污水地下渗滤系统强化脱氮试验研究

构建了3套以5%炉渣+95%草甸棕壤为基质的地下渗滤系统室内模拟试验装置,在水力负荷为0.1m3/(m2·d)条件下进行了生活污水处理试验.结果表明,当分流位置位于系统内110cm处,分流比为1:1时,可提高地下渗滤对总氮的去除效率,总氮的去除率由59.37%提高至68.41%,且对COD和总磷的去除效果没有影响.     

分流两段式土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果及机理研究

为解决传统土壤渗滤系统占地面积过大的问题,采用多级土壤渗滤系统和地下渗滤系统组合的新型两段式污水处理工艺,研究了在高水力负荷0.3m/d条件下分流比对其脱氮效果的影响,并通过实时定量PCR技术对不同层级的脱氮功能基因数量进行检测,进一步探究该系统中微生物脱氮机理.水质监测结果表明,分流措施可以显著提高两段式土壤渗滤系统在高负荷下的脱氮能力,当分流比为1：2时系统污染物去除能力最佳,对化学需氧量（COD）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN）的平均去除率分别达到91.16%、96.91%、72.11%和72.27%.脱氮功能基因丰度分析结果表明,多级土壤渗滤系统中的硝化及厌氧氨氧化和地下渗滤系统中的硝化反硝化的耦合作用是该工艺微生物脱氮的主要途径.     

分流比对土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响研究

针对污染物浓度较高的养猪废水,开展了不同分流比条件下土壤渗滤系统处理效果的对比研究,并分析了分流比对系统中脱氮微生物数量及氧化还原电位(ORP)变化的影响.试验结果表明,分流比对土壤渗滤系统的脱氮效果影响较大,而对COD、TSS和TP的去除效果无明显影响,当水力负荷(HLR)为0.01m3·m-2·d-1且分流比为1∶2时,系统对TN的去除效果最好,平均去除率达80.20%,而对其他污染物的平均去除率均可达90%以上;分流比可影响土壤渗滤系统中脱氮微生物的数量,分流比的增大可促进系统中反硝化细菌数量的增加,强化系统的脱氮效果;另外,分流比还可影响系统填料层中ORP的变化.因此,根据系统进水水质选择合适的分流比,是强化土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的关键因素.     

污水地下渗滤系统微生物代谢组学分析

应用超高效液相色谱-质谱技术（UPLC-MS）,基于代谢组学方法,筛选不同进水有机负荷下地下渗滤系统潜在生物标志物.采用偏最小二乘法（PLS-DA）和主成分分析（PCA）模式识别方法对样品进行分型处理,根据模型的变量重要性因子（VIP值）筛选潜在生物标志物,分析代谢产物蕴含的生物学信息,研究代谢通路,通过RDA分析探索代谢产物与环境因子之间的相关性.PLS-DA模型结果表明,当进水有机负荷为250mg/L、400mg/L、500mg/L时,同一高度层代谢产物间存在显著性差异,共筛选出VIP值大于1.5的230种差异代谢物,以有机酸为主;同时也存在一些醇类、酚类等微生物代谢中间产物.此外,微生物代谢产物与模拟土柱高度有显著对应性.在水力负荷为0.14m³/（m²·d）,COD污染负荷为400mg/L条件下,3个高度层H2（500mm）、H4（1000mm）、H6（1500mm）筛选出53种VIP值大于1.5的差异代谢物,以酸类、酮类物质为主.RDA分析表明,随着有机负荷波动和剖面高度的变化,代谢产物受到氧化还原环境（ORP）与硝态氮（NO₃^-）的影响较大,呈负相关.     

强化污水人工土快滤处理系统除氮效果的研究

传统的人工土处理系统对污水中氮的去除率较低,改进后的污水人工土处理系统由珍珠岩人工土硝化柱和原人工土反硝化柱构成。试验结果表明,硝化柱有较好的通气条件,对NH⁺₄－N的转化去除率为84％～98％;反硝化柱中碳氮比（BOD₅/NO^－_x－N）以3.0左右、水力停留时间为6h左右较适宜。原人工土快滤系统经强化处理后,对污水中氮的去除率有较大幅度的提高,全N去除率由45％提高到91％～96％,出水水质全N和NH⁺₄－N含量小于5mg/L,NO^－_x－N［（NO^－₃＋NO^－₂－N的含量远小于10mg/L。     

人工快速渗滤系统氨氮去除机理

通过对稳定运行的快渗池采样监测和利用室内人工土柱法研究了渗滤系统中氨氮、硝氮的分布和转化,探讨了人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)中氨氮的去除机理.结果显示,在布水期,人工快速渗滤系统中主要发生吸附反应,吸附态氨氮主要集中在0～50cm砂层;在落干期,吸附态氨氮发生硝化反应,在下一次布水时硝氮随水流排出;系统的反硝化能力较弱,总氮的去除率也较低.     

Applying real-time control to enhance the performance of nitrogen removal in CAST system

A bench-scale reactor（72 L） red with domestic sewage, was operated more than 3 months with three operation modes： traditional mode, modified mode and real-time control mode, so as to evaluate effects of the operation mode on the system performance and to develop a feasible control strategy. Results obtained from fixed-time control study indicate that the variations of the pH and oxidation-reduction potential（ORP） profiles can represent dynamic characteristics of system and the cycle sequences can be controlled and optimized by the control points on the pH and ORP profiles. A control strategy was, therefore, developed and applied to real-time control mode. Compared with traditional mode, the total nitrogen（TN） removal can be increased by approximately 16% in modified mode and a mean TN removal of 92% was achieved in real-time control mode. Moreover, approximately 12.5% aeration energy was saved in real- time control mode. The result of this study shows that the performance of nitrogen removal was enhanced in modified operation mode. Moreover, the real-time control made it possible to optimize process operation and save aeration energy.     

多层渗滤介质系统对城市雨水径流氮磷污染物的净化作用

根据北京市雨水地表径流污染的特点,设计了用于去除屋顶和机动车路面雨水径流污染物的多层渗滤介质系统,进行污染雨水净化效果的试验研究.结果表明,系统对屋顶和机动车路面雨水径流中的氮磷污染物有明显的去除效果,NH+4-N、TN、TP的去除率分别达80%、90%、50%以上,出水浓度达到地表水Ⅱ类水质标准;"砂砾料"垫层对TP的去除效果稍好于"无砂混凝土"垫层;雨水径流中氮磷浓度愈高则对氮磷的去除率愈高.雨水径流氮磷浓度变化对氮磷去除效果的影响较小.多层渗滤介质系统通过微生物的硝化和反硝化作用实现生物脱氮是系统去除氮的主要途径;土壤的吸附与沉淀作用是多层渗滤介质系统去除磷的主要途径.系统对城市雨水径流氮磷污染物的净化能力主要发生在垫层及地基土层0.3m以内.     

页岩-钢渣组合填料湿地强化脱氮除磷研究

以城市污水A/O工艺出水为处理对象,运用页岩和钢渣物化除磷、调控进水碳氮比和氮素氧化性等技术手段,在中试规模上研究了页岩和钢渣组合填料湿地的脱氮除磷效能及影响因素.结果表明,当COD面积负荷率、TN面积负荷率、TP面积负荷率、HRT(水力停留时间)分别为6.5～20.7 g·(m²·d)^-1、2.57～8.22 g·(m²·d)^-1、0.41～1.32 g·(m²·d)^-1、0.5～1.6d时,①氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的去除率分别为85.8%、56.3%和18.6%,TN去除率为58.0%,TN面积负荷去除率为3.58g·(m²·d)^-1,TN反应动力学常数为0.31 m·d^-1,TN面积负荷去除率随进水TN负荷的增加而线性增加.②TP去除率为90.4%,TP面积负荷去除率为0.89 g·(m²·d)^-1,TP反应动力学常数为0.86 m.d^-1,TP面积负荷去除率随进水TP负荷的增加而线性增加.③水温、HRT、氮素组分、C/N等因素对湿地系统的脱氮除磷效率有显著影响.TN面积负荷去除率随HRT、COD/TN值的增加而幂函数增加.TN面积负荷去除率随水温(、NO₂^--N+NO₃^--N)/TN值的增加而呈指数函数增加.     

潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统氮去除及氮转化细菌的研究

潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统具有一定的氮净化能力，总氮（ＴＮ）去除率分别为４９３４％（芦苇系统）、４５４９％（茭白系统）、３８６９％（无植物系统）．湿地中氮转化细菌丰富，氨化细菌为１０６—１０７ｃｆｕ／ｇ（土壤），亚硝化菌为１０３—１０５ＭＰＮ／ｇ（土壤），硝化菌１０３—１０４ＭＰＮ／ｇ（土壤），反硝化细菌为１０４—１０６ＭＰＮ／ｇ（土壤）．亚硝化菌数量有植物系统高于无植物系统，前部高于后部，硝化菌数量有植物系统高于无植物系统，中后部高于前部．     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 different inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15 months. The removal efficiency of four different sets of beds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, the mixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied. The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of these beds under different inflow loadings and pollution loadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 subsurface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹, while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. The results showed that the inflow and outflow loading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obvious linear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run the system was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. Average removal rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control. TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bed were 63% and 27% higher than the control bed, respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption of plants indicated that the absorption amount was very limited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved that plants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving the water flow, and increasing the biomass, as well as activities of microorganisms around the roots. The research provided a perspective for understanding the TN removal mechanism and design for SFS. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 253–256 [译自: 环境科学]     

一种改性生物填料强化生活污水脱氮效果研究

生物强化脱氮技术是城镇污水处理厂的重点关注之一.大量研究表明改性填料可以增强污水生物脱氮效果.本文制备了负载纳米MnO2的改性聚氨酯棉填料(聚氨酯/MnO2),构建分别以聚氨酯/MnO2和聚氨酯为填料的生物滤池对比系统(R1和R2);并进一步探究两个系统对生活废水的脱氮效果差异以及主要运行参数的影响作用.结果 表明,整...     

铝污泥生物填料对黑臭水体的脱氮除磷效果研究

现场小试模拟研究了铝污泥生物填料、聚丙烯纤维生物填料以及二者分别与狐尾藻组合在黑臭河道水体中的治理效果。结果表明:铝污泥生物填料能够调节水体pH,狐尾藻可提高水体溶解氧(DO)浓度,营造有利于微生物生长的微环境;铝污泥生物填料出水水质优于聚丙烯纤维生物填料,出水水质基本达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准;铝污泥-狐尾藻组合对水体污染物的整体去除效果最好,出水水质优于GB 3838—2002的Ⅳ类标准,对COD_Cr、TP、TN和NH₃-N去除率分别为74.62%、93.59%、93.19%和96.46%。     

植物光合及蒸腾特性对湿地脱氮效果的影响

测定了芦苇光合作用及蒸腾特性随气象和水力条件的变化,及湿地相应的脱氮效率.采用相关系数法分析了芦苇光合及蒸腾特性与脱氮效率之间的关系.结果表明,芦苇的光合作用、蒸腾作用对湿地脱氮效果影响较大,随净光合速率和蒸腾速率的增加,湿地中DO浓度上升,改善了湿地脱氮效果;湿地水深影响芦苇水分利用效率和湿地脱氮效率,与浅水位比较而言,深水位下芦苇的水分利用率和湿地脱氮效率都得到了提高.     

改造滤岸对城市降雨径流中氮磷去除的中试研究

选择煤渣、锯末、沸石、麦饭石、土壤和马尼拉草构建了城市河岸带改造滤岸中试模型,并对其去除城市降雨径流中氮磷污染物能力进行了研究.结果表明,改造滤岸对表面径流和下渗径流中NH4+-N和TP具有良好的净化效果和较强的去除能力;NH4+-N平均去除率分别为66.5％和83.7％,TP平均去除率分别为42.6％和96.2％,出水水质分别可达国家地表水Ⅳ类和Ⅲ类水标准,模型稳定后对表层径流和下渗径流中TN的去除率可达20％左右;模型对NH4+-N、TN和TP的处理负荷分别为634.1～1114.5 mg-m-2·h-1、102.2 ～594.2mg· m-2·h-1和20.6～ 209.0 mg·m-2· h-1,表面径流大于下渗径流.模型内碳源(锯末)以及其他介质的添加虽然能够提高氮的转化能力,但也会影响模型对TN的去除率;下凹断面和末端断面对氮磷的去除率和去除负荷间存在一定的差异,但随着模型的稳定其差异逐渐降低.模型对氮磷的处理负荷与入水氮磷浓度呈显著正相关,说明模型具有一定的抗冲击能力.     

水平潜流人工湿地有机物去除模型研究

以总有机碳(TOC)做为模型参数,建立了1个水平潜流人工湿地有机物去除机理模型.通过对试验数据的拟合得到模型中的未知参数,再对模型进行验证.结果表明,模型预测值与实测值的吻合较好.种植花叶芦竹的水平潜流人工湿地和空白湿地对生活污水中总有机碳的去除率分别为92%和91%,去除的主要途径为生物降解作用,生物降解量占进水总有机碳的84%.植物对总有机碳去除有促进作用,但影响不大.     

潜流人工湿地长效运行脱氮研究进展

潜流人工湿地具有操作简单,建设和运行成本低,环境效益好等优点,但在长期运行过程中普遍存在脱氮效率降低的问题。阐述了潜流人工湿地脱氮机理,提出湿地复氧能力降低和基质堵塞是造成人工湿地长期运行脱氮效率降低的主要原因。基于文献分析,综述了潜流人工湿地长期运行提高脱氮效率的方法,分别从提高湿地复氧能力,选择合适的基质粒径和级配及优化潜流人工湿地工艺等方面阐述了提高脱氮效率的措施及其效果。     

Simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a continuous-flow two-sludge system

The ability of simultaneous biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal was investigated in a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system. Alternating anaerobic and anoxic conditions were combined with contact oxidation stage for treating raw municipal wastewater. Long-term experiments showed that the contradiction of competing for the organic substrate between denitrifying bacteria and PAOs （phosphorus accumulating organisms） in traditional phosphorus and nitrogen removal system has been resolved. The system can adapt to low influent COD/TN ratio （C/N）. Furthermore the SRT （sludge retention time） of nitrifying sludge and denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge can be controlled at optimal conditions respectively. The removal efficiency of COD, TP, TN, and NH4-N was 81.78%, 92.51%, 75.75%, and 84.47% respectively. It was also found that the appropriate influent C/N should be controlled at the range of 3.8-6, while the optimal C/N to the system ranged between 4-5, and the BFR （bypass sludge flow rate） should be controlled at 0.35 around.     

生物除磷脱氮工艺技术研究

采用厌氧－缺氧－好氧工艺（简称Ａ２／Ｏ工艺）,研究除磷脱氮的主要影响因素及其规律。结果表明,ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ值增大,总磷去除率提高,但当ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ＞６０时,提高缓慢;硝酸盐的存在对除磷有抑制;ＣＯＤ／ＴＫＮ＜１０时,总氮去除率随碳氮比增大而增加,大于此值几乎无影响;混合液回流比小于３时,回流比的变化对总磷总氮的去除均有影响;温度对脱氮的影响比除磷显著,小于１５℃氮去除率明显下降,而８～１０℃时仍有较好的除磷效果。