城市污水再生处理过程中壬基酚的迁移转化行为研究

采用SPE—GC—MSD-SIM方法，分析了壬基酚在污水再生处理全过程中的迁移转化行为与归宿。研究表明，在污水二级生物处理流程中，壬基酚主要来源为原污水和泥区回流液；壬基酚的去除途径有一沉池生污泥的吸附迁移作用和曝气池单元的生物降解转化作用，其中一沉池生污泥的吸附去除29．8％，曝气池生物降解54．4％，NP总去除率为84．2％。絮凝、过滤和消毒的污水再生深度处理工艺对壬基酚的迁移转化作用不明显。     

传统活性污泥法处理城市污水过程中重金属的变化研究

研究了污水处理厂传统活性污泥工艺不同处理工段污水和污泥中Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd、 Hg和As含量变化及其在污水中的形态分布特征,进一步了解重金属在不同处理工段的去除情况.整个工艺流程污水中Hg的去除率最大,平均达76.4%,Pb的去除率最小,平均为29.7%.不同处理工段各重金属去除率差异较大,从进水到初沉池出水Zn去除率最大,平均达55.4%,其次为Hg和Cu,平均去除率分别为40.0%与34.2%;由初沉池出水到二沉池出水Cd、Hg和Cu平均去除率达36.1%～38.5%.进水、初沉池出水和二沉池出水中颗粒态Zn占其总量的比例(以质量分数计,下同)均在98.1%以上,颗粒态Hg占其总量的比例由84.1%降低到39.7%,颗粒态As占其总量的比例由11.7%上升至56.5%.初沉池污泥、曝气池活性污泥和脱水消化污泥中Zn含量最高,初沉池污泥中Cd含量最低,曝气池活性污泥和脱水消化污泥中As含量最低.脱水消化污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量高于初沉池污泥和曝气池活性污泥,Hg和As含量低于初沉池污泥而高于曝气池活性污泥.大部分Zn和Pb在初沉池中被除去,大部分Cd在二沉池中被除去,Hg和Cu在初沉池与二沉池中的去除效果相当.     

辊压转鼓式脱水机在造纸业污泥脱水中的应用研究

在污水处理过程中,随着污水的净化,产生大量的污泥。如制浆造纸工厂碱法草浆中段污水经过一次沉淀池后,每处理一立方米污水产生0.6公斤干污泥(主要是短纤维和薄壁细胞);经曝气池生化处理后,每除去一公斤BOD_5产生0.6公斤剩余活性污泥;再进一步以硫酸铝为絮凝剂进行化学处理后,每去除一公斤COD_(cr),则产生化学污泥0.9公斤。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在膜-生物反应器中的归趋

综述了环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的化学性质、环境释放机制以及其对环境构成的危害,归纳了壬基酚及其短链聚氧乙烯醚（NPnEO）在膜-生物反应器（MBR）中的迁移转化规律,分析了其生物降解性和降解机理,探讨了MBR中活性污泥对其吸附能力和膜的截留能力,讨论了包括厌氧或好氧条件下的温度、水力停留时间、污泥停留时间等因素对于其降解过程的影响。     

城市污水处理系统中典型内分泌干扰物的迁移转化特征

采用固相萃取-气相色谱法研究了邯郸某污水处理系统污水和污泥中内分泌干扰物的存在水平,在污水和污泥中均检测出多氯联苯类、多环芳烃类、邻苯二甲酸酯类、酚类和有机氯农药五大类内分泌干扰物,除多氯联苯浓度在μg水平外,其他4种内分泌干扰物的浓度均在ng水平。污水处理系统进水以及污泥中它们的平均浓度分别在19.43 ng/L~60.82μg/L和43.94 ng/g~167.45μg/g之间,污水经过处理后,平均去除率在16.6%~77.9%之间。在污水处理过程中,多氯联苯、多环芳烃和有机氯农药主要通过污泥吸附去除,而邻苯二甲酸酯和酚类则主要通过生物降解作用去除。     

城市污水一级强化处理工艺——高负荷生物吸附再生法的应用研究

根据理论分析提出生物吸附-沉淀-再生的城市污水处理工艺,即高负荷生物吸附再生法.该工艺对污染物去除的作用主要包括污泥的絮凝作用、吸附作用和生物代谢作用,而以前两者的作用为主.对城市污水的生产性试验研究结果表明,该工艺能够较大程度地提高SS、COD、SCOD和BOD等污染物的去除率,具有明显的处理效果,对于西北干旱缺水地区实现污水资源化是切实可行的方法.     

污水处理中几种去除药物及个人护理用品方法的机理及效果比较

目前广泛分布在环境中的药物及个人护理品（pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs）在环境中的迁移、转化和处理已成为环境科学与工程研究的一个新的领域。污水处理厂排水是PPCPs进入环境中的主要途径。介绍了污水处理过程中传统活性污泥法、膜处理技术以及氧化处理等主要工艺对PPCPs的去除机理,并对去除效果进行了比较。以传统活性污泥法及在其改进后的膜处理技术为基础的大部分现有污水处理厂只能够去除一部分PPCPs,并且主要通过吸附（如对于吐纳麝香、佳乐麝香、萨利麝香等脂溶性较高的有机物）和生物降解作用（如对于布洛芬,17β-雌二醇,雌酮等易反应的有机物）。然而,吸附了PPCPs的污泥通过土壤施肥又将PPCPs带入土壤中,进而会渗滤到地下水,或随径流水进入地表水中。因此,PPCPs并没有从根本上得以去除。相比之下氧化处理工艺（如氯化、臭氧氧化、紫外辐射）或这些工艺的组合能够将大部分的PPCPs进行氧化,去除效果明显优于以上2种技术。然而,氧化后产物的种类和毒理性需要更深入的研究。     

倒置A~2/O工艺参数变化对污水中医药类污染物去除的影响

通过实验室模拟的倒置A2/O工艺装置,改变水力停留时间(HRT)、pH、温度和进水浓度等参数来考察医药类污染物非那西丁(PNT)、咖啡因(CAF)、吉非罗齐(GFZ)、双氯芬酸(DCF)和胆固醇(CH)的缺氧、厌氧和好氧生物降解效果,从而了解城市污水中医药类污染物的生物去除规律。研究发现,PNT的生物降解性最好,长的HRT、较高温度和pH中性条件下可被完全降解;CAF在好氧、温度较高与中性条件下,其去除效率为99%;GFZ在中性条件和水温25℃时去除效率达95%;DCF部分吸附到污泥中得到降解,但在酸性条件下,77%的DCF可被污泥吸附而去除;CH在各工艺参数变化下去除效果没有明显的差异,其去除为污泥吸附与微生物降解共同作用。     

活性污泥吸附联合发酵产酸资源化回收污水碳源

利用活性污泥源头吸附回收污水中的有机碳源,然后进行厌氧发酵产酸,可以改变污水碳源在传统工艺中的迁移与转化途径。研究结果表明,本工艺大大提高了有机碳源的利用率,降低了后续水解释碳成本。在30 min内,活性污泥对污水COD、氨氮和总磷的吸附去除率分别达到69%、57%和58.2%。热碱水解(t=90℃,p H=11)能够实现吸附碳源污泥(富碳污泥)中有机物的快速释放,水解污泥上清液中COD、溶解性蛋白质和溶解性多糖含量分别达到8 173.8、1 508.8和1 936.0 mg·L~(-1)。将获得的有机物进行厌氧发酵产酸,挥发性有机酸总量达到6 025.4 mg·L~(-1),与普通活性污泥相比,提高了27.7%;但是有机酸的组成和发酵所需时间变化不大。本研究结果为污水处理厂节能降耗以及污泥资源化处理处置提供参考。     

生物铁法去除维生素B1生产废水中COD的试验研究

生物铁法是一种新型的强化活性污泥法,处理高浓度、难生物降解维生素B1生产废水具有很大的优势.当进水COD浓度维持在8000 mg/L时,COD的去除率可达94%以上,比普通活性污泥法高出9.7%.生物铁法污泥絮凝沉淀效果好,能保证系统有较高浓度的回流污泥,从而使曝气池的污泥浓度得到提高,COD的去除率也会相应地提高.     

响应面分析法优化造纸污泥吸附剂除磷工艺

以造纸厂废水污泥为原料,采用微波加热法制备造纸污泥吸附剂。利用制备的造纸污泥吸附剂对模拟含磷废水进行了吸附研究,探讨了吸附时间、投加量、pH值、转速和温度等因素对除磷效果的影响,并采用响应面设计法优化吸附工艺条件。结果表明,获得了最佳除磷工艺条件为吸附时间97 min,投加量6.9 g/L,pH=6,转速200 r/min,温度30℃,在此条件下磷的去除率可达99%以上。因此,造纸污泥吸附剂对磷的吸附效果良好,具有重要的实际应用价值。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在印染废水处理工艺中的去除研究

为减少印染助剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(nonylphenol ethoxylates,NPEO)及其降解产物壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)随印染废水进入水体造成的不利环境影响,对2种常规印染废水处理净水工艺处理含NPEO的模拟印染废水效率开展了研究。研究发现,结合厌氧水解和曝气氧化的生物处理工艺能迅速地将废水中NPEO去除,去除率达到90%以上,但排水中残余一定含量的NP、短链NPEO和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酸酯(nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylate,NPEC),在减少排水中NP、短链NPEO和短链NPEC浓度方面,接触氧化法比活性污泥法效果更好。排水中的NP和短链NPEO来自厌氧水解阶段长链NPEO的降解;减少排水中NP、短链NPEO需要减少厌氧水解阶段产生的短链NPEO。     

Removal of organic compounds during treating printing and dyeing wastewater of different process units

Wastewater in Shaoxing wastewater treatment plant (SWWTP) is composed of more than 90% dyeing and printing wastewater with high pH and sulfate. Through a combination process of anaerobic acidogenic [hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15h], aerobic (HRT of 20h) and flocculation-precipitation, the total COD removal efficiency was up to 91%. But COD removal efficiency in anaerobic acidogenic unit was only 4%. As a comparison, the COD removal efficiency was up to 35% in the pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor (HRT of 15h). GC-MS analysis showed that the response abundance of these wastewater samples decreased with their removal of COD. A main component of the raw influent was long-chain n-alkanes. The final effluent of SWWTP had only four types of alkanes. After anaerobic unit at SWWTP, the mass percentage of total alkanes to total organic compounds was slightly decreased while its categories increased. But in the UASB, alkanes categories could be removed by 75%. Caffeine as a chemical marker could be detected only in the effluent of the aerobic process. Quantitative analysis was given. These results demonstrated that GC-MS analysis could provide an insight to the measurement of organic compounds removal.     

污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝废水的吸附

立足于污泥的资源化,利用化学活化法制得的污泥基活性炭,处理次甲基蓝染料废水.考察了污泥活性炭的粒径以及染料废水的pH值对染料脱色效果以及活性炭的吸附量的影响,并对吸附过程进行等温吸附线和吸附动力学分析.结果表明,在本研究的范围内,污泥活性炭的粒径越小、染料废水的pH值越高,则污泥活性炭对染料废水的吸附效果越好.当粒径在200目以上时,去除率及吸附量分别为88.2％和136.7 mg/g;当pH值为11时,去除率和吸附量分别为90.4％和91.9 mg/g.污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝染料的吸附脱除符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Lagergren准二级动力学方程.     

The fate and risk of selected pharmaceutical and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants and a pilot-scale multistage constructed wetland system

The removal of 12 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and a tertiary treatment system was studied. The ecological risks of effluents from both secondary and tertiary treatment systems as well as excess sludge were evaluated. Primary treatment and ultraviolet light disinfection showed limited ability to remove most selected PPCPs. The combination of an anaerobic process and triple-oxidation ditches can eliminate DEET better than the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process. Adsorption to sludge played a key role in the removal of triclocarban. Multistage constructed wetlands as a tertiary treatment efficiently removed caffeine and ibuprofen from wastewater and could decrease the risk of partial selected PPCPs. Selected PPCPs residues in excess sludge generally produced higher risks to the ecological environment than effluents from WWTPs.     

水解酸化-厌氧-好氧法处理NF合成制药废水研究

研究了序批式水解酸化 厌氧 好氧生物处理工艺对NF合成制药废水的处理。由于NF制药废水中含有大量有毒有机化合物 ,在生物处理过程中这些有毒物质会抑制活性污泥的活性 ,因此需经过适当稀释原水以达到处理单元可接受的毒性范围。采用BODTrack快速测定了不同原水稀释条件下活性污泥呼吸曲线第一段斜率的变化 ,结果表明 ,当原水稀释 2 0倍以上后 ,对活性污泥的活性没有明显的抑制。通过批量实验 ,优化了工艺的运行条件 ,并进行了小试的连续运行。采用本工艺可以达到NF制药废水COD的稳定高效去除 ,结果显示 ,COD的去除率可达 76 %。     

Endocrine disruptors compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in urban wastewater: implications for agricultural reuse and their removal by adsorption process

In the last years, a lot of emerging contaminants, such as, endocrine disruptors compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected in wastewater. Because of their toxicity and possible adverse effects on the environment and humans, their release from urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) effluents should be minimized, particularly when a wastewater reuse for crops irrigation is expected. Many processes have been investigated for advanced treatment of UWWTP effluents as well as for emerging contaminant degradation; among these, adsorption process was successfully used to remove EDCs and PPCPs from wastewater. This article shortly reviews EDCs and PPCPs removal from UWWTP effluents by adsorption process using conventional and non-conventional adsorbents. The fate of EDCs and PPCPs in UWWTPs and the implications for agricultural wastewater reuse has been addressed too. In spite of the adsorption process looking to be a valuable alternative to other advanced technologies for the removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater, some gaps still remain to evaluate the actual feasibility at full scale. However, according to a few studies available in scientific literature on the use of both powdered activated carbon and granular activated carbon at full scale, adsorption process by activated carbon is a promising, potentially effective, and economically feasible solution for producing safe wastewater for agricultural reuse.     

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: mass balance and removal processes

Occurrence and removal efficiencies of fifteen pharmaceuticals were investigated in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant in Michigan. Concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were determined in both wastewater and sludge phases by a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Detailed mass balance analysis was conducted during the whole treatment process to evaluate the contributing processes for pharmaceutical removal. Among the pharmaceuticals studied, demeclocycline, sulfamerazine, erythromycin and tylosin were not detected in the wastewater treatment plant influent. Other target pharmaceuticals detected in wastewater were also found in the corresponding sludge phase. The removal efficiencies of chlortetracycline, tetracycline, sulfamerazine, acetaminophen and caffeine were >99%, while doxycycline, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine and lincomycin exhibited relatively lower removal efficiencies (e.g., <50%). For sulfamethoxazole, the removal efficiency was approximately 90%. Carbamazepine manifested a net increase of mass, i.e. 41% more than the input from the influent. Based on the mass balance analysis, biotransformation is believed to be the predominant process responsible for the removal of pharmaceuticals (22% to 99%), whereas contribution of sorption to sludge was relatively insignificant (7%) for the investigated pharmaceuticals.     

剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附

以剩余污泥为吸附剂,研究其对模拟废水中酸性大红G的吸附条件及吸附机理。结果表明,剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附是一个快速过程,吸附时间可控制在30 min;其吸附过程同时受液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散的影响,可以用假二级动力学模型进行描述和预测;Freundlich方程可以较好地描述剩余污泥对酸性大红G的吸附行为。污泥未调pH时,对pH<2的溶液中酸性大红G的吸附性能良好;污泥pH为1时,对实验范围(pH<11)溶液中的酸性大红G均可有效吸附;污泥投加量增加,酸性大红G去除率升高,但污泥对酸性大红G的吸附量下降。     

污泥干化芦苇床中的渗滤液水质变化特征

对3个中试规模的高有机质剩余污泥干化床中污泥渗滤液水质变化特征进行了为期2年的实验研究。Ⅰ单元作为对照床,未种植植物;Ⅱ单元和Ⅲ单元种植芦苇。Ⅰ单元和Ⅱ单元底部充填炉渣,通过穿孔PVC通风管与大气相连通,目的是通过床体填料空隙提供氧气。3个干化床按照如下周期运行:进泥大约半小时,闲置1周,污泥负荷平均为41.3kg TSS/(m2·a)。实验结果表明,污泥干化芦苇床去除污泥渗滤液中的有机物较传统干化床更有效,通风结构有利于有机物的降解;3个床体的污泥渗滤液总磷浓度均高于进泥,但两个芦苇床渗滤液总磷浓度较低,可能的原因是较传统干化床多了植物吸收作用。根据实验数据分析,3个床体中都发生了氨化、硝化和反硝化作用,单元Ⅲ获得了最高的总氮去除率30.38%,Ⅱ单元和Ⅰ单元获得的总氮去除率分别为25.47%和20.59%。高有机质剩余污泥渗滤液仍含有较高的污染物浓度,需回流至污水处理单元进行进一步处理。