Evaluation of environmentally friendly lubricant for aluminum cold forging using friction test based on spline extrusion

It is required to replace the aluminum fluoride coating, which is a popular lubricant for aluminum alloy cold forging in Japan, with environmentally friendly lubricants, because the aluminum fluoride coating has high environmental risks and needs much expense. Evaluations of lubrication performance are necessary before lubricant replacement. The authors proposed new friction test based on combined forward spline-backward can extrusion. It can realize large surface expansion, which is a characteristic of aluminum cold forging. In the present paper, a double-layer-type environmentally friendly solid lubricant film and the aluminum fluoride coating were applied to a precipitation hardened aluminum alloy. The lubrication performance was evaluated by the friction test. The double-layer-type lubricant showed superior performance enough for the replacement. The effect of surface treatment applied to workpiece on the lubrication performance was also investigated. The surface asperity generated by a wet-blasting showed high pickup resistance and low friction.     

Welfare-based ecosystem management: an investigation of trade-offs

This paper investigates the use of welfare-based trade-offs in environmental management, focussing primarily on wetlands and riverine examples. It outlines methods and challenges in using economic criteria for determining these trade-offs. While economic criteria other than cost may have limited general applicability in determining wetlands banking and total maximum daily loads (TMDL) allocations, the paper suggests several methods for incorporating broad welfare criteria into regulatory methods. In particular, it suggests the use of a technique known as the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in developing community-based trade-off rules for wetlands and riverine management. This technique can be used to establish wetlands banking ratios, source and non-source mitigation techniques, and stream designated uses.     

一次冷锋过程中我国区域空气污染边界层特征

利用常规地面气象和探空资料、ERA-interim再分析资料、以及全国PM_2.5浓度数据,针对2015年3月7~11日一次冷空气南下的锋面天气过程中,我国华北、华东地区出现的大范围空气污染,开展了高空各层天气形势分析,以及本次过程中污染区域由北至南6个城市（北京、章丘、郑州、南阳、武汉、长沙）边界层气象要素的垂直结构及其时空演变特征的研究.结果表明：在污染前期（3月7~8日）中高纬度500hPa平直的纬向环流和地面均压场,为污染天气的发生和维持以及空气污染物的集聚提供了有利的环流场.污染中期（3月8~10日）冷空气南下,地面冷高压向华东地区移动,重污染区域随冷高压前部的弱低压场或均压场由北向南移动.伴随着天气系统移动,六个地面观测站的边界层特征在时空上表现出相似性,由北向南各站在污染期间先后出现多层逆温,风速较小,逆温层下相对湿度较大.此次多层逆温的形成是由于夜间近地面辐射冷却、冷锋移动过程中产生的锋面逆温以及边界层以上的下沉运动造成的.本研究揭示了在天气系统移动中,位于天气系统相同部位站点的边界层结构具有共同的特征,及其与空气污染的关系.     

一次冷锋过程中我国区域空气污染边界层特征

利用常规地面气象和探空资料、ERA-interim再分析资料、以及全国PM_2.5浓度数据,针对2015年3月7~11日一次冷空气南下的锋面天气过程中,我国华北、华东地区出现的大范围空气污染,开展了高空各层天气形势分析,以及本次过程中污染区域由北至南6个城市（北京、章丘、郑州、南阳、武汉、长沙）边界层气象要素的垂直结构及其时空演变特征的研究.结果表明：在污染前期（3月7~8日）中高纬度500hPa平直的纬向环流和地面均压场,为污染天气的发生和维持以及空气污染物的集聚提供了有利的环流场.污染中期（3月8~10日）冷空气南下,地面冷高压向华东地区移动,重污染区域随冷高压前部的弱低压场或均压场由北向南移动.伴随着天气系统移动,六个地面观测站的边界层特征在时空上表现出相似性,由北向南各站在污染期间先后出现多层逆温,风速较小,逆温层下相对湿度较大.此次多层逆温的形成是由于夜间近地面辐射冷却、冷锋移动过程中产生的锋面逆温以及边界层以上的下沉运动造成的.本研究揭示了在天气系统移动中,位于天气系统相同部位站点的边界层结构具有共同的特征,及其与空气污染的关系.     

广东省春季一次酸雨过程的数值模拟

采用WRF/Chem模式对2004年4月6—8日发生在广东省一次典型冷锋酸雨过程的气象场和污染物分布进行数值模拟,分析此次酸雨过程中致酸污染物SO2、NOx、硫酸盐气溶胶和硝酸盐气溶胶的主要分布特征,进而探讨此次酸雨的成因.结果表明,冷锋过境前,边界层高度较低,不利于污染物扩散,主要是局地排放致酸;冷锋过境形成了逆温层,污染物在逆温层内成片状均匀分布,使广东省出现大范围的酸雨.污染物浓度分布的模拟结果表明:SO2以本地源为主;NOx扩散范围较SO2广,分布更均匀;硫酸盐气溶胶和硝酸盐气溶胶6日主要分布在粤北,7日成大范围片状分布,与pH值的分布特征相似.     

Environmental management systems' awareness: an investigation of top 50 contractors in Egypt

The construction industry, as an economically strategic sector and a large contributor to pollution generation, is expected to face enormous obstacles if it doesn't respond to the new business and regulatory environmental requirements in an increasingly competitive market after international trade liberization. A practical tool to achieve sustainable construction is through adopting Environmental Management Systems (EMS). Movement towards environmental management systems is getting momentum in the construction industry of most developed countries. However this field is still a relatively new and the concept is still marginalized in most of the developing world. It is suggested that lack of awareness is a major contributor to this lag.This paper reports on the results of a research on the environmental awareness of the top 50 contractors in Egypt. It investigates their ISO 14001/EMS awareness, opinions about contractor's responsibility towards the environment, necessity of ISO 14001, and obstacles and potentials for ISO 14001 adoption. These results will pave the way for effective implementation of EMS by contractors in Egypt. The paper also discusses integrating sustainable construction principals with EMS. This integration should result in environmental, social, as well as economical benefits.     

基于核电冷源安全的海洋生物调查及筛选评价方法研究

我国滨海核电项目已发生多起海洋生物暴发导致取水系统异常的事件。当前核电厂建设前期海洋生物调查与评价缺乏对致灾海洋生物的针对性。本文结合国内外已开展的致灾海洋生物与核电厂冷源安全的现场工作反馈,分析了现有核电项目建设前期海洋生物调查工作的不足,提出了调查方案的优化措施,以尝试增强海洋生物调查、筛选评价与核电厂冷源安全纵深防御体系的关联。     

Impact of climate change: an empirical investigation of Malaysian rice production

This paper examines the possible impact of climate change on Malaysian rice production. Using the Ricardian Method and farm household data, we have examined the effects on rice producers focusing on sharecropper adaptations and ecological causes. The principle goal of this research paper is to investigate the impact of climate variables such as temperature, rainfall and precipitation on rice production during main and off seasons, in Kedah, Malaysia. The main purpose of this paper is to examine how climate change affects the net income of paddy farmers in the study area. The statistically significant results show that temperature, rainfall, farm size, educational knowledge, land area and value of labour input have an impact on rice production per hectare revealing potential impacts of climate vulnerability on Malaysian agriculture. The results showed that net revenue increased by Ringgit Malaysia (RM 1= $0.3277) 4.78 per hectare throughout the main seasons as a result of minimal increase in the temperature while there is a decrease of RM 3.02 in the net revenue per hectare during off seasons. During the off season, rainfall increased revenue per hectare by RM 1.32 and during the main season it reduced revenue per hectare by RM 1.01. The evidence from this study may be useful for Malaysian policymakers to facilitate greater preventive measures during the main and off-seasons to counteract climate uncertainty and vulnerability.     

城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散分布的数值模拟

采用通过实测分析得到的机动车综合排放因子表达式,实现了交通流性态参数与CFD仿真系统的联接,在此基础上模拟了不同车流量和平均车速组合下城市斜顶建筑物街道峡谷内机动车排放污染物(一氧化碳)的扩散分布。结果表明:(1)在自由来流风速一定时,峡谷内的一氧化碳浓度随平均车速的提高而降低(保持车流量不变),随车流量的增加而升高(保持平均车速不变);(2)联接交通流性态参数与CFD仿真系统而开展数值模拟,可为基于环境容量和道路交通容量双约束条件下的交通配流过程提供不同交通流分配方案下的大气环境质量评价信息。     

冷摆辗模具的材料选择及其热处理

模具寿命是冷摆辗的关键问题之一。选择合理的模具材料以及采用适宜的热处理工艺可以提高冷摆辗模具的强韧性,从而提高模具寿命。基于摆动辗压工艺的基本原理,分析研究了冷摆辗模具的受力情况,并对冷摆辗模具材料的选择及热处理工艺作了探讨。     

新型气升式氧化沟流体力学特性的数值模拟

以基于计算流体力学的FLUENT 软件为工具,选用雷诺应力模型对小试气升式氧化沟的三维流场进行模拟研究,比较了进气量分别为0.25,0.5,0.75m3/h 以及污泥浓度分别为2.5,5.0g/L 时的流速和流态.结果表明,气升式氧化沟的流态从整体上看是完全混合的,但其底部由于流速较大又具有推流特性;进气量对液相流速影响明显,对整体流态并无影响,污泥浓度对流速和流态影响都很小;将模拟结果与实际测试数据对比,表明该模拟结果可靠,可用于小试反应器的流体力学特性研究.     

Relative risk of abnormal karyotype in fetuses found to have an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) on fetal echocardiography

One hundred and twenty-five fetuses were identified as having an AVSD with normal venous connections, normal arterial connections and normal cardiac situs on fetal echocardiography. Fetal karyotype was known in 111 of these cases. The relative risk of fetal trisomy 21 at mid-trimester was 107 (95% CI 87–127) times the expected number of cases compared with risk from maternal age alone, and that for trisomy 21,18 or 13 was 95 (95% CI 79–109). This data may be useful in counselling pregnant women about risk of fetal karyotypic abnormality after a diagnosis of fetal AVSD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气溶胶采样头在无人机上安装位置的模拟

利用流体力学软件CFD对固定翼无人机在海拔1000m高处以30m/s速度飞行时采样头的最佳安装位置进行了模拟.首先利用ICEM CFD前处理软件对无人机模型进行了网格划分;然后利用FLUENT软件及其中的DPM模型先后对气相(连续相)和颗粒相(离散相)分别进行了数值模拟,最后用DPM模型模拟了从速度入口方向以30m/s速度释放粒径为1,2.5,10μm的颗粒物,由颗粒物的轨迹图得到了颗粒物在机身周围的阴影区和密集区厚度.得到主要结论如下:对于本研究中的无人机,在海拔1000m高处,采集PM1,PM2.5,PM10时的气溶胶采样头的最佳安装位置为机身下部距机头距离约42~75cm,采样头探头距机身下部壁面的距离分别应大于4,4,4.3cm,但不超过26cm(机身下部距地面距离).     

寒区多孔介质中LNAPL迁移的多场耦合模拟

建立了包含水、气、NAPL、固(冰)四相的温度场、流场及化学场多场耦合模型,适用于定量模拟LNAPL泄漏过程中发生冻结后的迁移分布.通过与非冻条件下LNAPL迁移模型对比,模拟结果显示,冻结条件下因冰的形成LNAPL会发生与非冻条件下不同的迁移行为,冰的形成阻碍LNAPL下渗,并产生冻结势使LNAPL向地表方向迁移.相...     

Acid deposition models for detecting the effect of changes in emissions: an exploratory investigation utilizing meteorological variables

Two models are presented that incorporate meteorological variables to improve the assessment of the effects of emissions reductions on the concentration of sulfate in precipitation. We obtain results using these models from 12 sites in the NADP/NTN network for the 10-year period 1979–1988. In both models, we estimate the emissions effect and discuss appropriate measurements of error. Although we use historical data to evaluate the models, this methodology is developed to improve the assessment of anticipated future emission reductions under the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990. The emphaseis of this research is not on the actual estimates of the effect of emission changes. Rather, we show that the incorporation of meteorological variables offers some hope for improving the assessment of the effects of emission reductions. We provide a preliminary evaluation of the improvement in the methodology utilizing meteorological variables at 12 NADP/NTN sites in the eastern U.S.A.