On wear resistance of tool steel

Maintaining a reasonably low cutting tool wear when producing forming tools is a general challenge in the development of new forming tool materials. The tool life of a hot forming tool steel (H13) has been significantly improved by reducing its Si-content from 1.0 to 0.06 wt.%. However, this modified H13 (MH13) also displays a reduced cutting tool life due to higher cutting forces and a stronger tendency to form built up layers (BUE) on the cutting edge. This paper explains why.Gleeble tests of MH13 revealed a significantly higher flow stress in the 820–900 °C temperature interval in MH13 compared to H13. Thermo-Calc simulations showed that when reducing the Si-content from 1.0 to 0.06 wt.% the initial temperature for ferrite-to-austenite transformation (A1) was reduced from 900 °C to 820 °C. Knowing that austenite has totally different mechanical and thermal properties than ferrite, the difference in A1 between the two steels explains the higher cutting forces and higher tendency for BUE-formation. The conclusion is that the difference in machinability between H13 and MH13 is primarily related to their difference in A1.An attempt was also made to find a new tool material composition that can combine the wear resistance of MH13 and the good machinability of H13. Thermo-Calc simulations were performed with slightly modified alloying content without changing its properties as a good forming tool material, with the aim to increase A1. For instance, reducing the Mn content from 0.5 to 0.05 wt.% proved to increase A1 from 820 to 850 °C.     

页岩气开采钻井固体废物的污染特性

选取重庆某地区3个页岩气田作为研究对象,研究了5个钻井平台页岩气开采过程中废水基和油基钻井岩屑中重金属、多环芳烃（PAHs）和石油烃的污染特性.结果表明,两类钻井岩屑中Ba元素平均含量明显高于其他重金属,废水基钻井岩屑的重金属以Zn、Ba、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb为主,废油基钻井岩屑中的重金属以Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ba、As、Cr为主且Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量超过《危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别》（GB5085.6-2007）标准限值.废水基和油基钻井岩屑中PAHs的范围分别为1.74~14.8mg/kg和302~595mg/kg,均未超过GB5085.6-2007标准限值.废油基钻井岩屑石油烃含量为112~213g/kg,远超GB5085.6-2007标准限值.同时,废水基和油基钻井岩屑中BaP超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB15618-2018）标准限值;废油基钻井岩屑中部分PAHs（BaP、BbF、BkF、DahA）浓度超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB36600-2018）中筛选值,岩屑中石油烃含量远超管制值.     

油基钻井岩屑固化体中多环芳烃释放特征

油基钻井岩屑资源化利用的有效方式是制备成块状固化体,但固化体在应用过程中存在多环芳烃浸出的风险。采用固体中无机组分有效量测试(NEN7371)方法和块状材料中无机组分的扩散实验(NEN7375)方法,研究固化体内萘、蒽、荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘5种多环芳烃的释放特性,评估其浸出释放风险。结果表明:5种多环芳烃的有效释放率均在2%以下,其中苯并(a)芘有效释放率最高,浸出液中浓度超过GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类限值;在静态浸泡释放特征试验中,5种多环芳烃的释放集中在浸出前期,前16 d累积释放量占64 d累积释放总量的比值均超过78%;5种多环芳烃释放机理包括扩散控制、溶解释放、延滞释放、耗竭和表面冲刷,固化体中不同多环芳烃释放特征存在一定的差异,但总体上以扩散控制为主,后期均表现为耗竭机制。     

环境监测中的新工具--酶免疫检测技术

酶免疫检测技术，是根据抗原抗体反应具有高度的特异性，将酶标记物的抗体作为标准试剂来鉴定未知的抗原。ＥＩＡ技术是环境污染物筛选试验的良好工具，其与气相色谱。高效液相色谱结合，能极大地提高环境监测能力。将酶联免疫吸附检测试剂盒在环境监测中的应用结果，与ＧＣ，ＨＰＬＣ等传统分析方法相比，具有良好的相关性。     

氧化石墨烯抑制填埋场土工布初期生物结垢

为研究氧化石墨烯对初期填埋场土工布生物结垢的影响,采取2种不同方法改性土工布,测试了改性前后土工布的Zeta电位、接触角和抑菌性能以及模拟填埋场渗滤液的微生物群落结构,并以土工布EPS含量评估生物结垢.结果表明,改性前后土工布都具有疏水性,但表面电位存在一些差异;渗滤液微生物含有细菌Paraclostridium和古菌Methanoculleus;氧化石墨烯对渗滤液微生物表现出抑菌性,细胞死亡率比空白组更高;氧化石墨烯加入萘酚胶水进行改性明显抑制了土工布生物结垢,EPS量比空白组减少了49%.     

包覆型纳米铁的制备及其去除三氯乙烯的研究

采用微乳聚合法成功的用聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(PMMA)包覆了纳米铁粒子.透射电镜、红外光谱和热重分析证明,PMMA包覆层存在于铁表面,包覆型纳米铁在空气中的稳定性明显提高.批次实验结果表明,该纳米材料能有效降解环境污染物三氯乙烯(TCE),包覆型纳米铁对TCE的还原反应符合准一级反应动力学.     

海南水基钻屑中典型元素分布及其铺垫井场后对地下水的影响

铺垫井场是水基钻屑再利用的重要路径。然而,不同区域水基钻屑中元素浓度存在差异,其再利用过程中环境影响仍未全面了解。调查海南5个典型油气田钻井平台的水基钻屑,分析典型元素的分布和浸出特征,评估铺垫井场后对地下水的环境影响。结果表明,海南水基钻屑中Ni、As、Se、Sb、Pb、Hg、Tl、Mo、Ba浓度均未超过GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中规定的第二类用地的风险筛选值,除Tl外,其他元素浓度均与采样深度显著相关。浸出液中Pb、Tl、As浓度相对于GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》规定的Ⅲ类限值分别有36.5%、16.5%、16.5%的超标率,其中As浸出率最高,为35.7%。基于Texas模型的估算以及铺垫井场下方地下水的现场测定,所有检测项目浓度均未超过GB/T 14848—2017规定的Ⅲ类限值,表明水基钻屑铺垫井场是安全的。

     

Investigation of chipping and wear of silicon wafer dicing

Wafer dicing chipping and blade wear processes in transient and steady stages were investigated. Dicing blades with two different diamond grit sizes were used to cut wafers. In the cutting experiments, the dicing blades with two different diamond grit sizes were used to cut wafers and for a given type of wafer, the cooling water temperature, cutting feed speed, and rotational speed were fixed. The chipping size, blade surface wear area and surface roughness of the wafer were measured at cutting distances of 50, 150, 300, 975, 1350, and 1900 m, respectively. Cutting debris of cutting distances of 300 m and 1900 m was collected and analyzed. The correlation between blade surface properties and chipping size was investigated. Based on this experimental system, attention is to pay to examine the correlation between blade surface properties and chipping size for transient stage and steady stage. In transient stage, the roughness of dicing blade increases rapidly. This will rapidly increase the chipping size. In steady stage, the chipping size decreases slowly with the decreasing roughness of blade surface. This concludes that blade surface condition is an important factor that affects the chipping size. Moreover, in transient stage, diamond grits that are salient or less bonded to the blade detach leave caves on the blade surface which increases surface roughness of the blade and the chipping size. In steady stage, the heights of grits become even and the chipping size decreases accordingly.     

机动车轮胎磨损颗粒物化学组分特征研究

为研究机动车道路行驶过程中轮胎磨损排放的颗粒物理化特性,利用轮胎轮廓仿真磨耗仪,对国内主流17种轮胎胎面进行仿真磨耗实验,获得颗粒物样品,提取并检测其中18种元素和20种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量.结果显示,元素和PAHs含量因轮胎品牌和速度等级的不同而差异显著.18种元素平均含量为（99.04±68.43）mg/g,占样品总重的9.90%,其中Si（88.97±67.85）mg/g、Zn（6.77±1.64）mg/g和Na（1.05±0.75）mg/g的平均含量均超过1mg/g,Cd的含量最低,为（0.43±0.31）μg/g.20种PAHs含量之和（∑20PAHs）在12.13~433.64 μg/g,平均为（94.13±110.18）μg/g,PY的平均含量最高（30.98±31.27）μg/g,其次是CHR、BaP、FA、PHE和BghiP,平均含量最低的是AC（0.58±0.2）μg/g;从环数看,以4环PAHs为主（占∑20PAHs的45.03%~67.93%）,其次为3环（平均含量为15.45%）和5环（平均含量为12.62%）.总体来说,国外品牌轮胎样品中元素和PAHs含量略高于国内品牌,而主要PAHs环数略低于国内品牌.     

环境中的轮胎磨损颗粒:从路面到海洋

轮胎磨损颗粒是环境中微塑料的主要来源之一,目前全球轮胎磨损颗粒的释放量在590万t·a^-1左右,约占海洋微塑料总量的15%.轮胎磨损颗粒产生于路面,通过雨水径流迁移,进而存在于路面、土壤、沉积物、水体、生物体等环境介质中.当前轮胎磨损颗粒的检测主要通过检测标记物来实现,因此,标记物的选择是关键.同时,轮胎磨损颗粒会通过吸附和浸出污染物产生污染,对人体和生物体都有一定的健康风险.对于环境中轮胎磨损颗粒的控制,最直接的方式就是在迁移路径中截留轮胎磨损颗粒和加速轮胎磨损颗粒的分解;而改进轮胎配方,降低磨损率可从源头减少轮胎磨损颗粒的释放.目前,人们对轮胎磨损颗粒的认识不足,检测方法还需要完善,其环境行为和风险评价也缺乏相关的研究.获得轮胎磨损颗粒从路面到海洋迁移的规律性认识,对于了解其生态风险和潜在污染问题十分重要.基于此,本文归纳总结了轮胎磨损颗粒的产生、检测方法、环境分布、潜在风险和缓解措施等方面的研究成果,分析了轮胎磨损颗粒研究今后应予以关注的方向.     

石英砂负载氧化铁的表征及其除锑吸附性能研究

通过SEM/EDAX以及Nova-1000表面分析仪对石英砂负载的氧化铁颗粒进行了表征,发现负载氧化铁的粒径为200 nm左右,其表面孔径及孔隙率分别为2×10-9～9×10-9m及0.11%,负载氧化铁的石英砂的比表面积为原砂的5倍.考察了石英砂负载氧化铁(IOCS)在不同的实验条件下(吸附时间,pH值,温度等)对水溶液中锑的去除效果,在pH为3～9范围内,其去除率均超过了98%.吸附动力学及吸附等温线实验数据分别符合二级反应动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型.热动力学实验结果进一步表明:IOCS吸附锑的过程是自发的、吸热的化学吸附反应.     

Life cycle assessment of coated white board: a case study in China

Life cycle assessment was carried out using IMPACT2002+ to estimate the environmental impact of coated white board production, which is common in China. Normalized results showed that the potential impacts of respiratory inorganics, terrestrial ecotoxicity, global warming, and non-renewable energy had a dominant contributions to overall environmental impact. Specifically, emissions from chemical and energy production processes exhibited higher potential impact (more than 80% of the total contribution) on the environment than that of emissions generated from transport, landfill, wastewater treatment, and paper plants infrastructure. Energy recovery from black liquor and energy generation based on natural gas are key factors in reducing overall environmental potential impact. The current paper presents improvements on the environmental performance of a coated white board production site in China.     

Simulation and optimisation of a high grade coated paper mill

A process simulation of a high grade coated paper mill has been developed as part of a process integration study. Data necessary to calibrate and validate the simulation developed with the Cadsim Plus^® software were obtained by: measurements, samples analysis and estimations through partial and local mass balances. The simulation was designed in a way that allows grade changes to reproduce the mill operation. The simulation is used to support process studies to optimise water and raw materials consumption and to evaluate results obtained by mathematical optimisation. Different scenarios were studied in order to evaluate the feasibility and the effects of process redesign of the mill's networks.     

用酵母菌处理油田钻井废水的研究

从冀东油田钻井现场采集的受钻井废水污染的土壤样品中筛选到2株酵母菌种（Wickerhamiella domercqii和Candida boidinii）。将这2种酵母菌混合后在pH4.0的条件下处理钻井废水,TOC去除率为40．5％,略高于驯化后的活性污泥在中性条件下的处理效果（35．2％）。分子量的切割实验结果表明,在分子量为60000以上的有机质中,也有部分有机质具有生物可降解性。     

废弃钻井液化学强化固液分离处理

采用化学强化固液分离新技术处理油田废弃钻井液,确定了处理工艺及条件,筛选出了最佳药剂配方,探讨了造粒絮凝机理.结果表明,采用该工艺处理废弃钻井液是行之有效的,使处理后水质各项指标均符合《综合污水排放标准》(GB8978-1996)二级标准,COD、石油类、色度去除率分别达到99.81%、99.98%、99.30%;固相泥饼中污染物浸出率极低,减少了环境危害.     

新的环境管理手段:环境会计

本文阐述了环境管理的新手段一环境会计产生的背景及其主要内容：环保成本和效益的项目和计算方法等，提出在国内逐步推行环境会计及对环境污染责任人加大处罚力度等建议。     

应用腰鞭毛虫评价水体重金属污染的方法研究

鉴于腰鞭毛虫(dinoflagellates)生物毒性测试方法尚处于起步阶段,缺少各种污染物相应的毒性评价标准.利用美国海军研发的高新技术QwikLiteTM测试腰鞭毛虫发光量变化,应用腰鞭毛虫对重金属的响应关系评价水体重金属污染.结果表明,单一重金属的生物毒性Hg2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>As5+>Pb2+>Cr6+;2种、3种和4种重金属联合毒性基本以协同作用为主,个别有拮抗现象;pH对腰鞭毛虫影响不显著,可以直接将其应用于天然水体的生物毒性测试,但是pH对Hg2+和Cu2+的毒性有较大影响,测定这2类离子时需扣除pH影响;腰鞭毛虫不易受水体中营养物质影响,COD变化对腰鞭毛虫与Hg2+、Cd2+的响应关系影响显著.腰鞭毛虫对重金属污染敏感性好,响应范围窄,稳定性高,是水体重金属生物毒性测试的良好物种.