聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨插层纳米复合材料的结构和热分析

制备了聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨插层纳米复合材料,并用X-射线衍射仪和高分辨电镜对其结构进行了表征.X-射线衍射仪和高分辨电镜的试验结果表明,氧化石墨和聚乙烯醇插层氧化石墨的层间距分别为0.89 nm和1.4nm.该纳米复合材料的热分析和热失重图说明,氧化石墨的加入有利于提高聚乙烯醇/氧化石墨纳米复合材料的玻璃化转变温度和氧化温度,同时也降低了其热释放速率.     

聚丙烯酰胺/氧化石墨纳米复合材料的制备及其表征

采用层离吸收和原位聚合的方法制备了丙烯酰胺/氧化石墨、聚丙烯酰胺/氧化石墨纳米复合材料的制备,X-射线衍射分析表明,丙烯酰胺和聚丙烯酰胺在氧化石墨中有着不同的排列方式。     

煤系高岭土插层改性及其对Ca2+的吸附性能

高岭土具有特殊的层片状结构和阳离子交换性,在环境保护领域的应用越来越广。煤系高岭土作为一种具有高纯度和高结晶度的矿物原料,经有机物插层复合后可有效拓宽其应用范围。分别以乙酸铵、乙酰胺和乙酸钾为插层剂,通过液相插层法制备了煤系高岭土插层复合物,用于吸附去除铜离子,并讨论了其吸附效果。同时,采用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射分析、比表面积测定仪和扫描电镜对插层复合物的结构与性能进行了表征。结果表明,煤系高岭土结构有序,结晶程度较高,适用于插层改性。乙酸铵、乙酰胺和乙酸钾可不同程度地插入煤系高岭土的层状结构中,其中乙酸钾插层效果最好。乙酸钾-煤系高岭土插层复合物经乙醇洗涤稳定后,插层率可达44.75%,对铜离子的去除率可达69.07%。插层后,煤系高岭土的层片状结构排列取向发生了改变,由团聚状变为沿c轴方向堆叠,比表面积从9.894 m2/g提高到12.286 m~2/g。相对于Freundlich方程,乙酸钾-煤系高岭土插层复合物对Cu~(2+)的吸附等温式更符合Langmuir方程,表明其属于单分子层化学吸附。乙酸钾-煤系高岭土插层复合物对Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学方程符合准二级动力学模型。     

生物除铁除锰滤层营养条件的研究

采用模拟生物除铁除锰滤柱,通过测定整个生物滤层对铁、锰的去除效果考察了营养物质对生物滤层综合生化能力的影响,从而探求了生物滤层对铁、碳、氮等营养元素的需求.结果表明,成熟滤层内的铁、锰氧化细菌对进水铁的营养需求极低(0.04 mg/L).成熟滤层对有机物具有一定的去除能力,而无机碳减少量相对较大,大约有3～4 mg/L,溶解在水中的二氧化碳即可保证滤层对碳的需求.成熟滤层将氨氮转化为硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,但这种转化实际上并没有使水中氮的总量减少,只是氮的形态发生了转化;而滤柱内氮的减少是被生物体利用的结果.极低的氮素含量即可保证成熟生物滤层对氮素的需求.这表明极低的营养条件即可满足铁、锰氧化细菌的正常生理代谢,铁、锰氧化细菌可以在贫营养环境下生存.结合全国大部分地区的地下水水质状况,进而得出地下水生物除铁除锰技术在全国大部分地区可以推广使用.     

隧道集中排烟速率对排烟口下方烟气层吸穿现象的影响

以水平公路隧道为研究对象,运用FDS进行数值模拟,分析了集中排烟模式下对称开启的6个排烟口下方的烟气蔓延规律、烟气层温度和厚度分布规律。结果表明,当排烟速率增大到一定程度时,隧道集中排烟系统存在多个排烟口下方烟气层吸穿的现象,且离火源越远的排烟口越容易发生吸穿,而吸穿会降低整个排烟系统的排烟效率,可能导致排烟口烟气拥堵,易对疏散救援造成消极影响。通过定量描述烟气层厚度和温度与排烟速率之间的关系,获得排烟口下方吸穿的排烟速率范围。     

电梯层门门锁事故的分析与预防

1．1事故简况 2008年5月10日某服装厂．发生了恶性电梯死亡事故。当日下午车间下班,因高某系车间一班组长,下班后晚走一会儿,从车间出来（车间在四层）,发现电梯正要关门,高某离电梯15m左右,便急匆匆地跑过去,此时电梯已启动,高某用手扒开层门迈进去,一步踏空,跌入底坑当场死亡。     

静电增强纤维层过滤技术的研究

对静电增强纤维层过滤进行理论及实验研究。得出纤维层在非稳态状态下,考虑三种作用机理时的效率式,并利用模型系统进行实验研究,对各种影响因素加以分析     

顺层或逆层岩质急倾斜边坡坡角的确定

为了解当岩体具有急倾斜构造和水平裂隙发育时,由该岩体形成顺层和逆层边坡情况下,不同坡角对该边坡稳定性的影响,使用基于颗粒流理论的PFC3D进行了模拟。利用PFC3D中的JSET和Bonds模拟了非连续性和连续性的岩体构造形式。构建了坡角为40°、50°、60°、70°和80°的顺层和逆层边坡,并对边坡稳定性进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,岩层的重力作用在逆层时有利于岩体外倾,顺层时抑制外倾。相同坡角时顺层较逆层更为稳定。大变形裂隙区的出现位置与岩体构造有很大关系。提出的修建边坡坡角建议为顺层时坡角不应大于60°,逆层时坡角不应大于50°。     

桁架转换层设置在不同高度处结构的受力性能分析

以一个实际工程案例为背景,采用SAP2000有限元软件,建立原结构的三维有限元分析模型,通过将桁架转换层设置在第3、6、9层不同的高度,对结构施加各种荷载工况,对比建筑结构层刚度比、最大层问位移、最大层间位移角的变化。结果表明,桁架转换结构比其他形式的转换结构更为合理。转换层设置在不同高度时结构层位移曲线、层间位移角曲线变化趋势基本一致;但随着转换层高度的增加,刚度比增大,层间位移角突变增大,结构整体性越差;且转换层位置较高时,转换层附近的层间位移急剧变化,这会引起结构内力的突变,易使转换层附近几层成为薄弱点首先破坏。此外,桁架转换层具有很大的刚度,不仅能很好的满足建筑上对空间及穿越管道设备的要求,还可以有效降低水平荷载作用下结构顶点位移。     

ESP内沉积粉尘层积累电荷对收尘性能影响的研究

基于对线板式 ESP内沉积粉尘层积累电荷的理论研究 ,对前人未能解释的现象给予解释 ;针对沉积粉尘层电荷积累和泄露过程提出了新的见解 ,且推导出了粉尘层积累电荷对粒子荷电量和粉尘层电场分布影响的表达式 ,从而导出了粉尘层积累电荷对 ESP收尘性能影响的理论表达式。所有这些研究为完善非稳态静电收集理论提供了依据。     

煤矸石中某些物淋溶释放特点的实验分析

为全面了解煤矸石中污染物的释放特点,定量预测煤矸石中污染物在大气降水作用下对土壤-地下水污染的强度,对新邱露天矿不同风化程度的煤矸石溶解释放污染物进行了动态淋溶实验研究.采用国家标准分析方法进行分析,并绘制了实验曲线.结果表明,煤矸石风化程度越高,溶解释放物的总硬度(CaCO3)、硫酸盐(SO42-)、钠(Na )、总溶解性固体(TDS)越多,并释放出一定量的氟化物(F-)、化学需氧量(CODMn)、总铁(Fe)等.淋滤液pH值在6.6～7.0间,有少量氯化物(C1-)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn),微量其他重金属和砷(As).新鲜混合煤矸石溶解释放出较多的氟化物(F-)、化学需氧量(CODMn)和总铁(Fe).淋滤初期,污染物溶解释放速率较快,之后随降水量增加,污染物溶出速率也越来越慢,煤矸石中污染物的溶解释放主要受扩散控制.采用最小二乘法拟合得出各污染物浓度与降水量间呈指数衰减曲线关系,即Cv=Co Vn模型,该模型可定量预测煤矸石中污染物对土壤-地下水污染的强度.     

不同物质对铬价态测定结果的影响

采用单波长法和双波长法,分别考察了KH2PO4、H3PO4、H2SO4、KNO3、牛肉膏和蛋白胨对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)质量浓度测定的影响。结果显示,Cr(III)和Cr(VI)在测量中是相互影响的,并且Cr(III)对Cr(VI)影响较显著。在单波长法测定中,牛肉膏、蛋白胨及2种酸对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的影响较钾盐对其影响更为显著,H3PO4和H2SO4对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的特征吸收峰值影响最大,降低幅度在20%～50%。这些物质对双波长法测定Cr(VI)几乎没有影响;但对Cr(III)测定中,H2SO4和H3PO4的影响较大,其相对误差分别为14.57%和8.87%,其余物质产生的相对误差均小于1.6%。因此,双波长法可用于生物样品中Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的测定,线性范围分别为0～160 mg/L和0～80mg/L。     

A contingency model of decision-making involving risk of accidental loss

Decision-making involving risk of accidental loss occurs in a variety of settings. The constraints of the decision settings have a strong impact on decision-making. Different decision settings may thus call for different approaches to decision support. The purpose of this paper is to propose a contingency model of decision-making involving risk of accidental loss. Based on two dimensions, (a) proximity to hazard and (b) level of authority, I identify five types of decision settings: (1) operations, (2) business management, (3) administrative and technical support functions, (4) political arenas, and (5) crisis handling. Each setting is characterised in terms of dominant constraints, dominant decision criteria, and representative decision modes.Decision-making is constrained and influenced by previous decisions, and decisions may interact in the way they influence the risk of accidental loss. The following set of concepts may help us identify ways in which safety may be affected by interactions between decisions: (1) distributed decision-making and local optimization, (2) meta-decisions, (3) absorption of uncertainty, and (4) normalization of deviance.Advice for improving decision-making can be derived from the proposed model by identifying possible problems related to each type of decision setting and each pattern of interaction between decisions. The possible problems may be used as a basis for identifying relevant functions of decision aids and to propose specific decision aids. A similar analysis may be performed with regard to the ways in which decisions may interact in their impact on safety.     

Smoking is a marker of risky behaviors independent of substance abuse in injured drivers

OBJECTIVE: Smoking has been linked to disease and injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the smoking habits of motor vehicular driver trauma center patients and their association with previous injury history and risky behaviors. METHODS: The studied population included 323 motor vehicular driver injury patients (123 smokers and 200 non-smokers) interviewed as part of a larger study of psychoactive substance use disorders at an adult Level I trauma center. Patients with head injuries, hospital stays of less than two days, and diminished cognition were excluded. Interviews included demographics (age, gender, race, marital status), socioeconomic status (SES; income, education, employment), risky behaviors (seatbelt non-use, drinking and driving, riding with drunk driver, binge drinking), and trauma history information (vehicular, assault, and other injuries). Substance abuse (alcohol and drug dependence) was evaluated in depth using DSM III-R criteria. Smokers and non-smokers were compared in relation to control and dependent variables using student's t test and chi-square (alpha = 0.05). Outcome variables included previous trauma history and risky behaviors. Multiple logistic regression models using step-down selection methods (alpha = 0.05) were constructed with risky behaviors and trauma history as dependent variables including demographics, SES and substance as independent variables. RESULTS: Smokers represented 38 percent of the 323 patients studied. Smokers (n = 123) were younger (34 vs. 43 years), more likely to be male (72 percent vs. 50 percent), not married (72 percent vs. 56 percent), and had higher rates of alcohol (29 percent vs. 9 percent) and drug dependence (14 percent vs. 3 percent) than non-smokers (n = 200). Educational achievement (20 percent vs. 15 percent less than high school) and income level (24 percent vs. 23 percent with less than $15,000 of yearly income) were not different between smokers and non-smokers. Smokers were more likely than non-smokers to have a history of prior vehicular trauma (48 percent vs. 26 percent), assault (25 percent vs. 9 percent), or other injury (50 percent vs 37 percent). The following injury-prone behaviors were also more common among the smokers than non-smokers: seatbelt non-use (49 percent vs. 29 percent), drinking and driving (38 percent vs. 15 percent), riding with drunk driver (38 percent vs. 13 percent), and binge drinking (68 percent vs. 26 percent). In multiple logistic regression models adjusting for demographics, SES, and substance abuse, smoking revealed significantly higher odds ratios (OR) for the following dependent variables: seatbelt non-use (OR = 2.9), riding with drunk driver (OR = 2.2), binge drinking (OR = 2.4), previous vehicular (OR = 2.0), and assault injuries (OR = 2.5). Smoking did not reach significance for drinking and driving and other (non-vehicular and non-assault) injury. CONCLUSION: Smoking is independently associated with risky behaviors and repeated history of vehicular or assault injury within the vehicular trauma population.     

Risky behavior of drivers of motorized two wheeled vehicles in India

INTRODUCTION: Motorized two-wheeled vehicles (MTV) account for a large proportion of road traffic in India and the riders of these vehicles have a high risk of road traffic injuries. We report on the availability of drivers licenses, use of a helmet, driver behavior, and condition of vehicles for MTV drivers in Hyderabad, a city in India METHODS: Drivers of a MTV aged >16 years were interviewed at petrol filling stations RESULTS: There were 4,183 MTV drivers who participated in the study. Four hundred sixty one (11%; 95% CI 9.7-12.3%) drivers had not obtained a drivers license and 798 (21.4%) had obtained a license without taking the mandatory driving test. Two thousand nine hundred twenty (69.8%; 95% CI 67.9-71.7%) drivers reported no/very occasional use of a helmet, the significant predictors of which included that those driving borrowed a MTV (odds ratio 7.90; 95% CI 3.40-18.40) or driving moped/scooterette/scooter as compared with motorcycle (3.32; 2.76-3.98), lower education (3.10; 2.66-3.61), age >45 years (2.41; 1.63-3.57), and males (1.57; 1.16-2.13). Two thousand five hundred and eight (59.9%) drivers reported committing a traffic law violation at least once within the last 3 months. Overall, 1,222 (29.2%) drivers reported ever being caught by traffic police for a traffic law violation with data on violations available for 1,205 of these drivers, of whom 680 (56.4%) paid a fine, 310 (25.7%) paid by bribe, and 215 (17.8%) made no payment. The proportion of those who did not make payment for committed violation was significantly higher among females (46.8%) than males (16.3%). Two thousand fifty two (49%) of all MTVs had no rearview mirror CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest the need to enact and enforce policy interventions for improving the drivers license system, mandatory use of a helmet, effective traffic law enforcement, and ensuring good vehicle condition to reduce the risk factors that potentially contribute to mortality and morbidity in road traffic crashes in MTV drivers in Indian cities.     

Moderation of dust explosions

Inherent safety is a proactive approach to process safety in which hazards are removed or minimized so as to reduce risk without engineered (add-on) or procedural intervention. Four basic principles are available to attain an inherently safer design—minimization, substitution, moderation, and simplification. The subject of the current paper is the principle of moderation as it applies to the prevention and mitigation of dust explosions.

Moderation can be achieved by processing a material under less severe operating conditions or by processing the material in a less hazardous form. With respect to the latter approach, it may be possible to alter the composition of a dust by admixture of solid inertants, or to increase the dust particle size so as to decrease its reactivity. Additionally, avoidance of the formation of hybrid mixtures of explosible dusts and flammable gases is an application of moderation of the material hazard.

Several examples are given for each of the above three forms of moderation. The discussion on admixture of solid inertants includes examples from the following industrial applications: (i) refractory materials manufacturing, (ii) food processing, (iii) power generation, (iv) industrial recycling, and (v) foundry shell mold fabrication. The importance of particle size consideration is explained first from the perspective of engineering tools such as the Dow Fire & Explosion Index, and professional guidance on the definition of a dust and suitable particle sizes for explosibility testing. Industrial examples are then drawn from the following areas: (i) rubber recycling and textile manufacturing, (ii) industrial recycling, (iii) wood processing, (iv) dry additive handling (polyethylene facility), (v) polyethylene production, (vi) carbon block recycling, and (vii) coal mining. The concluding discussion on hybrid mixtures includes brief cases from the process safety literature.     

Inhibiting effect of inhibitors on ignition sensitivity of wood dust

Wood products are easy to produce dust in the production and processing process, and have a serious explosion risk. In order to improve the safety of wood products production, the inhibiting effects of magnesium hydroxide (MTH), SiO₂, melamine polyphosphate (MPP) on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of wood dust were experimentally studied. The results showed that the inhibiting effects of inhibitors on the MIE of wood dust show the order of MPP > SiO₂>MTH. The order of the inhibiting effects on the MIT of wood dust was MPP > MTH > SiO_2. When 10% MPP was added to wood dust, the time when the flame appears (T_appear) and the time when the flame reaches the top of the glass tube (T_top) obviously rose to 80, 140 ms. Therefore, MPP had the best inhibiting effect on the ignition sensitivity of wood dust.According to thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests, the introduction of MPP leaded to lower maximum mass loss rate (MMLR), higher temperature corresponding to mass loss of 90% (T_0.1), residual mass and heat absorption. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) results showed that MPP produced H₂O (g) and NH₃ (g) during the thermal decomposition process, which diluted the oxygen.     

An evaluation of the association between vehicle type and the source and severity of pedestrian injuries

To evaluate the effect of vehicle type (passenger vehicle vs. light truck vehicle) on crash trajectory and on the consequent source and severity of pedestrian injury, we analyzed data from the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS), conducted by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from 1994 to 1998. While 62% of the adults in PV (passenger vehicle)-related crashes were carried by the vehicle, such pedestrian-vehicle interaction was observed only in 28% of LTV (light truck vehicle)-adult crashes. Being thrown forward or knocked down were the most common (65%) type of pedestrian-vehicle interactions for LTV-adult crashes. For children, 93% of those struck by LTVs and 46% of those struck by PVs were thrown forward or knocked down. For adults, LTVs were more likely than PVs to cause thorax (37% vs. 20%) and abdomen injuries (33% vs. 18%). For children, LTVs were more likely than PVs to cause injuries to the upper extremity (71% vs. 56%) and abdomen (14% vs. 8%). For adults struck by PVs the most common sources of injury were windshield for head injuries (63%), hood surface for thorax (67%), abdomen (58%), spine (30%), and upper extremity (36%) injuries, and bumper for the lower extremity injuries (60%). The leading causes of injury for adult-LTV crashes were ground for head (39%) and upper extremity (37%) injuries, hood edge for thorax (48%) and abdomen (56%) injuries, hood surface for spine injuries (36%), and bumper for lower extremity injuries (45%). For child-PV crashes, ground was the most common source of face (37%) abdomen (83%), spine (43%), and upper extremity injuries (54%). For children hit by LTVs, 52% of face, 67% of abdomen, 100% of spine, and 60% of upper extremity injuries were attributed to ground contacts. Altogether, the major sources of injury were hood surface and windshield for PV-pedestrian crashes and hood surface and hood edge for LTV-pedestrian crashes. Changes in design, such as altering the geometry and stiffness of front-end structures, might be associated with considerable decrease in the frequency and severity of pedestrian injury.     

霉变对储存水稻燃烧行为影响的研究

储存水稻火灾危险性研究具有重要意义。通过研究霉变对储存水稻燃烧行为的影响,确定其火灾危险性。锥形量热燃烧实验(Cone Test)结果显示,霉变样品可以在更小的外加辐射下被点燃;在四种热辐射(25 kW/m2,35 kW/m2,45 kW/m2,55 kW/m2)下,霉变样品的着火时间(TTI)与火灾性能指数(FPI)均小于未霉变样品;而火灾蔓延指数(FGI)高于未霉变样品。Cone Test结果表明霉变显著提高了储存水稻的火灾危险性。差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试发现在低温时霉变样品比未霉变时吸热焓值提高了3.6倍,表明其析出了更多的小分子挥发物。结合气相质谱联用(GC-MS)测试确定了霉变样品析出的挥发物中含有醇类, 酯类和醛类等易燃物。采用稳态管式炉(SSTF)进一步研究储存水稻的充分燃烧行为,结果显示热释放量及烟气毒性与样品质量(20 g,40 g)以及一次进气量(10 L/min,20 L/min,30 L/min)有关,霉变对于两者的影响较小。     

BFA-60微生物絮凝剂絮凝效果实验研究

从土壤中分离筛选得到一株产絮凝剂的菌株A-60,以其发酵液作为絮凝剂,取名为BFA-60.实验表明,BFA-60对各种菌悬液和固体悬浊液都有良好的净化效果.通过实际废水絮凝实验发现,该絮凝剂在污水处理行业及发酵工业的固液分离中具有较好的运用前景.