西昌市13种野生蘑菇中汞含量分析及安全性评价

地球生态系统汞的水平一般非常低,但某些大型真菌对汞的强烈积累则是例外.分析了采集于四川省西昌市未受汞污染地方生长的13种野生蘑菇99个样品子实体中汞的含量,用原子荧光法测定蘑菇和蘑菇采集地土壤中的汞含量.野生蘑菇的汞含量随蘑菇种类的不同而不同,双色牛肝菌积累汞的能力最强,质量比为0.99 mg Hg/(kg·dw),生物富集常数(BCF)达2.01.提出野生蘑菇对汞的积累明显受介质汞水平的影响.分析的汞含量与早期的文献数据报道进行比较,评价了法律规定的人体吸收汞水平和食用蘑菇对人体汞吸收量的贡献,指出人们在消费蘑菇时可能存在的风险和应对措施.     

牙科汞齐造成的汞污染研究进展

除了食鱼之外,牙汞齐是一般人群汞暴露的重要途径.对于牙汞齐所引起的汞释放及其对人体造成的危害从动物暴露实验和孕妇牙汞齐对母亲和胎儿体内汞含量的影响两方面进行了综述,表明牙汞齐会造成动物肝脏、肾脏及脑组织中汞浓度的升高,孕妇口腔中牙汞齐会在孕妇及胎儿体内造成汞累积;关于牙科废水汞含量以废水处理的研究近年来引起人们的关注,众多研究表明牙科诊所排放出来的废水中的汞是可以为生物所吸收利用的,会对地表水造成污染,在牙科诊所中安放汞分离器是国外普遍采用的方法,但分离器的效率需要进一步提高.最后从牙汞齐对人体健康的影响、汞释放机理、牙科废水处理等方面给出了研究建议.目前我国对于牙科汞齐造成的汞污染尚未给予充分重视,建议开展牙汞齐对人体和环境影响的研究与评价,以正确认识其危害,进行治理,减少人体汞暴露以及汞的环境排放量.     

某荧光灯厂周围土壤汞污染评价

为探讨荧光灯厂周围土壤中重金属汞的环境风险,采集某荧光灯厂周围26个表层土壤样品进行分析,评价土壤汞污染状况及其影响因素。结果表明:调查范围内土壤汞的含量在0.050~0.363 mg/kg,平均含量为0.136 mg/kg,明显高于重庆市土壤汞背景值。荧光灯厂周围土壤汞污染严重,超标率达100%。地累积污染指数评价表明,有15.4%、38.5%和38.5%的土壤采样点分别达到中-强度、中度和无-中度污染水平,仅有7.6%的采样点未受污染。潜在生态风险评价表明,有7.7%、26.9%、42.3%和23.1%的采样点分别达到极强、很强、强和中等程度潜在生态危害。距离污染源越近,土壤汞污染水平和潜在生态危害程度越大。     

内蒙古草原植物羊草对外源汞的积累特征

研究草原植物的汞积累特征,对探究汞的环境效应和草原植物对汞的安全临界值具有重要意义,为有效控制土壤中汞的环境行为及寻求草原土壤中汞的生物治理措施提供理论支撑。以草原植物羊草(Leymus chinensis)为研究对象,模拟汞沉降,采用水浴消解-原子荧光法测定土壤和植物中汞质量比,研究羊草对外源汞的积累特征。结果表明,羊草汞积累量与外源汞处理水平高度相关,相关系数达到0.99以上,且随外源汞处理水平增大而增加。此外,土壤中汞残留率与羊草根部富集系数呈中度负相关关系,决定系数为0.631 7。当羊草和土壤汞累积量随环境汞的增长速率增长时,汞通过食物链的富集将会对陆生生态系统及环境造成不可逆的影响。     

长三角和珠三角土壤中汞的化学形态、转化和吸附特性

为了解长江三角洲和珠江三角洲农业土壤中汞的积累可能产生的环境影响,选择10个代表性农业土壤样品,研究了土壤中汞的化学形态、积累过程中形态的转化及吸附-解吸行为.研究表明,当无外源汞加入时,长江三角洲和珠江三角洲农业土壤中,汞主要以稳定的残余态形式存在.但随着汞加入量的增加,土壤中可交换态汞显著增加,增加程度与土壤性质有关.土壤pH是影响土壤汞有效性最重要的因素,其对土壤汞的吸附、解吸、形态转化和存在形态均有很大影响.土壤酸化可促进土壤汞的释放,加剧对环境的危害,防治土壤酸化也可有效降低土壤中汞对环境的危害.     

汞对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展

汞污染因毒性大、致毒结果严重而备受关注,水环境尤其是水源水的汞污染严重威胁人体健康。近年来,国内外对汞的生物毒性进行了广泛深入的研究。归纳了近年来关于汞对水生生物,包括水生植物、鱼类、贝类、藻类及两栖类毒性效应和毒害机理的研究进展,并提出今后不仅要研究不同水生生物对汞形态的转化方式和转化机理,还要进一步寻找对低浓度汞污染最敏感的指示生物和监测指标。     

金属毒物污染食品对人体的危害

目前,公认的对人体健康危害较大的金属毒物有汞、铜、铅、砷（砷虽非金属,按其化学性质和有类似有害金属的毒性,习惯上列入此类）。有害金属元素进入人体后,往往不易分解、排泄而易发生积累,有的还转化为毒性更大的化合物。微量汞在人体内不致引起危害,但蓄积到一定量即可损害人体健康。据调查,一个人每天吃的食物里含汞量若为每公斤5－6毫克,半个月后,即可发生中毒。即使吃每公斤含汞量为0．2－0．3毫克的食物,半年左右也可发生中毒。进入人体的汞主要来自被污染的食品,而被污染的水产品如鱼、虾、贝类,更是食品中汞的主要来源…     

青岛不同功能区居民发汞含量及影响因素分析

为了解青岛市不同功能区居民的汞暴露情况,在青岛市城阳区、李沧区、崂山区和即墨市收集223名居民的头发样品,发汞含量用冷蒸气原子吸收法测定.结果表明,青岛市不同功能区居民的发汞质量比范围为0.02～28.75 mg/kg,均值为0.06 mg/kg.在223份样品中,有23份发汞质量比超过了美国环境保护局制定的1 mg/kg的限值,占总数的10.31%,说明青岛市存在人群发生汞暴露的健康风险.即墨市和李沧区居民的发汞质量比高于城阳区和崂山区居民的发汞质量比.在各影响因素中,发汞质量比与性别、食鱼频率没有相关关系,与年龄成正相关关系,有饮酒习惯的居民的发汞质量比明显高于没有饮酒习惯居民的发汞质量比.     

长期施肥对黑土中Cu、Cd含量及其剖面分布的影响

以经过8个不同施肥处理的黑土样品为材料,研究长期不同施肥处理下,黑土中Cu、Cd含量的差异.采用原子吸收分光光度法和Tessier-连续提取法,研究黑土中全Cu、全Cd和有效Cu、有效Cd的含量差异.结果表明,有机肥的长期施用,会使土壤中Cu、Cd与有机质发生络合并使Cu、Cd在土壤表层累积;秸秆和氮磷钾(S NPK)化肥的长期配合施用,有利于作物对有效Cu和Cd的吸收,从而使Cu、Cd在土壤中没有明显积累;NP及NPK处理下,二铵、氯化钾肥对土壤中Cu、Cd积累的影响不明显.长期耕作不施肥(CK)处理时,因无外源Cu、Cd,以及作物对有效Cu、Cd的长期吸收,土壤中Cu、Cd含量低于不耕作不施肥(休闲)处理的.从垂直剖面上看,Cu、Cd主要积累在黑土表层,而表层以下不同施肥处理间Cu、Cd含量的差异和变幅不大.有机肥料能明显地向土壤中带入Cu、Cd,造成Cu、Cd在土壤表层的积累,并由于植物体的吸收对人体造成潜在危害,而其他化学肥料对土壤中Cu和Cd积累的影响不明显.本研究为人们的生产实践提供了施肥理论和依据,并且对土壤的污染防治也具有现实意义.     

冶炼过程中汞的研究展望

分析了冶炼过程中汞的主要来源和含量,并介绍了汞的反应行为及形态变化,以及各种元素对汞形态的影响。指出了冶炼过程中汞的研究方向,为以后汞元素的去除提供理论依据。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。