精密离心机结构误差对其运动精度的影响研究

目的研究精密离心机结构误差对其运动精度的影响。方法基于LMS Virtual.Lab Motion平台,开展精密离心机主轴回转系统静不平衡量、静压气体轴承铅垂度、转盘与静压气体轴承垂直度等结构误差对主轴半径误差和倾角误差的影响规律研究。结果获得了精密离心机结构误差对其运动精度的影响规律。结论随着主轴回转系统静不平衡量、铅垂度误差和垂直度误差的增大,主轴回转系统的半径误差和倾角误差均线性增加。     

A Postprocessor Based on the Kinematics Model for General Five-Axis Machine Tools

This paper presents a novel concept to describe the three types of five-axis machine tools by a generalized kinematic structure. A generic postprocessor capable of converting the cutter location (CL) data to machine control data was developed based on the generalized kinematics model of five-axis machine tools. The machine tool's form-shaping function matrix is derived according to the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and the kinematic parameters characterizing the configuration of general five-axis machine tools. The analytical equations for NC data are determined by equating the CL data matrix and the form-shaping function matrix. A trial-cut experiment on a typical five-axis machine tool and the verification on the coordinate measurement machine demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The algorithm proposed here can facilitate determination of the postprocessors for various five-axis machine tools more systematically.     

基于灰色支持向量机组合模型的我国火电NOx排放量预测

区域火电NO_x排放量的预测属于小样本、贫信息的灰色系统. 由于NO_x排放量受多个因素的叠加性影响,单一预测模型难以准确反映NO_x排放量的复杂变化,易产生较大的预测误差. 基于此,利用灰色预测理论和支持向量机预测理论,建立了火电NO_x排放量组合优化预测模型. 采用国家权威部门发布的火电NO_x排放量数据,综合考虑影响我国火电NO_x排放量的主要因素,对我国2008—2010年以及2020年的火电NO_x排放量进行了预测,预测结果与官方公布的实际值基本一致; 同时,预测的时间大大缩短.      

Laser tempering based turning process for efficient machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel

Cost-effective machining of hardened steel components such as a large wind turbine bearing has traditionally posed a significant challenge. This paper presents an approach to machine hardened steel parts efficiently at higher material removal rates and lower tooling cost. The approach involves a two-step process consisting of laser tempering of the hardened workpiece surface followed by conventional machining at higher material removal rates with lower cost ceramic tools to efficiently remove the tempered material. The laser scanning parameters that yield the highest depth of tempered layer are obtained from a kinetic phase change model. Machining experiments are performed to demonstrate the possibility of higher material removal rates and improved tool wear behavior compared to the conventional hard turning process. Tool wear performance, cutting forces, and surface finish of Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools as well as low cost ceramic tools are compared in machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel (~63 HRC). In addition, cutting forces and surface finish are compared for the laser tempering based turning and conventional hard turning processes. Experimental results show the potential benefits of the laser tempering based turning process over the conventional hard turning process.     

力学载荷条件下 EB-PVD 热障涂层损伤行为研究

目的研究力学载荷条件下EB-PVD热障涂层的损伤行为。方法采用电子束物理气相沉积工艺(EB-PVD)制备热障涂层(TBCs),利用SEM和体式显微镜对力学性能试验后带涂层试样的断口特征、裂纹形貌和金相组织进行观察,分析热障涂层在拉伸、持久和旋转弯曲疲劳等典型力学载荷条件下的损伤行为。结果在室温拉伸条件下,陶瓷层内先出现垂直于应力轴、沿柱状晶簇扩展的平行环状周向微裂纹,随着拉伸塑变量的增加,局部区域裂纹贯穿粘结层并进入合金基体;900℃高温拉伸条件下裂纹也产生于陶瓷层,但裂纹均钝化于粘结层与陶瓷层的界面,并穿透粘结层。在持久条件下,试样在弹性变形阶段涂层即发生开裂,随后沿着陶瓷层柱状晶簇间扩展,但未扩展至粘结层;在高温高周疲劳条件下,裂纹首先出现在粘结层,随后向基体逐渐扩展,扩展深度较浅,而基体疲劳裂纹在粘结层裂纹末端萌生并倾斜滑移扩展。结论提高粘结层韧性、减少粘结层中裂纹萌生和向基体扩展,是热障涂层材料和工艺优化的有效途径。     

发展我国摆辗技术必须促进摆辗机国产化

介绍了发展我国摆辗技术,首先必须繁荣摆辗工艺,促进摆辗机国产化。     

好氧与厌氧交替加速2,4,6-三氯酚的生物降解

2,4,6-trichlorophenol（TCP）是一种较难生物降解的有机化合物,而TCP还原脱氯是其生物降解的关键,该过程通常在厌氧条件下进行。TCP对位的氯离子比邻位难脱除,所形成的中间产物4-氯酚（4-CP）在厌氧条件下很难得到进一步降解。然而,此时将反应体系切换成好氧条件时4-CP则可得到有效降解。基于好氧和厌氧交替可共存的特点,采用垂直折流板式生物反应器降解TCP。相比单纯厌氧降解,厌氧和好氧交替模式可明显加速TCP的生物降解。对于初始浓度为50 μmol/L的TCP,完全去除的时间可从34 h缩短至12 h。该运行模式可缓解中间产物对TCP降解的抑制,4-CP的代谢产物苯酚在好氧条件下可得到迅速降解,缓解了其抑制作用,加速TCP在厌氧条件下的生物降解。     

Parallel Kinematic Machine Positioning Accuracy Assessment and Improvement

Although parallel kinematic machines potentially offer high force/torque capacity, structural rigidity, speeds, and dexterity, characterization of the first generation of hexapods has proven the need for improving the positioning accuracy before these new machines will be accepted for manufacturing applications. This paper proposes a systematic approach to assess the accuracy of a parallel kinematic machine subject to structural errors and then to effectively compensate for them. Analytical models were constructed for both the nominal and actual structures. Sensitivity analysis was performed, and it was determined-that of the 33 sources of error, only the six due to strut length deviations are significant. Simulations indicate that the accuracy of strut length calculations shows a discrepancy of at most ±4 micrometers. In summary, the simulation and preliminary experimental results show that the performance of parallel kinematic machines can be enhanced through error modeling and compensation.     

摆辗机摆头运动学分析和运动轨迹的数值模拟

从摆动辗压机中摆头的结构出发．通过运动学分析给出摆头运动方程，采用数值方法对摆头运动轨迹进行数值模拟，为摆辗机结构设计和摆辗工艺的合理应用提供科学依据。     

Uncertainty analysis of emission estimates in the RAINS integrated assessment model

Uncertainty is a critical issue for all models that attempt to quantify the necessary emission reductions that are required to meet environmental quality targets. This paper discusses a methodology specifically developed to analyse the uncertainties in the emission estimates with the regional air pollution information and simulation (RAINS) integrated assessment model, considering the uncertainties in the model parameters themselves. Overall, it was found that a typical range of uncertainties for modeled national emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia in Europe lies between 10 and 30%. In general, the uncertainties are strongly dependent on the potential for error compensation. This compensation potential is larger (and uncertainties are smaller) if calculated emissions are composed of a larger number of equal-sized source categories, where the errors in input parameters are not correlated with each other. Thus, estimates of the national total emissions are generally more certain than estimates of sectoral emissions. A sensitivity analysis with respect to the uncertainty in input parameters showed that the actual uncertainties are critically influenced by the specific situation (pollutant, year, country). However, the emission factor is an important contributor to the uncertainty in estimates of historical emissions, while uncertainty in the activity data dominates the future estimates.     

BY630型摆动辗压机的PLC控制技术及其程序特点

阐述应用可编程控制器控制BY630型摆动辗压机的控制方式、处理以及控制程序特点。     

旋转拉伸弯管法

弯管工艺是指将平直的管子按选定的半径和弯曲角度弯曲成形。管子冷弯的方法有好几种,此文讲述的是旋转拉伸弯管法。文章主要介绍旋转拉伸弯管法的原理,所用的基本工具及其功能,弯管的操作步骤等等。对如何生产合格的冷弯管子有一定的参考作用。     

垃圾处理设施周边居民风险感知与邻避行为倾向研究

风险感知是邻避问题研究的一个重要视角.通过对北京市六里屯和高安屯两个垃圾处理场的实地调查,分析了垃圾处理设施周边173个家庭的风险感知、公平认知、受偿意愿与邻避行为倾向之间的关系.研究表明,多数居民认为垃圾处理场的存在对自己的生活造成了一定的负面影响,超过半数的居民有邻避行为倾向,居民的邻避行为倾向与风险感知有正相关关系,与公平认知和货币受偿意愿有负相关关系.因此,加强宣传和沟通,避免风险认知片面夸大也是化解邻避风险的重要手段.     

圆管弯曲加工过程的数值模拟

采用显式有限元分析软件LS -DYNA ,对于圆形钢管的弯曲加工过程进行数值模拟。圆管弯曲加工模型是常见的回转引伸弯曲加工方式 ,并在分析模型中考虑了阻止钢管在弯曲加工过程中起皱和截面扁平化的芯轴 ,以及为了防止钢管弯曲的外侧的壁厚过分减薄在钢管的末端加上压力。通过数值模拟得到管壁的最大减薄和增厚部位 ,并讨论了芯轴的摩擦系数和钢管末端的压力对管壁厚度变化的影响。     

Measurement Error Reduction in Automated Inspection of Free-Form Surfaces Defined by Cubic B-Spline

Historically, inspection data were used to determine whether or not a manufactured part met specifications. If the part did not meet specifications, it was reworked or scrapped. Now, inspection devices like coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) can provide data about how far a part is in or out of tolerance. The data are now being used to make manual adjustments to machining offsets and process parameters. However, the quality and reliability of many inspection processes are contaminated by various measurement errors. One of the prominent sources for measurement errors is due to the imperfection of a measuring device and the compound effect of its imperfection with geometric characteristics of a measured feature.To ensure the quality and reliability of any inspection process, measurement errors need to be identified and reduced by minimizing the effect of the compound errors. If this can be done, the quality of collected data can be enhanced and a more meaningful analysis result can then be drawn. In this paper, the issues of measurement error identification and reduction for machine calibration and dimension measurement, when dealing with uniform bicubic B-spline surface features are discussed. Analytical models are derived to first assess and then decouple the compound effect of both types of errors. Finally, case studies are used to illustrate the application and the effectiveness of the derived models in assessing and decoupling the compound effect and thus reducing the measurement errors.     

深度脱水印染污泥滚筒干化特性中试

采用燃油烟气模拟热电厂烟气,实验研究了深度脱水印染污泥的滚筒干化特性,分析了滚筒转速、烟气流速及滚筒长度对污泥干化效果、干燥效率的影响规律,同时也探讨了进口温度对干化尾气污染物排放特性的影响。结果表明:滚筒转速对深度脱水印染污泥在滚筒中的停留时间有重要影响,同时也是影响出口污泥含水率的最主要因素,而烟气流速则是影响干燥效率的最主要因素。对于深度脱水印染污泥,滚筒干燥容积传热系数为0.361~1.168 k J/(m3·s·℃),烟气流速会对其有一定的影响,而滚筒转速对其的影响很小。干化尾气中除NH3和臭气浓度高于恶臭污染物厂界3级标准值外,其他各污染物的排放浓度均低于国家排放标准。为抑制污泥中NH3、H2S及苯系物的释放,深度脱水印染污泥滚筒干化的烟气温度应控制在190℃以内。     

硅碳比对机床铸件性能的影响

在一定的碳当量的条件下 ,提高硅碳比 (Si/C) ,可以提高机床铸件的抗拉强度、硬度及硬度均匀性 ,降低残留应力 ,改善铸造性能和机加工性能 ,降低废品率。从而达到提高机床的刚度和精度稳定性的目的     

Evaluating the use phase energy requirements of a machine tool system

This paper has an energy consumption reduction perspective by considering alternative machining strategies and system components interactions translated into variable and constant power flows with respect to various use phase regimes of a machine tool system. The methodology is able to estimate the mechanical energy requirements of the spindle and feed axes with respect to 2.5D machining strategies by taking into account steady-state and transient regimes. In addition, the specific amount of fixed energy drawn by a machine was determined based on a careful monitoring of the energy share amongst the auxiliary equipment that supports the accomplishment of the machining tasks. The numerical results were experimentally validated and the good agreement between them led to the conclusion that the proposed methodology can be used effectively for the calculation of the total energy required by a machine tool system for the milling of a part. This enables a straightforward comparison of different milling part programs with respect to their energy consumption levels.     

关于建设项目生态补偿的思考

作为一种解决环境保护与经济社会发展矛盾的重要经济手段,生态补偿越来越受到人们关注。建设项目生态补偿是生态补偿的一个重要领域,但相对于其他领域而言,理论和实践研究均相对较少。结合实际案例研究,文章初次提出了建设项目生态补偿概念、原则及应注意的问题。最后,建议加强两方面研究,建设项目生态补偿内涵和范畴确定;建设项目生态补偿方式及标准确定。     

水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对重金属的固定效果比较

危险废物水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化,稳定化对废物中重金属的固定机理不同,固定效果因而有所差异.针对含As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属离子的上述2类试样平行开展浸出实验及连续提取实验,以重金属浸出浓度及化学形态为指标,比较分析了水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对废物中不同重金属的固定效果的差异.结果表明,对于As、Pb、Zn等重金属离子,水泥窑高温煅烧及后续水化作用有助于其更稳定化学形态的形成,固定效果优于水泥固化,稳定化,说明含Ag、Pb、Zn的危险废物能够在水泥窑得到有效处置.Cr3 在水泥窑煅烧过程中易被氧化为迁移性和毒性更强的Cr6 ,因而含Cr的废物不适合采用水泥窑协同处置方式.该研究能为不同种类重金属危险废物处置方法的选取提供依据,并为水泥窑协同处置重金属类危险废物的应用和发展提供科学的决策依据.