出汗假人系统热湿控制性能

本文介绍了总后军需装备研究所新研制的出汗假人热湿控制系统的结构和性能。通过对不同试验服装的测试表明，出汗假人测试系统能够准确地测量各种服装的热阻、湿阻和透湿指教，获得了高精度、高重复性的测试效果。     

服装热阻和湿阻的测量与计算

热阻和湿阻是影响服装热湿舒适性的两个重要参数,其测量方法对于研究和改善服装的热湿舒适性具有重要意义。本文介绍了面料和服装的热阻、湿阻的概念和测量方法,以一件连体型防静电无尘服为例,使用出汗暖体假人"Newton",对其热阻、湿阻进行测量,详细阐述了服装的局部到整体的热阻、湿阻的测量与计算,并分析了服装各个局部热阻、湿阻的特点。     

出汗假人及其控制系统研究

本文介绍了总后勤部军需装备研究所新研制的出汗假人的结构、加热控制系统和出汗控制系统的设计以及假人的控制品质。本研究将为服装热湿传递性能的研究、分析与评价提供先进的测试手段，为服装材料新产品开发提供理论基础。     

出汗假人系统研究

本文介绍总后勤部军需装备研究所最新研制成功的“出汗假人测试系统”的用途、结构、热湿控制性能、测试指标与应用试验等内容。通过大量测试数据表明，该测试系统能够准确地测量各种服装的热阻、湿阻和透湿指数。并获得了高精度、高重复性的测试效果。     

出汗的暖体假人：一种新型的防护服装测试仪器

假人还会出汗？原来，这种假人是专门用于防护服装测试的仪器。服装除满足美学方面的要求外，更重要的是保护人体免受外界环境的不利影响，如机械运动、冷、热、湿、化学腐蚀、辐射等等。衣服的保暖性主要取决于环境条件和活动标准。日常着装可根据经验和惯例自行调整，但在某些特定条件下。服装的热舒适性显得尤为重要，其性能的测试数据通常被用来评价服装系统的功能性。在理想的热平衡条件下，人体通过新陈代谢所产生的热量应与人体散热相等。人体散热主要通过皮肤进行，而大部分皮肤则是被服装所遮盖。服装的保暖主要取决于服装材料的性…     

服装热湿舒适性评价模型研究

通过人体实际穿着实验,测量人体生理参数、衣内微气候参数和人体出汗量等指标,计算出10多种推导指标,运用现代数理统计方法和非线性理论,筛选了热湿条件下评价服装热湿舒适性的评价指标,建立了评价模型,使夏服热湿舒适性评价建立在科学的基础上。     

出汗假脚的研究与应用

出汗假人是将人体出汗过程从复杂的个体差异中抽象出来,制成模拟出汗人体,用科学的工程技术方法,模拟真人的出汗过程,并用精确的物理状态方程计算、测量和评价服装的热湿传递性能.     

防护服舒适性测试评价的新方法

1 前言 在欧洲标准或国际标准中,通常采用测试小块布样的方法分别评价防护服的性能。这种测试方法的重现性较好,因此有着较为广泛的采用,但它也存在着不能完全反映整个防护服功能的缺陷。在服装舒适性领域,织物的散热和透湿性常常采用平板仪来测试。实际穿着时服装的热湿传递是一种瞬态状     

出汗暖体假人热控制系统介绍

很多学者都用出汗暖体假人来评估服装的蒸发阻力,这些出汗暖体假人一般是在暖体假人上覆盖一层“模拟皮肤”。测试前,先在假人上喷射蒸馏水模拟皮肤出汗,然后穿上衣服,使平均皮肤温度上升到一定水平,在各部位开始干燥和皮肤温度升高之前完成所有的测试。因为这种准稳态过程通常是很短暂的,不好明确定义,要用这种方法满意地、可重复地测量蒸发阻力和透湿指数是很困难的。     

出汗暖体假人——新的NIOSH测试工具

最近,美国国家职业安全与健康研究所(NIOSH)的个体防护技术实验室(NPPTL)通过采用出汗暖体假人提升其研发能力。这项新开发的技术可用于测量诸如消防、卫生保健、采矿之类职业场所特种类型服装通过的热传输量。通常,防护服的生产商采用一种标准的测试方法来测量通过织物的热传输量。基于这种类型的     

The influence of sweating on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing studied with a sweating thermal manikin.

One of the objectives of the European SUBZERO project was to study the influence of sweat evaporation and condensation on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing. With the sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, water vapour transfer through and water condensation in the clothing can be determined simultaneously with the thermal insulation. In this study, 4 cold protective ensembles, intended for use temperatures between 0 and -50 degrees C, were measured with the dry manikin and at 2 different sweating rates. In addition, the ensembles were measured with non-sweating thermal manikins and in wear trials.     

常用高、低温防护服隔热性能研究

为评价常用类型高、低温防护服的防护性能,本研究应用热平板仪、人工气候室和暖体假人等研究设备,对高低温作业典型工种常用的耐高温防护服和低温防护服的隔热性能进行了研究。研究结果显示,不同类型高、低温防护服的服装面料、服装整体的隔热性表现出一定差异,模拟环境下的着装生理学测试结果也存在不同,防护服的面料、结构和工艺等均影响到其整体隔热性能。防护服装的全面评价通常涉及安全性、工效学特性等多个方面,有必要从服装的舒适性、工效学特性等方面进一步研究,并开展大规模的现场人体穿着实验,从而为高低温防护服的选用和设计改进等提供依据。     

服装面积因子的测评

利用暖体假人测定服装热阻时,考虑到着装后服装外表面积变大导致的边界空气层变化对服装的基本或固有热阻的影响,需引入服装面积因子的概念。本文首先阐述了服装面积因子的定义和应用：接着从直接法和间接法两大方法归纳现有测评服装面积因子的研究：最后对服装面积因子与热阻间的关系做了详细论述。     

电弧防护服性能测试及影响因素研究

针对电力行业电弧引发的事故,电弧防护服相关标准开始制定并逐步完善。现有电弧防护性能的标准测试方法包括开弧测试和盒式测试,针对不同形式的电弧,测试方式仍在不断发展。电弧防护性能的最常用的衡量指标是电弧热性能值ATPV。对于不同工作场所电弧服的选择是基于对工作现场的危害评级。最后文章总结了电弧防护服性能影响因素的研究,包括电弧防护性、热湿舒适性和作业适应性。未来的电弧防护服的开发会朝向更安全、低成本、更舒适的方向进行。     

Analytical Study of the Heat Loss Attenuation by Clothing on Thermal Manikins Under Radiative Heat Loads

For wearers of protective clothing in radiation environments there are no quantitative guidelines available for the effect of a radiative heat load on heat exchange. Under the European Union funded project ThermProtect an analytical effort was defined to address the issue of radiative heat load while wearing protective clothing. As within the ThermProtect project much information has become available from thermal manikin experiments in thermal radiation environments, these sets of experimental data are used to verify the analytical approach. The analytical approach provided a good prediction of the heat loss in the manikin experiments, 95% of the variance was explained by the model. The model has not yet been validated at high radiative heat loads and neglects some physical properties of the radiation emissivity. Still, the analytical approach provides a pragmatic approach and may be useful for practical implementation in protective clothing standards for moderate thermal radiation environments.     

Calculation of Clothing Insulation by Serial and Parallel Methods: Effects on Clothing Choice by IREQ and Thermal Responses in the Cold

Cold protective clothing was studied in 2 European Union projects. The objectives were (a) to examine different insulation calculation methods as measured on a manikin (serial or parallel), for the prediction of cold stress (IREQ); (b) to consider the effects of cold protective clothing on metabolic rate; (c) to evaluate the movement and wind correction of clothing insulation values.

Tests were carried out on 8 subjects. The results showed the possibility of incorporating the effect of increases in metabolic rate values due to thick cold protective clothing into the IREQ model. Using the higher thermal insulation value from the serial method in the IREQ prediction, would lead to unacceptable cooling of the users. Thus, only the parallel insulation calculation method in EN 342:2004 should be used. The wind and motion correction equation (No. 2) gave realistic values for total resultant insulation; dynamic testing according to EN 342:2004 may be omitted.     

Calculation of clothing insulation by serial and parallel methods: effects on clothing choice by IREQ and thermal responses in the cold.

Cold protective clothing was studied in 2 European Union projects. The objectives were (a) to examine different insulation calculation methods as measured on a manikin (serial or parallel), for the prediction of cold stress (IREQ); (b) to consider the effects of cold protective clothing on metabolic rate; (c) to evaluate the movement and wind correction of clothing insulation values. Tests were carried out on 8 subjects. The results showed the possibility of incorporating the effect of increases in metabolic rate values due to thick cold protective clothing into the IREQ model. Using the higher thermal insulation value from the serial method in the IREQ prediction, would lead to unacceptable cooling of the users. Thus, only the parallel insulation calculation method in EN 342:2004 should be used. The wind and motion correction equation (No. 2) gave realistic values for total resultant insulation; dynamic testing according to EN 342:2004 may be omitted.     

Thermal manikin measurements--exact or not?

According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998, the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.     

Optimizing the performance of phase-change materials in personal protective clothing systems.

Phase-change materials (PCM) can be used to reduce thermal stress and improve thermal comfort for workers wearing protective clothing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PCM in protective clothing used in simulated work situations. We hypothesized that it would be possible to optimize cooling performance with a design that focuses on careful positioning of PCM, minimizing total insulation and facilitating moisture transport. Thermal stress and thermal comfort were estimated through measurement of body heat production, body temperatures, sweat production, relative humidity in clothing and subjective ratings of thermal comfort, thermal sensitivity and perception of wetness. Experiments were carried out using 2 types of PCM, the crystalline dehydrate of sodium sulphate and microcapsules in fabrics. The results of 1 field and 2 laboratory experimental series were conclusive in that reduced thermal stress and improved thermal comfort were related to the amount and distribution of PCM, reduced sweat production and adequate transport of moisture.