完全对称电场对电动-微生物修复石油污染土壤的影响

针对石油这种非极性复杂有机污染物难以去除的特点,以含油量为50 mg/g的石油污染土壤为研究对象,运用行/列循环切换方式,每5 min切换一次电极极性,建立空间和场强上完全对称的电场,旨在研究完全对称电场条件下电动-微生物联合修复对石油污染物去除率的影响. 对土壤有效氮、有效磷、有效钾等营养物含量以及降解菌数量在电场作用下的变化进行比较. 结果表明,1 V/cm的电压梯度下,土壤中的w(有效氮),w(有效磷)和w(有效钾)分别为初始值的1.3,1.6和1.2倍;同时,在电场作用和电极极性切换条件下,土壤的pH为6.3±0.2,温度升高2～3 ℃,石油降解菌的数量增加,当处理时间为20 d时,降解菌数量最大值达2.3×109 　CFU/mL,进而提高了石油的去除率. 烷烃在电动处理下降解速率加快,60 d烷烃去除率达到15.73%. 经过60 d的电动-微生物修复,石油去除率达到33.42%,是对照组的2.4倍.      

双区静电除尘器的数值模拟研究

采用数模拟的方法研究了双区静电除尘器内流场分布、颗粒荷电及颗粒运动等难以直接测量的物理过程,构建了双区静电除尘过程完整的数值模型.采用泊松方程、电流连续性方程和匀强电场方程描述电场,采用N-S方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型描述流场,采用拉格朗日法描述颗粒运动轨迹.通过截面风速与颗粒去除率的模拟值与实验值的对比,验证了数值模型在模拟内部流场和颗粒运动时的准确性.数值模拟结果表明：双区静电除尘器内部流场分布对入口风速的变化非常敏感;颗粒荷电方式占比由颗粒粒径决定;荷电区内颗粒向极板的趋近过程由流体曳力和电场力共同完成,收尘区内的趋近过程则由电场力主导;入口流速通过改变颗粒前进速度和内部流场形态来影响颗粒运动轨迹.     

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.     

Aero-lap polishing of poly crystalline diamond inserts using Multicon media

Increasing use of poly crystalline diamond (PCD) inserts as cutting tools and wear parts is vividly seen in automobile, aerospace, marine and precision engineering applications. The PCD inserts undergo series of manufacturing processes such as: grinding that forms the required shape and polishing that gives a fine finish. These operations are not straight forward as PCD is extremely resistant to grinding and polishing. Single crystal diamond can easily be polished by choosing a direction of easy abrasion, but polishing a PCD imposes serious difficulties as the grains are randomly oriented. Prior research on polishing of PCD inserts includes electro discharge grinding (EDG), dynamic friction polishing and grinding by a vitrified bonded diamond wheel. The surface textures of PCD produced using an EDG process often contains: micro cavities, particle pullout, micro-grooves, chipped edges, cracks and gouch marks. While applying the dynamic friction polishing method the PCD material undergoes phase transformation and hence increased polishing rate was apparently seen. However the phase transformation of PCD deteriorates the strength of the insert. Furthermore the inserts produced using the dynamic polishing method often exhibits cracks, chip off and edge damage while using as a cutting tool. Therefore, a new method “aero-lap polishing” was attempted as it applies controlled amount of impinging force by which the surface damage can be significantly reduced. The study did establish an improvement of surface finish of PCD from R_a = 0.55 μm, R_t = 4.5 μm to R_a = 0.29 μm, R_t = 1.6 μm within 15–25 min of polishing time along with significant reduction in surface defects.     

百叶窗式脉冲静电除尘技术的研究

对沸腾炉百叶窗式脉冲静电除尘技术模拟实验，对模拟装置的电场分布，收法面积、除尘效率等参数之间的关系做了较为深入的分析，对实验除尘器的除尘效果和运行情况进行了讨论。     

鞘藻对沼液中磷的去除机理分析

利用微藻对沼液进行二级处理是一类绿色经济的废水处理方式,具有可观的应用前景。研究测定了鞘藻在处理沼液过程中藻的生长速度、DO和pH变化,并通过同位素示踪法分析了沼液中磷素的去除速率及其途径。结果表明:鞘藻在沼液中Chl-a浓度达到3.35 mg/L,是初始浓度的3.13倍,TP去除率为91.22%。TP去除机理分析表明:沼液中残留的微生物对TP的去除影响小;沼液处于好氧状态,很难形成气态PH₃进入大气;碱性条件下,且存在Ca2+、Mg2+等阳离子的协同作用,约30%的TP通过磷酸盐沉淀去除,约60%的TP通过鞘藻同化去除。综合来看,TP浓度的降低主要是通过鞘藻的生长吸收和磷酸盐沉淀所致,要进一步提高TP的去除率,应降低DO值并保持适宜的N/P。     

Pulsed laser micro polishing: Surface prediction model

The objective of this work is to predict the final roughness of metal surfaces that have undergone pulsed laser micro polishing. The motivation for pulsed laser micro polishing is to reduce the surface roughness of parts whose surface texture can approach the feature size. Being able to predict the magnitude of the polishing and frequency (wavelength) content of the surface will assist in the design of optimal processing parameters with minimal experiments. Laser pulses are used to create shallow melt pools with a controlled size (e.g., depth) and duration in order to allow surface tension forces to “pull down” asperities with small radius of curvature. There is no ablation occurring in the process being modeled. The melt depth and duration are predicted with a transient, two-dimensional axisymmetric heat transfer model with temperature-dependent material properties. The surface of the melt pool is analytically modeled as oscillations of stationary capillary waves with damping resulting from the forces of surface tension and viscosity. Above a critical spatial frequency, f_cr, a significant reduction in the amplitude of the spatial Fourier components is expected. The work described in this paper extends the concept of critical frequency to a physics-based prediction methodology for predicting the spatial frequency content and surface roughness after polishing, given the features of the original surface, the material properties, and laser parameters. The proposed prediction methodology was validated using line polishing data for stainless steel 316L and area polishing results for pure nickel, Ti6Al4V, and Al-6061-T6. The predicted average surface roughnesses were within 12% of the values measured on the polished surfaces.     

电动力学-新型竹炭联合作用下土壤镉的迁移吸附及其机理

研究了土壤中镉在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移特征及其影响因素,以及电场双向切换并加有新型竹炭材料条件下电动力学对镉的去除特性,揭示了利用均匀电动力学-新型竹炭材料联合修复镉污染土壤的特征及其可行性.结果表明,竹炭是一种良好的吸附材料,对镉具有较强的吸附作用,可以用 Freundlich和Langmuir模型很好的模拟吸附过程（R²>0.96）;在电压梯度为1.0 V/cm的条件下,受试土壤中Cd²⁺在均匀电动力学下的迁移速率为0.678 6～0.687 5　cm/h,并且迁移速率大小与Cd²⁺浓度和场强分布有关,电动力场可以有效地迁移土壤中的重金属离子;使用竹炭作为吸附剂的新型工艺中,在与速率实验相同的电压梯度,电场48　h的切换周期下,土壤中镉能够在电场作用下高效迁移至处理区并被吸附去除（12　d去除79.6%）,过程中可以很好地维持土壤的pH和水分条件,过程的电流随切换呈周期性的变化.电动迁移-竹炭吸附作为一种新型工艺具有广泛的应用前景.     

脉冲电吸附技术深度脱氮及分子动力学模拟

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水的氮素指标达不到国家一级A排放标准的问题,采用脉冲开关电源代替了传统电吸附中的直流稳压电源,用活性炭粉末为吸附材料制备电极板,构建了脉冲电吸附反应装置.以NO₃^--N和NH₃-N的去除率为判据,比较了脉冲电吸附法和直流电吸附法在去除模拟废水中氮素的差异,结果表明,60min内,脉冲电吸附法有更高的去除效率,且在脉冲电场占空比50%、频率10⁴Hz的条件下,氮素的去除率最高.利用分子动力学模拟分析得知,在脉冲电场下,水分子中氢、氧原子的取向更随机,相比于直流电场,水分子偶极矩的取向极化作用被弱化,减小了离子的传质阻力,从而提高离子迁移效率.     

电动生物修复中电极矩阵的优化设计

对电动生物修复中单对电极间的电场分布进行了模拟,并以此定义了修复的有效作用区.通过旋转叠加的方式,求出了各种电极矩阵构型的有效作用区分布,最后筛选出2种优化的电极构型,并通过小型实验加以验证.理论优化和实验结果表明,“中”字形和六边形分别是不同旋转方式下最优的电极构型.采用这2种电极构型,可节省电极材料费,同时保持系统的稳定性和污染物去除的均匀性,因而具有良好应用前景.     

缺氧/好氧电化学膜-生物反应器强化脱氮效果及抗污染性能研究

研究了外加电压下电化学A/O-MBR的污染物去除效果和抗污染性能,分析了抗污染性能提高的原因.结果显示,外加2V电压时系统对COD和总氮的平均去除率分别为89.4%、92.2%,不加电压时COD和总氮的去除率分别为87.6%、77.3%,表明外加电压能够显著提高A/O-MBR的脱氮处理效果;研究同时发现,外加2V电压时,导电膜的平均运行周期为38d,相比不加电压时（平均26d）,运行周期有所延长.污染物与导电膜之间的静电排斥作用和H₂O₂的原位清洗作用是系统抗污染性能提升的主要原因.     

直管道电场指纹法有效检测区范围的数值模拟

目的确定电场指纹法应用于直管道时的有效检测区大小。方法采用COMSOL多物理场数值模拟的方法,研究直管道模型在电场指纹检测时的电场分布特征,并探讨电流输入方式、电源电极尺寸、管道尺寸等因素对有效检测区的影响。结果双路电流输入方式能够获得更大的有效检测区,可提高电流利用率及检测效率。有效检测区大小受电源电极尺寸、管道壁厚变化的影响极小,受管道公称直径影响较大。有效检测区与电源电极的最小间距固定,约为管道公称直径的1.5倍。结论确定了电场指纹法应用于直管道时有效检测区的大小,为电场指纹法的管道检测规范的制定提供了科学依据。     

化学机械研磨废水处理及回用技术的研究进展

化学机械研磨废水产生量大但总体污染物浓度不高,回用潜力巨大,其处理及回用技术是芯片制造企业的研究重点。文章介绍了化学机械研磨废水来源、水质特征,概述并对比分析了常用的化学机械研磨废水处理和回用技术及其应用现状和发展趋势,并指出以膜滤或电化学处理为主的处理及回用技术具有良好的运用前景。     

烟道荷电凝并电场对电捕集微细粉尘效率的影响

针对目前电除尘技术存在亚微米(0.01~1μm)粉尘捕集难的问题,进行了微细粉尘的交变电场荷电凝并及对电除尘效率影响实验研究.结果表明,随着气体粒子动量、电场强度的增加,离子浓度也在增加,最大离子浓度为1.97×109/cm3;在电离电场强度峰峰值为1.75 kV/cm,频率为100Hz的交变电场里,中位径为0.2μm硅粉中的粒径<2μm的质量为71%,凝并后降至53%,粒径为5~10μm的硅粉质量增加了162%;中位径为0.2μm硅粉质量除尘效率提高了27.6%,除尘效率提高了近1倍;粉尘浓度对电凝并后的除尘效率影响有限.高流场中微细粉尘的交变电场荷电凝并技术为电捕集亚微米粉尘的有效途径.     

Abrasive jet machining by means of velocity shear instability in plasma

The material removal within different machining process can be performed in distinct modalities. One of the modality is based on the erosion phenomena. In this paper, theoretical model of abrasive jet machining based on erosion phenomenon is discussed. The material is removed from the surface due to erosion. In abrasive jet machining process, the output parameter is achieved by controlling various input parameters. This paper discusses the effects of various input parameters in abrasive jet machining (AJM) on the material removal rate (as the output parameter). The results presented in the paper are obtained from a theoretical study carried out with the help of mathematical model and computational technique. Theoretical investigation indicates that magnetic field, electric field and inhomogeneity in DC electric field have significant effect on metal removal by abrasive jet machining process.     

脉冲与直流电场对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响

脉冲电场目前主要运用于食品、医疗灭菌等领域,其被广泛认可的灭菌机制为电穿孔理论。基于此,在较低电压和频率下脉冲电场可改变细胞通透性的同时能保证细胞不被灭活。为了探究脉冲电场对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响,将不同类型的电场分别施加在反应器中,以进出水NH₄+-N、NO₂--N浓度及微生物细胞结构为检测指标,考察各条件下的脱氮效果。结果显示,施加脉冲电场组能有效维持厌氧氨氧化反应的稳定,TN去除率可达到80%以上,相较于施加直流电场组和空白电场组,TN去除率分别提高了60%和20%。同时,脉冲电场组的微生物结构较直流电场组和空白电场组更加完整,表明脉冲电场能有效促进厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果并维持反应系统稳定。     

以牺牲阳极强化的电化学联用方法修复铬污染土壤

为解决重金属污染土在电动法修复过程中存在的聚焦效应问题,提出了牺牲铁阳极的电化学联用修复技术。在传统电动修复方法基础上增加电解液净化循环装置,优化Cr（Ⅵ）还原及沉淀所需技术参数,并与传统电动修复技术进行对比,探讨其修复效果及适用性。结果表明:迁出的Cr（Ⅵ）可在Fe2+作用下被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）并沉淀,pH、电压梯度、电流密度、电极面积均会影响其反应速率,电极距离对反应速率无直接影响,主要影响电解功率。Cr（Ⅵ）还原-沉淀反应的最佳技术参数为:pH值5~6.5,电压梯度0.8 V/cm,电流密度>6.67 mA/cm2,电极面积90 cm2,电极距离15 cm;较传统电动修复技术,以牺牲阳极强化铬污染土的电化学联用修复技术中,土壤室不同点位的去除率波动范围在10%,最高点位的去除率提高近24%,达93.4%。靠近阳极附近土体中Cr（Ⅵ）去除率从0.24%提高到80.38%。以牺牲阳极强化污染土的电化学联用修复方法不仅有效解决了重金属迁移的聚焦问题,而且有助于促进土中重金属污染物的整体性迁出。     

氨络合法电化学捕集去除城市污泥中重金属的研究

采用自行设计的电动污泥处理装置,以城市污水厂污泥作为试验对象,设置氨水添加比分别为0、0.08、0.10、0.12 (V:V,氨水/试样污泥),在恒定直流电压下运行120h,研究氨络合效应与直接利用阳极产酸对污泥中重金属捕集去除效果的影响.结果表明,阳极酸化对污泥中重金属有一定的溶出去除作用;氨水的添加对电动处理过程中污泥pH值的降低与电流密度的提高没有阻碍,但能够有效提高污泥中重金属的捕集去除率;当氨水添加比为0.12时,污泥中Zn和Cu的捕集去除效果最佳,分别达91.62%和71.49%.氨水添加比为0.08时,Pb的捕集去除率最佳,达47.85%.氨水的添加对污泥中重金属的形态和迁移性有明显影响,主要表现为稳定形态如残渣态、有机结合态的减少及可交换形态的增加.     

海洋环境电场统计特性研究

由于海水运动十分复杂,要了解并掌握海洋环境电场特性,仅仅依靠模型计算所得结果难以与实际相符.文中以实验为基础,采用三分量水下电场测量系统对大连附近海域进行了长期的观测,通过统计得出了该区域海洋电场幅值、电场峰峰值的主要分布特征.由此可知,海洋环境电场特性虽然复杂,但也是可以获取、积累并分析的,而对海洋电场的主动观测,是...