问题,研究不同早强剂对钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料抗压强度及水化性能影响。结果表明:当脱硫灰掺量为15%,3 d抗压强度为3.65 MPa,比空白样降低了48.95%。利用生石灰、氯化钙、甲酸钙、硅灰、硫酸铝复合早强剂改性钢渣-脱硫灰基胶凝材料,其3 d抗压强度可达到17.89 MPa,是空白组试件的2.45倍,满足GB 175—2007《通用硅酸盐水泥》中复合硅酸盐水泥42.5级水泥抗压强度指标。通过XRD、SEM、FT-IR、XPS和DTG分析发现,水化产物主要是单硫型水化硫型硫铝钙、水化氯铝酸钙、水化硅酸钙和弗里德尔盐。     

基于DIC技术获取焊接接头单轴拉伸力学性能

目的 获取异种金属焊接接头局部拉伸力学性能.方法 针对压水堆核电机组蒸汽发生器接管与安全端异种金属焊接接头(Dissimilar metal weld joint,DMWJ,其接管材料为20MND 5低合金钢,安全端为Z2 CND 18.12控氮奥氏体不锈钢,焊缝材料为INCONEL 52镍基合金),采用等直圆棒拉伸试...     

铝锂合金焊缝大气腐蚀行为研究

目的研究铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝在大气环境中的腐蚀行为。方法采用电化学极化法、质量增加法、扫描电子显微镜、三维体式显微镜几种不同的表征手段对铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝在模拟海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为进行研究。结果焊缝部位存在较为严重的应力腐蚀开裂现象,腐蚀电位比基体部位负移约0.05 V,腐蚀速率比一般基体部位明显增大。结论搅拌摩擦焊虽具有较多优点,在其他领域得到一定应用,但针对铝锂合金在海军飞机方向的应用存在缺陷,不能直接裸露使用。     

新材料新工艺在新型汽车开发中的应用

讨论各种新型材料 ,包括铝合金、镁合金、高强度钢、超高强度钢和塑料等 ,在汽车制造业中的应用现状和前景。新型材料的推广应用离不开新工艺的发展。亦介绍了液压成形、发泡铝材技术、充液拉深、多点深拉深和拼接技术等新的成形工艺在新型汽车开发中的应用概况。     

Problems and issues in laser beam welding of aluminum–lithium alloys

Aluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys are very attractive for potential aerospace applications due to their lower density, higher specific strength and rigidity, better corrosion and fatigue crack growth resistance properties, compared to conventional aluminum alloys. Laser beam welding (LBW), being an advanced joining method, has already been approved for applications involving aluminum alloys. However, there are still a number of problems and issues to be answered and solved in LBW of Al–Li alloys. In this review, the properties of Al–Li alloys and the characteristics of LBW are introduced, the formation and prevention of the main weld defects such as porosity and hot cracking are discussed, and then the weld microstructure and the joint mechanical properties are described in highlight. At the end, an outlook on future trends is presented.     

高强度合金结构钢与高强度铝合金防护层的耐霉性研究

目的研究高强合金结构钢和高强铝合金防护层的耐霉菌腐蚀能力。方法以高强合金结构钢和高强铝合金两种材料为基材分别制备不同防护层,按GJB 150.10A—2009进行实验室霉菌试验,评定防护层的长霉等级。结果两种材料的不同防护层中,除润滑油涂层和阳级氧化层的长霉等级为0~1级外,炮油涂层、涂漆层、镀锌层或锌镍合金层长霉等级均在2~3级。结论高强合金结构钢润滑油涂层耐霉性能良好,镀锌层或锌镍合金层、涂漆层、炮油涂层耐霉性能较差;高强铝合金阳级氧化层耐霉性能良好,炮油涂层、涂漆层耐霉性能较差。     

Modeling tensile strength of materials processed by accumulative roll bonding

Nanostructured materials are a relatively new class of materials that exhibit advanced mechanical properties, thus improving performance and capabilities of products, with potential applications in the automotive, aerospace and defense industries. Among the severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods currently used for achieving nanoscale structures, accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is the most favorable method to produce grain refinement for continuous production of metallic sheets at a bulk scale.In this article, a model that describes the evolution of material strength due to processing via accumulative roll bonding was developed. ARB experiments were conducted on CP-Ti Grade 2 at a selected set of conditions. The results showed significant grain refinement in the microstructure (down to ～120 nm) and a two-fold increase in tensile strength as compared to the as-received material. The developed model was validated using the experimental data, and exhibited a good fit over the entire range of ARB processing cycles. To further validate the model and ensure its robustness for a wider array of materials (beyond CP-Ti), a review of efforts on ARB processing was carried out for five other materials with different initial microstructures, mechanical properties, and even crystalline structures. The model was still able to capture the strengthening trends in all considered materials.     

Microstructures and electrochemical behaviors of the friction stir welding dissimilar weld

By using optical microscope, the microstructures of 5083/6082 friction stir welding (FSW) weld and parent materials were analyzed. Meanwhile, at ambient temperature and in 0.2 mol/L NaHS0₃ and 0.6 mol/L NaCl solutionby gravimetric test, potentiodynamic polarization curve test, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, the electrochemical behavior of 5083/6082 friction stir welding weld and parent materials were comparatively investigated by gravimetric test, potentiodynamic polarization curve test, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. The results indicated that at given processing parameters, the anti-corrosion property of the dissimilar weld was superior to those of the 5083 and 6082 parent materials.     

LDR and hydroforming limit for deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheet

The goal of the research was to determine the limits and conditions in which the sheet hydroforming process provides a significant advantage over stamping in deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheets. Specifically, the maximum draw depth achievable by stamping, warm stamping (WF), sheet hydroforming (SHF), and sheet thermo-hydroforming (THF) of AA5754 aluminum alloy were quantified through experimental and computational modeling. A limited number of forming experiments were conducted with AA5754 aluminum sheets using a cylindrical punch and counteracting fluid at different temperatures and pressures. Several parameters, such as force–displacement, hydroforming pressure and temperature, and the maximum draw depth prior to wrinkling or tearing were measured during the forming process to make comparisons with simulations. The computational study included the simulation of stamping, WF, SHF and THF of AA5754 aluminum sheet with the LS-Dyna code, and the Barlat 2000-2d yield function with temperature-dependent coefficients. To predict the onset of wrinkling and tearing, the numerically generated, temperature-dependent forming limit diagrams (FLDs) based on the Barlat 2000-2d yield function were used. It was found that compared with stamping, SHF and THF can achieve more than 100% deeper draw depths with AA5754 aluminum sheet. The stamping simulations were used also to calculate the optimum blank size and die corner radii for the limiting draw ratio (LDR). The LDR was found to be very sensitive to the punch and die corner radii used in the experiments, which represent the curvature of character lines in an actual part. The LDR for AA5754 aluminum sheet was found to be 1.33 and 2.21 for sharp and round die corner radii, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that SHF is most ideal for deep drawing of aluminum sheets with sharp radii features. With the additional drawability provided by SHF, the automotive industry would be able to make difficult-to-form aluminum parts that cannot be stamped without product concessions such as increasing the die radii.     

Twin-roll casting of aluminum–steel clad strips

The results of experiments on twin-roll casting of aluminum–steel clad strips are presented. For the first time this energy-saving production technology for a clad material of this metals combination was implemented. Besides the experimental equipment and processing details, the results of metallographic, electron microprobe and transmission electron microscopy analysis of the aluminum–steel interface are shown. The pack rolling and deep-drawing tests of the twin-roll cast clad strips were performed to check their applicability for a further processing using plastic deformation. In addition adhesive strength of the bond was tested. The performed analysis have shown the formation of a continuous, thin and uniform layer of intermetallic phases on the materials interface of approx. 3 μm thickness having an adhesive strength over 70 MPa.