环境公益诉讼的性质和种类——从对“公益”的解剖入手

公益诉讼中的公益依主体构成不同分为多人公益和集体公益两种.前者是多个人分属的利益.之所以称为公益,是因为它是多个人的利益.后者是一种整体利益,是多数人组成的集体的不可分割的整体利益.多人利益意义的环境公益诉讼实际上是侵权诉讼,这种诉讼的理论基础是私人权利.可以把它叫做环境公益诉讼.集体利益环境公益诉讼是为人类环境利益的诉讼,其理论基础是国家利益或人类共同体利益.可以把它叫做环境诉讼.环境公益诉讼和环境诉讼各有自己的理论基础.环境公益诉讼本质上是私益诉讼,其理论依据是公民权利;环境诉讼是真正的公益诉讼,这种诉讼的理论基础是人类利益理论、国家利益理论.     

黄河中游地区水土流失治理与经济发展战略选择

根治黄河中游地区严重的水土流失,恢复其昔日良好的生态环境状况,自然条件是具备的,技术上是成熟的。为实现上述目标,在经济上摆脱贫困是前提,选择发展战略是关键。基于上述看法,本文提出了黄河中游地区经济发展战略及农业生产结构调整的基本途径和政策措施。     

灵山秀水 林海果园 枣庄市山亭区国家可持续发展实验区

枣庄市山亭区位于山东省南部,面积1018 km2,人口50万人。山亭区是历史文明区,是距今2 800多年春秋早期小邾国的国都,是中华民族倪氏、颜氏的发源地;山亭是革命老区,山东省第一个县级红色政权、山东第一所军政大学所在地、八路军115师在山东主根据地,铁道游击队大后方;山亭区更是生态文明区,境内有山峰     

区域分异视角下进城居民再迁意愿分析

本文利用浙江、河南、四川三省960份已从农村迁移到城镇的居民的入户调查数据,建立二元Logistic回归模型进行验证,分析居民再迁移倾向。研究结果表明:(1)从描述性统计看,69.69%已进城居民不愿再迁,主要是生活原因,而30.31%的居民愿意再迁,主要是经济原因。(2)从三省总样本上看,一是女性较男性有更强的迁移意愿。二是年龄对再次迁移意愿有负向显著影响,年龄越大的进城居民更倾向"安土重迁"。三是家庭类型中三代同堂较单身家庭有更强的迁移意愿,因为养老难、子女教育难。四是手工业工人较村组干部更不愿意迁移,技能优势使其在城里更有保障。五是家庭年总收入对再迁意愿有正向显著影响。六是浙江、四川与河南三地的差异显著,因为三地分属于我国东中西部,社会经济、居民收入和文化观念存在显著差异。(3)从分省比较上看,一是性别、打工年限、家庭类型在浙江省和四川省模型中均有显著影响,但方向相反。二是工作类型在三省都有一定的影响,但存在差异。三是家庭年总收入在河南省不显著,而在四川省和浙江省均是正向显著。四是搬迁到城镇的年数在河南省是正向显著,而在浙江省和四川省是负向显著。五是浙江省和四川省模型都说明对政府越满意,居民越不愿意迁移。基于以上研究结论,本文认为在推进以人为核心的新型城镇化进程中,政府应发挥重要的引导作用,关注已进城居民对经济、生活、教育、社会保障等方面的合理需求,重视不同区域社会经济和文化观念的差异性,健全人口迁移的相关体制,落实各项相关保障政策。     

水资源生态资本化运营探讨

水是生命之源,是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,水资源生态资本化运营是水资源可持续高效利用的重要基础与支撑条件.本文指出水资源价值实现和增值的关键是水资源生态资本化运营,水资源生态资本化运营的前提条件是水资源生态资产,水资源生态资本化运营的约束条件是生态水权,水资源生态资本化运营的支持条件是生态资本技术,水资源生态资本化运营的保障条件是生态资本市场;并从水资源生态资产评估、水资源生态产权制度建设、水资源生态资本技术内生化创新及水资源生态资本市场培育等方面探讨了水资源生态资本化运营的可行性.     

水资源优化配置理论发展研究

水资源的合理配置是确保社会经济可持续发展的根本保障 ,本文对水资源优化配置的主要理论进行了较为深入的分析 ,研究表明可持续发展的水资源优化配置是水资源优化配置的理想模式 ,也是水资源优化配置理论的发展方向     

世界农业思潮与中国农业的现代化和自然化选择

关于世界农业发展方向与道路的理论问题,目前学术界存在着三种思潮,现代化与自然化问题是这些思潮争论的重要焦点之一。从中国国情看,农业现代化是努力方向,集约持续农业是主要发展道路,自然农业从总体上难于推行,但其保护资源环境的思路与作法在局部上是可取的。     

人口流动规律及其政策含义

人口流动是人力资源配轩优化的根本创新路径,人口流动的一般规律是:如果流动人口为理性行为选择者,在社会制度安排许可的发展环境下,当不同区域和不同产业间形成比较收益差异,存在着流动收益大于流动成本的潜在和现实的各种获利机会时,就必定驱使人们由低收益领域向高必益领域流动,而且比较收益差异量与流动人口的流速、流量正相关,并必然导致产生收益率及人口分布走向平均化的趋势,社会发展也将获得最优化的人力资源配置结果.其相关政策含义:一是人口流动是流动人口的理性选择;二是切实保障公民的自由流动权利;三是利用比较利益差别促进人口流动;四是降低各种不必要的流动成本和流动风险;五是建构人口流动的有效率社会发展框架.     

南京市循环经济体系建设规划研究

综合评价结果显示南京市循环经济发展水平远高于全国平均,约有9年的发展差距。居民社会文化素质高、大中型企业多、科技教育力量雄厚、经济发展水平较高等是南京市循环经济发展的有利条件,匮乏的矿产资源则是南京市发展循环经济的动力。石化、电子信息、汽车、钢铁、电力等是南京市循环工业发展的重点行业,拉长产业链,减量化生产是循环工业及其生态园区建设的重点;大力发展绿色餐饮,合理布局物流业是循环服务业的主要建设方向;建立绿色社会消费体系,实施垃圾的分类收集和处理,加强废旧物资的回收管理是循环社会建设的关键;降低化肥农药的施用量,积极发展无公害绿色有机食品及继续加强循环型农业示范区建设是循环农业发展的内涵。     

改革开放以来中国能源供需特征与治理模式

完善能源治理模式,是推动中国能源生产和消费革命的关键之处,也是中国进一步深化改革的重要内容。对于能源问题而言,治理模式的不同,本质上是科层、市场、社区三种机制对能源供给和需求的影响力不同。本文旨在总结改革开放时期中国能源治理模式的特征,以及中国完善能源治理模式的方向。研究发现,改革开放时期,中国能源的特征是以粗放的供给满足过快增长的需求,其背后的治理模式的特点是市场机制主导,科层和社区机制的作用甚微。这种模式必然是无法延续的,中国能源革命的目标应该是以科学的供给满足合理的需求,这要求结束原有的过分依赖市场机制的治理模式,充分发挥科层机制和社区机制的作用。具体而言,应将控制能源需求总量列为国家战略和政府工作目标,倡导节约文化,压制奢侈性消费、重复投资和高能耗产品出口,在此基础上,明确限制能源生产的总量,大力调整能源供给的结构。     

Changes in plankton abundance, biomass, and chemical composition under the influence of the cooling system of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

The abundance and biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton proved to noticeably decrease after the water passed through the cooling system of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant: the phytoplankton perished by 38% (65 metric tons per day), and the zooplankton, by 55% (6 t/day). In the period between 1985 and 1991, the concentration of⁶⁰Co in the plankton of water intake and discharge canals varied from 120 to 1400 Bq/kg dry weight, and that of¹³⁷Cs, from 150 to 1040 Bq/kg dry weight, which is commensurable with the content of radionuclides in the plants and grounds of the Beloyarsk reservoir. In 1985, it was noted that the plankton passing through the cooling system of the nuclear power plant became enriched with Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Co, Cs, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, V, and W.     

长江三角洲县域投资环境投资导向的分类评价

长江三角洲从整体上看其投资环境水平虽处于全国前列，但区内各部分，如上海与杭嘉湖、宁镇扬、苏锡常通、甬绍舟等地市之间都还存在很大差异。针对这种地域差异性，确定了长江三角洲县域投资环境分类评价的指标体系和数学模型，将三角洲地区７１个县市划分为四种类型，并根据各类型的环境特征对其投资导向进行了探讨。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity in Brazilian Hot Spots

Hot spots in Brazil include a variety of ecosystems, such as mangroves, forests, and the Brazilian savannah, locally called cerrado. Some of the rural populations in these hot spots are the caiçaras in SE Atlantic Forest coast, and the caboclos in the Amazon. In this study, we are concerned especially with the knowledge of caiçaras and caboclos, associated with practices that might have implications for management. Data were gathered through interviews with adults at the various communities studied, and through systematic observations, including samples of fishing trips and the mapping of fishing spots used in the Atlantic Forest coast. The use of resources from the surrounding vegetation includes collection of plants, cultivated fruit gardens, the swidden system, and a careful and managed extraction of fibres. Among animal resources, food taboos seem to be useful practices that might contribute to the maintenance of local natural resources. Potential management practices should be locally developed, such as the informal division of fishing spots in Atlantic Forest sites, and the maintenance of the diversity of cassava varieties in both the Atlantic Forest and Amazonian areas.     

中国适宜人居城市研究与评价

本文认为中国适宜人居城市至少应在城市经济发展水平、经济发展潜力、社会安全保障条件、生态环境水平、市民生活质量水平和市民生活便捷程度6个方面来体现，并据此设计的中国适宜人居城市评价指标体系，对我国50城市的适宜人居水平进行测度和排序分析。计算结果表明，在我国50个城市中，深圳、广州、北京、上海、北海是适宜人居的前5名城市，西宁、贵阳、湛江、武汉、兰州、重庆是适宜人居的后5名城市。     

湖北省2008年初低温雨雪冰冻灾害特点及影响分析

008年初,湖北省出现了自1954/1955年冬季以来最严重的低温雨雪冰冻灾害,直接经济损失高达110亿元以上,分析评估此次灾害的基本特点及对各行各业的影响,可为今后抗御类似灾害提供依据。结果表明：①此次灾害影响范围广,受灾人数多,损失重,第三、四场雪使危害迅速加剧,后续效应强、时间长;②影响行业可分为交通、电网及供电系统、通讯、农业、林业、企业和市政设施、居民生活、湖泊结冰等8大类,并可细分为24小类,涉及社会和人们生活的众多方面,足见影响面之广,危害之重;③影响因子以低温、冰冻（道路结冰、电线覆冰）、雪压等为主,另外还有大风、雪雾、湖泊封冻、冰雪融化等;④由于降雪及低温持续时间长、雪量大,对农林业危害严重;由于电力、〖JP2〗通讯、建筑设施以及道路结冰严重,对电网、电力供应、交通安全以及社会公众生产、生活等造成极大的影响。〖     

长江三角洲都市连绵区边界界定研究

都市连绵区的边界界定对象包括两个方面,都市连绵区的整体空间范围边界界定和内部结构边界界定。对长江三角洲及其周边地区所有的238个县、市、区的就业人口结构和空间分布特征进行主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨相应都市区的结构特征以及都市区的空间组合特征等,进而确定了长江三角洲地区的整体范围边界和内部结构边界。其结论包括①长三角都市连绵区的整体空间范围包括苏州、无锡、宁波的全部以及上海、南京、常州、杭州、镇江、扬州、泰州、南通和绍兴、舟山的部分县市区;②长三角的内部结构可分为三大部分,以上海为中心的环太湖城镇密集区,以南京为中心形成沿长江城镇区,以杭州、宁波为中心形成环杭州湾城镇密集区,其内部边界界线分别以镇江丹徒区、嘉兴—湖州为边界地带。从核心城市上海角度看,整个长江三角洲都市连绵区的内部结构呈现“圈层推进+轴线延伸”的空间特征。     

Some of the Nineteenth Century Origins of the Sustainability Concept

Interpreting and applying the concept of sustainable development is increasingly viewed as being the way to promulgate just and practicable economic, environmental and social policy. It is thus important that there be increased public and political awareness concerning the origins of economic theory, and its early relationship to sustainability concepts. While the term 'sustainable development' was popularised by the World Commission on Environment and Development report Our Common Future in 1987, it is generally recognised that notions of sustainability were promoted in `limits to growth' and 'green' discourses in the early 1970s (Meadows et al.: 1974, The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome, Potomac Associates and Pan Books, London and Sydney). However, there is little acknowledgement of the way in which nineteenth century intellectuals, from a range of disciplines, conceptualised the importance of balancing economic, social and environmental sustainability in their quest for justice and the conservation of nature.There was a considerable exchange of ideas on `political economy' and nature across Europe, and later the Americas, from the middle of the eighteenth century. This discourse reached its intellectual peak in the nineteenth century. During that era there was a proliferation of literature that was aimed at improving the human condition and recognising humanity's dependence upon nature. In Europe and the USA the participants in the debate included Cantillon, Quesnay, Condorcet, Galiani, Von Hayek, Marx and George. Due to the breadth of this influential body of work, we focus here on the British Victorian thinkers such as Darwin, Malthus, Martineau and Mill. These thinkers influenced each other in developing their theories and ideas in science, politics, economics and philosophy, and were influenced in turn by an earlier generation of intellectuals, such as Adam Smith. For the Victorian thinkers, conserving nature while trying to improve the distribution of wealth was a not a paradox, but a moral duty, and for them Smith's `rational' pursuit of self-interest could only be followed if it did not interfere with 'the rules of justice'. We argue that the manner in which these thinkers conceptualised their theories and ideas represents the nineteenth century origins of sustainability concepts.     

Radioecological investigation of the Techa-Iset' river system

Data on the current radioecological situation in the Techa-Iset' river system, which was contaminated by radioactive wastes from the Mayak Production Association in the 1940s and 1950s, are discussed. Mathematical models are presented that describe the decrease in the contamination of water, bottom sediments, hydrobionts, and floodplain soils with an increase in the distance from the discharge site. The amounts of⁹⁰Sr,⁹⁹Tc,¹³⁷Cs, and transuranium elements in the main components of the ecosystem are estimated.     

基于GIS的江西省洪涝灾害风险评估

2010年夏季江西省发生多轮洪涝灾害,灾情十分严重。根据自然灾害系统理论,以江西省鄱阳湖流域地区为研究对象,从洪涝灾害的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性与防洪能力4个角度出发,选取降水、地形、水系、人口、经济、生态及圩堤等10个评价要素指标,采用90 m分辨率DEM、1960~2005年84个气象站点逐日降水量、2003~2008年江西洪涝灾情数据、2009年社会经济统计数据以及2005年江西省土地利用数据,以1 km单元格为基本评价单位,利用GIS空间分析与建模功能构建洪涝灾害风险评估指数模型,对江西省重大洪涝灾害进行综合风险评估。结果表明:该评估模型能成功应用于区域尺度,研究区洪灾风险分布呈现以江西北部的鄱阳湖湖区及蓄滞洪区为中心向两边递减的特点,从中心至外风险等级逐渐降低;从行政区划上,湖口、鄱阳、抚州、上饶等因地势平坦、降水量大、河网密集处于高风险区,而低风险区集中在降水少、地势高且山区分布较多、不易集水的江西南部,如:遂川、崇义等。经2010年6月17~25日发生的暴雨洪灾情况验证,该评价结果与实际情况相符,可为洪灾风险管理与决策提供科学依据。