燃用蔗髓锅炉的硫平衡及二氧化硫排放分析

通过现场监测和调研数据,分析燃用蔗髓锅炉的硫平衡及SO 2排放情况。结果显示,烟气排放的SO 2主要来源于鲜蔗和回用洗布水中含有的硫。8个锅炉硫排放在线监测均值与手工监测均值相对偏差为3.76%~14.9%,表明结果一致性较好。蔗髓硫质量分数为0.01%~0.04%,蔗髓含硫折算后的SO 2值和在线监测SO 2值分别为22.1 mg/m 3~49.9 mg/m 3和43.9 mg/m 3~114.5 mg/m 3,说明鲜蔗和制糖工艺流程的共同影响使得燃用蔗髓锅炉排放烟气SO 2值偏高。     

生活垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属排放水平及影响因素分析

通过对浙江省生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气中重金属的监测,分析生活垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属排放水平。结果表明,汞及其化合物的检出率最高,为95.7%,其次为铬和锰,检出率均为60%,且在不同的焚烧炉中重金属排放浓度差异较大,检出率最低的为铊和镉,且排放浓度均较低;焚烧炉排放烟气中汞及其化合物、镉+铊及其化合物、锑+砷+铅+铬+钴+铜+锰+镍及其化合物排放浓度均低于国标排放限值,最大占标率分别为76%、4%、21.9%。焚烧烟气中的重金属含量与焚烧垃圾中的重金属含量有关,烟气通过废气处理设施,可有效地减少重金属等污染物的排放。     

合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

2014年4月,应用热/光碳分析仪测定合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中的有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）。结果显示,PM10、PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为(124.0±34.3)μg/m3和(96.3±29.2) μg/m3,PM10中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(15.1±5.5)μg/m3和(6.0±2.1) μg/m3,PM2.5中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(12.1±3.5）μg/m3和(5.5±2.1) μg/m3。OC、EC在PM2.5中所占的比例均高于在PM10中的比例,说明合肥市春季PM2.5中碳的含量更高。通过分析8个碳组分及OC/EC比值,发现燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧是主要贡献源; OC易形成二次污染,EC排放以焦炭为主。     

湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的测量方法及组分特征

为全面测量固定源湿法脱硫烟气中多形态颗粒物的排放浓度及其离子组成特征,提出了一种基于一级冷凝、二级过滤和一级冲击吸收的多形态烟气颗粒物的同步测量方法,外场实测了3种湿法脱硫和除尘工艺的排放水平。现场测试表明：简易湿法除尘脱硫（NaOH法）一体化装置烟气中可过滤颗粒物（FPM）浓度为（36±11）mg/m³,可逃逸颗粒物（EPM）浓度为（33±7）mg/m³;氧化镁法+布袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度为（14±5）mg/m³,EPM浓度为（13±6）mg/m³;石灰石-石膏脱硫+电袋除尘工艺烟气中FPM浓度低,小于3 mg/m³,EPM浓度为（6±1）mg/m³;烟气中EPM是传统滤膜法检测FPM浓度的0.7~5.7倍,EPM的主要存在形态为冷凝液中的可溶解颗粒物（DPM）,颗粒物的组分与脱硫方法密切相关,各形态颗粒物的主要组分是SO₄^2-、SO₃^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺等离子。     

生活垃圾与危险废物焚烧二噁英类排放特征研究

对某省52家焚烧企业(21家生活垃圾和31家危险废物)排放烟气数据进行了分析,结果表明,两类焚烧企业二噁英类17种单体分布有所不同,生活垃圾焚烧烟气中浓度较高的是O8CDD和O8CDF;危险废物焚烧烟气中较大的是2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF、2,3,7,8-T4CDD和1,2,3,7,8-P5CDD;两类焚烧企业二噁英类单体对I-TEQ贡献最高的都是2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF,贡献率分别为0. 7%～45%和10%～67%;两者的17种二噁英类与I-TEQ的相关性分析表明,1,2,3,7,8-P5CDF在2类焚烧炉中与I-TEQ均存在较高的相关性,其相关系数分别0. 932和0. 927,可以作为潜在的测定指示物。     

江淮平原东部城市大气PM2.5组成和污染特征研究

2019年10月—2020年10月在江淮平原东部城市淮安开展持续1 a的PM2.5采样分析,研究PM2.5的组成和污染特征。结果表明：淮安市大气PM2.5年均质量浓度为（52.2±27.1）μg/m3,是国家二级标准（35 μg/m3）的1.5倍,其中冬季最高,为（67.5±36.4）μg/m3,是国家二级标准的1.9倍;PM2.5中的ρ（NO3-）/ρ（SO2-4）=1.76,说明机动车尾气排放对淮安市PM2.5的影响较大;PM2.5中平均ρ（OC）/ρ（EC）值为4.1±1.1,说明淮安市PM2.5受大气二次生成影响明显;Si、Al、Ca等无机元素的质量浓度较高,表明淮安须加大对扬尘污染的治理力度。     

β射线法固定污染源废气颗粒物快速测定方法研究

通过实验室模拟及现场检测,对烟道外过滤的β射线法测定固定污染源废气中颗粒物浓度的检出限、精密度、准确度、可靠性等进行分析研究。结果表明：β射线法监测颗粒物方法检出限为0.1 mg/m3;低、中、高3个不同质量浓度水平的颗粒物标准样品6次监测结果的RSD分别为4.6%、2.7%、1.6%,相对误差分别为（2.9±9.5）%、（0.8±5.5）%、（1.5±3.2）%,标准样品测定的颗粒物质量浓度越高,精密度和准确度越好。将该方法与重量法监测结果对比,发现两种方法测量数值变化趋势一致,且颗粒物浓度越高,两种方法相对偏差越小,一致性越高。     

2021年苏州黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及来源解析

于2020年12月1日—2021年11月30日利用7波段黑碳仪（AE-31）观测苏州地区黑碳（BC）浓度变化特征,并使用黑碳仪模型和后向轨迹模型分析BC排放来源和潜在源区。结果发现,苏州地区BC年平均质量浓度为（1.29±0.64）μg/m³,冬季BC质量浓度最高,为（1.61±0.89）μg/m³,秋季为（1.34±0.61）μg/m³,春季为（1.23±0.48）μg/m³,夏季最低,为（1.03±0.43）μg/m³。各季节工作日、非工作日BC质量浓度日变化均呈早晚双峰分布规律。BC质量浓度与风速、气温、降水量呈负相关,与相对湿度相关性并不显著。黑碳来源解析结果表明,相比于固体燃料（如煤和生物质燃烧）,液体燃料（如交通排放）对苏州BC质量浓度的贡献在各季节均占主要地位（74.2%～76.3%）,且夏季最高,冬季最低。同时,后向轨迹模拟和浓度轨迹权重分析的潜在源区结果显示,与本地污染相比,影响苏州地区BC的更多为输送型气团;各季节BC的潜在源区也稍有差异,主要以西南方向的影响为主。     

典型矿业城市大气颗粒物水溶性离子分布特征

利用2014年7月和2015年1月在淮南市不同功能区采集的大气颗粒物样品,分析其水溶性离子时空和粒径分布特征。结果表明：夏季和冬季粗、细粒子中总水溶性离子质量浓度均值分别为（13.45±4.53）μg/m3、（27.81±17.65）μg/m3和（12.87±8.37）μg/m3、（85.08±35.41）μg/m3。淮南市大气颗粒物中主要的水溶性离子为Ca2+、NO-3和SO2-4。冬季各功能区PM2.5中总水溶性离子质量浓度普遍高于夏季。大气颗粒物中水溶性离子主要来源于土壤源、工业污染及二次转化,冬季二次污染源主要以流动源污染为主,而夏季流动源和固定源污染贡献接近。     

南京市城区和郊区PM2.5中碳质组分特征差异及来源分析

为比较南京市城区和郊区细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中碳质组分特征及来源差异，利用碳组分在线监测仪器对2022年城区和郊区有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）进行连续监测。研究结果表明：（1）2022年南京市城区OC、EC质量浓度分别为（5.24±2.39），（1.27±0.62）μg/m³，郊区OC、EC质量浓度分别为（5.67±2.45），（1.32±0.70）μg/m³。2022年OC和EC质量浓度水平分别较2014—2018年均显著下降。城区和郊区的OC、EC质量浓度均呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点。从日变化特征看，城区和郊区OC和EC质量浓度均呈现白天低、夜间高的特点，并且具有明显的峰谷值。（2）城区和郊区OC、EC均在冬季呈现良好的相关性，显著高于春季和夏季。根据碳质组分与气态污染物的关系以及ρ（OC）/ρ（EC）分析结果，城区和郊区均存在二次污染，机动车和燃煤是城、郊区的主要污染源，机动车源对城区影响大于郊区，燃煤源对郊区影响大于城区。（3）污染源的直接排放对南京市OC的质量浓度水平影响较大，郊区二次有机碳（SOC）质量浓度高于城区。城区需要重点关注机动车排放，郊区需要与周边区域协同治理燃煤、生物质燃烧等方面的污染排放。     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.