刚性隔热瓦对舱段结构动特性影响规律分析

目的 分析刚性隔热瓦尺寸、瓦间缝隙大小及热环境对典型舱段结构动特性的影响规律.方法 以刚性隔热瓦式热防护系统的高超声速飞行器舱段结构为研究对象,建立其动力学模型,分别研究自由-自由边界条件下刚性隔热瓦尺寸及瓦间缝隙大小对舱段结构动特性的影响规律.开展热环境下舱段结构的稳态热传导分析,获得热环境下舱段结构的温度场分布,然...     

Cooling rate limitations in the diffusion bonding of microchannel arrays

A significant barrier to the diffusion bonding of microchannel arrays is the large capital investment required to setup production. This large capital investment extends from long heating and cooling cycles leading to poor production capacities. Empirical studies in industry have shown that cooling rate is limited by the warpage of microchannel laminae, which is believed to be caused by thermal buckling. In this paper, the limits of cooling rates based on thermal buckling during the diffusion bonding of microchannel laminae are investigated. Finite element analyses of the transient thermal and stress behaviors of these microchannel laminae were conducted to identify the maximum cooling rates for different lamina thicknesses. Findings confirm that cooling rates are limited by the thermal buckling of unconstrained microchannel laminae during cooling of the device. Finite element analysis results are used to extrapolate implications for microchannel production.     

基于理想点法的加筋板屈曲承载力优化

目的针对加筋板在使用工况中易发生屈曲和结构失稳,提出一种基于理想点法的屈曲承载力优化设计方法。方法以加筋板的屈曲承载力最大和结构质量最小为目标,以加筋板的屈曲、最大vonMises应力和筋条压损等为约束条件,并利用理想点法将多目标优化问题转化为单目标优化问题。基于ANSYS参数化建模技术,构建屈曲分析、优化设计一体化分析与设计模型,并采用单目标优化算法——DOWNHILL SIMPLEX算法实施了优化分析。结果优化后结构质量从0.195 kg增加到0.24 kg,增加了23%,结构承载力从129.4 k N提升到235.84 kN,提高了82%。结论通过优化能够获得结构性能折中的方案,可为加筋板结构设计应用提供参考。     

基于失效模式的船体典型加筋板极限承载能力预报

目的 探究失效模式对加筋板极限承载能力的影响,并提出加筋板极限承载能力预报方法。方法 利用非线性有限元法,对某典型船体加筋板模型进行分析。考虑加筋柔度与甲板柔度2种主要影响因素,分析加筋板的破坏机理,明确不同失效模式下甲板柔度与加筋柔度对加筋板极限承载能力的影响规律,并提出不同失效模式下加筋板极限承载能力的经验公式。结果 甲板柔度一定时,随着加筋柔度的增加,加筋板的破坏模式由板与加筋的局部屈曲,变为板格的局部屈曲,最后演变为加筋板的整体梁柱屈曲。板格宽度较低时,随着加筋高度的增加,加筋板的破坏模式会由梁柱屈曲变为板格屈曲;板格宽度较大时,不同加筋高度的加筋板破坏模式均为板格屈曲。不同失效模式下,加筋板的载荷位移曲线也呈现出不同的趋势。结论 加筋柔度与甲板柔度二者之间的数量关系会导致加筋板呈现出不同的失效模式,此时二者对加筋板极限承载能力的影响规律会有所不同。此外,在设计阶段,需保证加筋与甲板的刚度匹配,避免出现材料利用率过低的现象。     

Neutron activation analysis of ceramic tiles and its component and radon exhalation rate

IntroductionCeramic,consistofearthymaterialslikeclaykaolin ,limestoneandsandglass .Ceramicmaterialsarenonmetalic ,inorganiccompoundsprimaryoxides ,alsocarbides ,nitridesandsilicides .Twotypesofbondingmechanismsoccurinceramicmaterial ,ionicandcovalent.Theo…     

Model-Based Design of Motorized Spindle Systems to Improve Dynamic Performance at High Speeds

High-speed motorized spindle systems are subjected to several effects during high-speed rotations that can cause substantial changes in their dynamic and thermal behaviors, leading to chatter, bearing thermal seizure, or premature spindle bearing failures. Therefore, it is important to consider these high-speed effects in the design stage of high-speed motorized spindles. This paper first develops a design flow chart to represent the overall spindle design problems. Based on this flow chart, eight design parameters are identified. A design sensitivity analysis of these eight design parameters is then conducted based on an integrated finite element method model to investigate their influence on the natural frequencies of the spindle system. Based on the rule of Maximum Improvement First, a set of systematic design procedures is proposed to suggest design changes to a custom-designed motorized spindle rated at 32 kW and 25,000 rpm. Based on the simulation results, it is shown that the first-mode frequency of this spindle system can be improved from 790.7 Hz to 934 Hz at 25,000 rpm by simply adjusting the front and rear bearing locations. At the optimal design, the first-mode frequency can reach 1454.3 Hz at 25,000 rpm, which represents more than 80 percent improvement over the original design.     

Use of coatings to minimise acid emissions during ceramic tile firing

The manufacture of traditional ceramic products (ceramic tiles, roof tiles, and bricks) is often associated with the emission of F, Cl, and S compounds during the firing stage. According to the literature, fluorine emissions can be reduced by adding CaCO₃ to the raw materials mixture used in fabricating these products. However, data available to the authors indicate that this procedure, which has been successfully applied in manufacturing structural ceramics (roof tiles and bricks), is ineffective in ceramic tile manufacture and modifies tile end properties.This paper examines the possibility of reducing such emissions by applying coatings of alkaline-earth carbonates on to the ceramic tile bottom surface to retain the acid compounds emitted during tile firing. The effectiveness of MgCO₃, CaCO₃, SrCO₃, and BaCO₃ coatings for retaining these acid emissions was studied, using the evolved gas analysis (EGA) technique with a TG-DSC-FTIR-QM instrument.The SrCO₃ coating was found to provide the greatest retention, showing that SO₂ and HCl were retained more efficiently than HF. The presence of fluorides, chlorides, and sulphates of Ca, Sr, and Ba was verified in the respective fired coatings, confirming the existence of chemical reactions between the emitted acid compounds and the coating materials at high temperature.     

Eco-efficiency of fabric filters in the Italian ceramic tile industry

Italy is an important producer of ceramic tiles, with a high production share in Europe (50%) and worldwide (16%). Since early 1990s, fabric filters have been installed to reduce emissions of dust, lead, fluorine, etc. from firing kilns. Such end-of-pipe technologies can increase energy consumption and production costs. This paper presents a simplified LCA to assess the overall environmental effects of fabric filters in Italian ceramic tiles production. We also calculate the eco-efficiency of such filters, the additional cost per unit reduction of emissions. The results indicate that the environmental drawbacks of the filter are small and that, in comparison to existing eco-efficiency reference values, this air pollution abatement technique can be seen as an eco-efficient technique. These results can be useful in the identification of best available techniques (BAT), which is required under environmental regulations such as EC directive 96/61 (IPPC directive).     

Incentivizing REDD+: How developing countries are laying the groundwork for benefit-sharing

Benefit distribution plays a central role in incentivizing action in REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation and forest enhancement). Conceived as a global performance-based incentive mechanism to reduce land-use emissions in developing countries, REDD+ involves changes in resource governance by many actors at multiple scales, in order to minimize the climate impact of land-use activities or to maximize their contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A key governance issue for developing countries is how to incentivize action among stakeholders and the way countries design their benefit-sharing mechanisms (BSMs) is therefore seen as a critical factor in determining the success of REDD+ in the long term. This comprehensive research investigates up-to-date national level REDD+ planning documents to provide new evidence on how countries are planning to implement BSMs, including an analysis of common governance themes and where gaps exist. Our unique comparative study based on five country cases reveals that there is a lack of comprehensive participatory, transparent and accountable processes among country strategies and in particular, shortcomings in preparation for local and subnational governance, financial disbursement and dispute-resolution mechanisms. Furthermore, countries are making slow progress on land tenure and carbon rights reform. In fact, such ambiguous legislation on carbon benefits, coupled with weak institutional capacity and ineffective dispute-resolution mechanisms, may make it difficult for REDD+ stakeholders to participate fully in initiatives and receive a fair distribution of benefits. This research indicates that REDD+ actors including donors and national governments will need to further rethink strategies and policy frameworks to improve their BSMs and to guarantee effective, equitable and efficient REDD+ outcomes in the long term.     

试论西藏一江两河地区综合防护林体系建设

本文通过林业建设环境分析、论证,提出一江两河地区综合防护林体系建设的战略构想:在认真保护、科学经营现有森林资源的基础上,以拉萨河、雅鲁藏布江中段、年楚河谷地为主线,重点建设沿江防护林带,构成防护林体系的主要骨架;在河谷农田草场加速防护林网建设,完成防护林体系的网络结构;依土地条件积极营造薪炭林,适当发展用材林和四旁植树(含林卡和经济果树等),完善防护林体系的带网片结,建立起我国高原最大的综合防护林体系,保护好地理环境独特的高寒农业区和“世界第三极”。     

大型电力企业污染治理型营销策略研究

大型电力企业是国家发展电力需要重要扶持的企业。在大型电力企业电源结构中,火力发电占据重要地位,消耗煤炭的同时,会产生固体污染和废气污染,影响生态环境。为此,在提高大型电力企业完成电能输出的同时,需实现对环境的保护,提出对大型电力企业污染治理型营销策略进行研究。通过分析大型电力企业发展的生态环境、经济环境和行业发展环境,总结大型电力企业营销外部环境现状。考虑火力发电在电源结构中的地位以及对环境造成的污染,提出设计火力发电以外的电源结构,实现大型发电企业污染治理型营销策略提出与研究。     

试论西藏一江两河地区综合防护林体系建设

本文通过林业建设环境分析、论证,提出一江两河地区综合防护林体系建设的战略构想:在认真保护、科学经营现有森林资源的基础上,以拉萨河、雅鲁藏布江中段、年楚河谷地为主线,重点建设沿江防护林带,构成防护林体系的主要骨架;在河谷农田草场加速防护林网建设,完成防护林体系的网络结构;依土地条件积极营造薪炭林,适当发展用材林和四旁植树(含林卡和经济果树等),完善防护林体系的带网片结,建立起我国高原最大的综合防护林体系,保护好地理环境独特的高寒农业区和“世界第三极”。     

核电厂热疲劳监测系统开发与应用

核电厂实际运行瞬态的参数往往比设计条件更加复杂,设计中未能充分考虑的热分层和热冲击等,已引起了国际上压水堆核电厂一回路管道多起泄漏失效事件.针对设计中无法精确考虑的瞬态,主要通过增加额外的局部测点,实现部件疲劳寿命的精确评估(国内在此方面还处于起步阶段).自主开发了一回路管道热疲劳监测系统(TECMAN系统),并在我国...     

空间站应用系统电子设备热设计研究

目的针对以往载人航天应用系统中电子设备热设计的仿真分析方法不准确的问题,提出一种基于热平衡试验测量发热元器件温度数据验证热仿真分析结果的电子设备热设计方法。方法通过对应用系统电子设备在轨实际热工况条件的深入分析,结合电子设备的物理特性、电气特性及其技术特点,利用计算机应用技术和数字仿真技术建立电子设备热模型,并进行热仿真分析,再将仿真计算得到的发热元器件壳温与实际热平衡试验测量得到的元器件真实壳温比对,检验热仿真分析结果的准确性。结果某电子设备在真空度为1.0×10~(-4) Pa,温度为45℃条件下开展热平衡试验,实测得到的发热元器件温度值与热仿真分析温度值之差小于1℃。热平衡试验过程中,切换电子设备的不同工作模式时,通过器件的工作电流和电压计算出其热负荷指标与仿真得到的热耗值之差低于0.1 W。结论基于热平衡试验的发热元器件实测温度数据,验证了热仿真分析结果的电子设备热设计方法科学有效,有助于后续空间站应用系统电子设备热设计工作。     

Warm forming die design,part I: Experimental validation of a novel thermal finite element modeling code

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become an invaluable tool in the design of sheet metal stamping dies and processes. FEA has gained widespread acceptance as the best method of optimizing dies for conventional stamping processes. More recently, FEA has been shown to be an effective method of designing tooling for sheet forming processes. In this work, an FEA based approach is applied to the warm stamping (warm forming) process. This work introduces a new thermal finite element analysis software called PASSAGE®/Forming (PASSAGE) that enables the up-front design of the thermal management of warm forming dies. This thermal finite element analysis software is designed to specifically handle the forming and optimization scenarios related to the heating of a stamping die while minimizing user interface time. In this work, PASSAGE has been applied to a simple block of steel embedded with cartridge heaters to validate the prediction capability of this software under two different heating conditions. The results show that PASSAGE is capable of predicting the actual steady-state temperature distribution within the block with an acceptable level of accuracy while yielding notable information to the user with respect to specifying power requirements. A finite element software package like PASSAGE is a valuable tool that will aid greatly in the implementation of warm forming as a manufacturing process beyond the scope of the laboratory and into production.     

利用陶瓷工业废料制备再生陶瓷墙地砖

以废弃陶瓷抛光砖粉、陶瓷墙地砖烧成废料为原材料,硼砂作辅助熔剂制备再生陶瓷墙地砖,研究陶瓷抛光砖粉的高温烧结性能及其对再生墙地砖强度的影响,采用SEM测试分析陶瓷抛光砖粉对再生陶瓷制品微观结构的影响。结果表明:抛光砖粉含玻璃相、颗粒细小,有利坯体烧结密实;复掺少量抛光砖粉和硼砂,可提高制品强度。在硼砂掺量为0.5%,陶瓷抛光砖粉为2%、烧成废料为25%的实验条件下,所得再生陶瓷制品强度最高。该方法具有陶瓷工业废料的综合利用率高,制得的再生陶瓷制品强度高等特点。     

基于状态空间法的大型气候环境实验室热负荷仿真模型

目的建立可用于大型气候环境实验室初期设计热负荷计算的方法和模型,对实验室的热负荷进行计算,为制冷系统选型提供依据。方法通过分析实验室的组成结构和热负荷来源,基于状态空间法建立各部分的热负荷计算方法,在Simulink中搭建以制冷量为输入参数的实验室热负荷计算仿真模型,对实验室空载降温过程进行仿真。结果该仿真模型可以快速对实验室热负荷进行计算,并且可以方便地增减热负荷模块,实验室在降温过程中热负荷达3500 k W以上,地板结构的热负荷占到了总热负荷50%以上。结论热负荷计算结果可应用于空调系统和制冷系统的设计和选型,以及控制策略的优化。     

现行脱硫技术存在排放温室气体的隐患

工业革命以来,由于人类活动持续大量排放温室气体,使得全球出现了持续性的气候变暖趋势,而为了治理局部的和区域的SO2污染问题,大规模的脱硫活动在我国急速增加,这势必大幅增加CO2的排放,加剧气候变暖的进程,如果我国大型火电厂的脱硫率达到80%,按照2005年全国SO2排放量已经达到0.2549Gt计算,采用现行脱硫方法将每年向大气中排放0.088Gt的CO2。将占我国CO2年排放量的10%,对人类赖以生存的地球形成严重威胁。因而,需要研究脱硫的无碳工艺,以及碳捕集、碳储存、碳利用技术,树立综合的环境意识,在控制大气污染、减排温室气体与保护臭氧层方面寻找结合点。     

Contribution to advances in waste-to-energy technologies

This paper presents a number of recent advances in technologies and improvements in units for the thermal processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) and various other types of waste. The focus is on the ‘waste-to-energy’ approach; various criteria for this approach are discussed, as well as the inconsistent attitudes about waste management approaches that are present in various countries in the European Union. The presented achievements include low-NO_x burners, improved efficiency, heat exchangers, waste heat recovery systems, newly developed equipment for wet scrubbing, dioxin filters and systems for the treatment of sewage sludge.A new concept for a regional Waste-to-Energy Centre (WTEC) is outlined, the design of which is based on a combination of experience, know-how and a sophisticated approach. The proposed WTEC will use up-to-date technologies and will provide an adequate response to the growing population and rising standards of living as well to increasingly stringent environmental regulatory standards.Utilization of computational methods such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for design optimisation and/or for troubleshooting is demonstrated with examples (flue gas duct, burner, combustion chamber). Several examples from industrial applications are summarized.