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1.
The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.  相似文献   

2.
The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.  相似文献   

3.
Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online observation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM2.5 of two typical polluted haze episodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including secondary CaSO4 particles (mainly observed in summer), S-rich mineral particles (SRM), S-rich water droplets (SRW) and (C, O, S)-rich particles (COS) were identified.We found the different typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that (C, O, S)-rich particles had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles’ relative abundances, S concentrations and their relationships with PM2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, we revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally different but significant impacts on the formation of COS.
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4.
Since the climax of eutrophication in the early 1980s mainly greater lakes have been investigated and monitored in terms of their nutrient charge. In the future there will still be a need to develop guidelines for monitoring the trophic status of smaller lakes. Four small lakes were investigated by the author in the years 1996 and 1997. In order to define the nutrient charge of those lakes more precisely, special emphasis has been put upon the two criteria diatoms and macrophytes. Eventually an evaluation of the lakes' catchment areas will also be an important component of these studies. Benthic diatoms are the main part of periphyton. As unicellular fast reproducing organisms they are excellent indicators for trophic situations in lakes. The diatom index denotes the trophic status of the littoral zone during the last few weeks before sampling. The macrophytes, however, reflect the nutrient charge over a longer period, i.e. several years. The macrophyte index is based on the fact that some species are most prevalent at certain nutrient loads. The effort to combine these two indication systems carries a high resolution of spatial nutrient changes as well as in temporally changes.  相似文献   

5.
Laboratory experiments have been performed to investigate the effects of salt exclusion on the behaviour of lakes with salinities up to 8 g L?1. At these salinities the freezing temperature is less than the temperature of maximum density and, unlike sea-ice, a reverse temperature stratification forms beneath the ice that can support at least some of the excluded salt. Temperature time series at four depths showed that salt exclusion drives cascades of localised overturning, while the persistence of reverse temperature stratification indicated that mixing was not complete. While our array of temperature sensors had insufficient spatial resolution to provide full details of the flow, we hypothesize that: at salinities of 1 and 2 g L?1  salt is released relatively uniformly and forms a layer of elevated salinity immediately below the ice, which supports double-diffusive salt-fingering; and at salinities of 4 and 8 g L?1, salt plumes penetrate the reverse stratification. After the ice melted, a relatively fresh surface layer formed above a more saline layer, sufficient to suppress spring turnover. Our measurements compare favourably with field observations from lakes, and highlight the importance of salt exclusion on biogeochemical processes in lakes.  相似文献   

6.
The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal is very recent. Key issues and considerations about natural shoreline dynamics, main policy instruments, and lessons learned from the EU Demonstration Programmes on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Portugal will be outlined in this paper in an attempt to understand how the practice of ICZM and its prospects are. Coastal zone management problems and their associated side effects, as well as national and international evolution patterns will be drawn. Some means of achieving better coastal zone management practices and ways of addressing some of its forefront issues are also identified. Special attention will go to erosion problems. The pressure induced by urban development and economic activities on coastal areas is increasing. Poor sediment availability combined with years of neglected management and over-exploitation of resources have had a negative impact, and there are many areas showing evidence of coastal erosion. There is a need to improve policies and instruments of coastal planning and management. Coastal zone management plans are being developed for the nine sectors of the continental Portuguese coast, providing a full analysis of coastal systems and a delimitation of uses in relation to the carrying capacity of the shoreline.  相似文献   

7.
湖滨带的功能及其管理   总被引:29,自引:1,他引:29  
湖滨带是水陆生态交错带的一种类型,具有重要的生态、社会和经济价值。湖滨带功能主要包括:缓冲带功能、生物多样性及生境保护功能、护岸功能和经济美学价值。湖滨带退化的原因主要是人为因素引起的生物群落结构的逆向演替及生态功能的下降,退化湖滨带生态恢复与重建的理论基础是恢复生态学。湖滨带管理的核心是湖滨带植被的正确管理,管理的目标是保护与湖滨带密切相关的各种资源和水生态系统,其管理措施主要包括:(1)建立植被缓冲带;(2)加强湖滨带规划和管理的政策研究;(3)加强湖滨带生态监测系统及生态评价指标体系的建设;(4)促进湖滨带管理的公众参与。  相似文献   

8.
汞是揭示构造活动及强震孕育机制的重要化学示踪元素.研究断裂带中汞及其同位素,可以示踪地震断裂带汞异常来源、汞的迁移路径,从而揭示流体在地震孕育中的作用.本文总结了汞的观测技术,断裂带岩石、土壤和地下水中汞的特征,概述了汞同位素技术在深部断裂带研究中的进展,以及汞在地震监测和活断层探测方面的应用.断裂带中汞的研究,将有助于厘清汞-深部流体-构造活动-地震的可能关系及其机制,对提升汞在地震监测预测中的研究水平具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of the growth of the dominant species of macrophytes on phosphorus transport in the River Thame, a nutrient enriched lowland clay catchment in southern England, were assessed using a mass-balance approach. Macrophyte abundance was estimated between late March and early June at three sites along the river. the plant biomass of phosphorus and the total phosphorus content of sediments in the main part of the river channel and sediments associated with the plant roots were measured on each occasion. Total phosphorus concentrations in the river water were measured at weekly intervals at a gauging station at the lower end of the study reach.

The results showed that the phosphorus content of plants at the site most impacted by sewage derived phosphorus was < 1% of the flux of total phosphorus estimated for the water column in April and May. Phosphorus contained in the total standing crop of macrophytes at the least impacted site was estimated as approximately 3% of the mean daily flux of total phosphorus in the water. Although no trends were found in the total phosphorus contents of the roots, shoots or sediments through the season, differences in the phosphorus content of the sediments were found between sites with different phosphorus loading. Higher porewater and Equilibrium Phosphate Concentrations (EPCoS) were recorded at the site most impacted by sewage effluent when compared to an upstream sampling site.  相似文献   

10.
干旱区生态系统耦合关系的特征分析   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
干旱区生态系统耦合关系的特征差异表现在水热状况、景观带谱、小气候效应以及人为活动等方面。在特定的区域上,经度、纬度、海拔以及下垫面的特征是决定系统耦合特征最为基本的要素;而自然地理要素的变化,则是区分和判定耦合关系及其类型的重要因素。依据自然地理学与景观生态学等学科的理论与方法,结合相关原则,对具有典型意义的MODS耦合关系——昆仑山一和田绿洲一塔克拉玛干沙漠系统,以及天山一阜康绿洲一古尔班通古特沙漠系统的耦合关系的特征进行了比较,并分析了MODS耦合关系的一般规律。  相似文献   

11.
退化湿地的植被恢复有助于提高湿地生物多样性和净化水体功能。通过监测鄱阳湖双退区(湿地)生态恢复过程中前后水质变化,分析了不同植被覆盖率和植物残体分解对水质的影响。结果表明,在植物生长期间,湿地水体TN质量浓度下降65.4%~71.3%,NO3--N也呈较大幅度下降,并能降低水体TP浓度水平;高植被覆盖增加水体叶绿素质量浓度水平,中低植被覆盖不影响水体叶绿素质量浓度,植被覆盖能有效保持水体较高透明度,但不能降低水体COD质量浓度。在枯水期,高植被覆盖因为植物残体分解使氮素回流水体,导致水体含TN,NH4+-N,NO3-_N质量浓度显著升高,中低植被覆盖植物残体分解同样显著增加水体氮素,但增加程度小于高植被覆盖;植物残体分解不影响水体TP质量浓度水平;高植被覆盖植物残体分解增加水体叶绿素质量浓度,中低植被覆盖则无影响;高中低植被覆盖区植物残体分解都显著增加水体混浊度,也提高了水体的BOD,对水体COD没有影响。  相似文献   

12.
To test the hypothesis that the honeybee hybrid zone in South Africa is a tension zone due to increased reproductive conflict in colonies that contain both Apis mellifera capensis and Apis mellifera scutellata worker genotypes, we constructed mixed subspecies and hybrid colonies via a combination of artificial and natural matings. We measured emergence weight, ovary activation, and the presence/absence of a spermatheca on workers of different genotypes. We show that the measured characteristics were all affected by genotype with some traits also affected by the social environment in which the worker was reared. Workers with both an A. m. capensis mother and father had the highest emergence weight. When workers had an A. m. capensis mother, paternity affected emergence weight with A. m. capensis fathers producing heavier workers. When the queen was A. m. scutellata, paternity had less effect on weight. Presence of spermatheca was highest in mixed colonies irrespective of maternity and colonies containing pure A. m. capensis workers only. Paternity had a significant effect on the presence of a spermatheca within mixed colonies, with workers that had an A. m. capensis father being more likely to possess a spermatheca. Rates of ovary activation were highest in colonies with an A. m. scutellata queen mated to drones of both genotypes, suggesting that mixed subspecies colonies likely suffer increased reproductive strife among workers. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the South African honeybee hybrid zone is a tension zone arising from reduced fitness of genetically mixed colonies.  相似文献   

13.
李永霞  郑西来 《环境化学》2014,(11):1841-1847
通过土柱模拟实验研究了0#柴油及其饱和水溶液在不同含水率的砂土及壤土中的入渗迁移及残留特征.结果表明,柴油在壤土中的入渗速率小于砂土,且随含水率的增加逐渐减小,而柴油在砂土中的入渗速率则随含水率的增加先增大后减小.入渗结束后,相同深度的土柱中柴油残留量随含水率的增加明显降低,沿土层深度呈先增后降的弓形趋势.随着再分布时间的延长,砂土柱中柴油残留量随土层深度逐渐增大,壤土柱中柴油含量变化较小.柴油饱和水溶液在壤土中的入渗速率明显小于砂土,穿透曲线的峰值滞后于砂土,入渗过程中,壤土中渗出液的柴油浓度小于砂土.入渗结束后,深度小于10 cm的壤土柱中集中了绝大部分柴油,而砂土中柴油残留量则略低于壤土.  相似文献   

14.
陈生华  王世杰  肖德安  杨涛 《生态环境》2010,19(9):2130-2135
以喀斯特小流域为研究尺度,对清镇市王家寨退耕还林(草)示范区内的9个表层岩溶泉进行了一个水文年的系统监测,并借助SPSS统计软件开展了泉点的聚类分析研究,旨在从常规水化学角度为流域退化生态环境的恢复与重建提供科学依据。从结果来看,虽然所有泉点的水化学类型均为HCO3-Ca型,但是根据K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-、HCO3-、SO42-等指标的具体差异,还是可以将9个泉点分为3组:(1)位于流域上游分水岭处的S8、S9泉点,由于远离居民集聚区,受到人类活动的影响程度弱,泉水中EC和各主要离子的质量浓度均很低,[Ca2+]*与[HCO3-]的关系说明泉水流经地区的岩石类型主要为白云岩;(2)位于流域中部的S2、S3、S4、S5、S6和S7泉点,靠近居民点,受到人类活动的影响程度明显增强,泉水中EC和各主要离子的质量浓度也相应增大,[Ca2+]*与[HCO3-]具有与第一组泉水完全不同的特征,表明此组泉水流经地区的岩石类型为白云质灰岩;(3)位于流域下游的S1泉点,处于村寨下游,受到人类活动的影响最大,泉水中EC和各主要离子的质量浓度也很高,[Ca2+]*与[HCO3-]的关系与第二组泉点相似,但是[SO42-]和[F-]远高于前2组泉点,这可能是由于在泉水的运移路径上有富含石膏和氟的岩石存在。  相似文献   

15.
渤海湾海岸带表层沉积物中黑碳的分布特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在渤海湾西海岸潮间带、近海和主要河流采集了85个表层沉积物样品,对黑碳(BC)的质量分数及其分布规律进行了研究,并探讨了BC与沉积物粒度的关系。结果表明:(1)渤海湾海岸带表层沉积物中BC的平均质量分数为(0.65±0.42)mg·g^-1,占总有机碳的比例为16.8%±7.5%,均高于我国其它海岸带;(2)潮间带沉积物中BC的质量分数存在明显的南北分区差异(以天津港码头为界),北区(0.92mg·g^-1)比南区(0.22mg·g^-1)平均高4倍以上;近海和河流样品BC的质量分数也有一定程度的"北高南低"趋势,表明BC在海岸带运移扩散的继承性,河流输入可能是主要途径;(3)潮间带沉积物粒度表现为"北区细"(以粘土质粉砂主)而"南区粗"(以砂为主),反映两个区域的水动力条件和沉积环境不同,是造成BC质量分数区域差异的主要原因。  相似文献   

16.
Management of the coastal zone for the purposes of conservation and sustainability is a well-described concept in the literature. This paper describes the importance of modelling various forms of maritime traffic as an intrinsic element of this process. Effective use of GIS in this context implies extensive data acquisition and cleaning, vessel path simulation, traffic density maps, and incident (spills or accidents) distribution when applicable. Risks can be determined by evaluating detrimental occurrences relative to exposure levels. Effective visualization and quantitative analyses can then be fruitfully applied to various coastal zone management spheres, such as oceans use planning, emergency response planning, and marine protected area delineation.  相似文献   

17.
江苏沿海地区海洋灾害类型及其防治探讨   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
戴亚南  张鹰 《生态环境》2006,15(6):1417-1420
根据江苏沿海地区的地质地貌及气候的特点,综合分析了危害江苏沿海的海洋灾害类型,主要有海洋地质灾害、气候灾害和生物灾害等三种类型。地质灾害主要包括海岸侵蚀、海岸坍塌、和海平面上升;气候灾害主要包括台风风暴潮;生物灾害主要包括赤潮、湿地滩涂面积缩小等。提出相应的防治措施:(1)加强对海岸带地质背景和地质灾害研究,应用GIS和RS等先进技术建立海洋灾害信息系统;(2)加强海防工程建设,加高海堤提高质量,以防御灾害性海浪、风暴潮等侵袭;(3)应用生态学原理,建立沿海生态防护网,增强对风暴潮抵御能力保护沿海湿地资源;(4)加强对海洋灾害及防御知识的教育和对防灾减灾的管理等。  相似文献   

18.
Molluscs inhabiting littoral rocks were collected from 43 stations around Ceylon, and 57 species belonging to 20 families were identified. An account is given of the nature and distrbution of littoral rocks around the island, and the stations examined. On each shore, the distribution of the molluscs was studied in relation to the broad zonation of the shores themselves and observations were made on plant and animal associations of each speices. The limits of the broad zones of the shores were defined with reference to biological indicators. Analysis of the data collected led to a classification of the rocky shores into three groups, each characterized by particular combinations of mollusc species and distinct patterns of shore zonation. Some molluscs were found to be distributed over the whole island, others to be common to two groups of shores only, and still others to be confined to a single shore type. An attempt has been made to explain the presence or absence of species on various groups of shores, and to explain discontinuities in distribution on the basis of environmental factors such as the nature of the substratum, degree of wave exposure, and weed cover. A key, based primarily on external features, has been devised for the identification of the species listed.  相似文献   

19.
三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
陈梓云  彭梦侠 《生态环境》2001,10(2):165-166
报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明,目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。  相似文献   

20.
植被恢复的生态效应研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
胡婵娟  郭雷 《生态环境》2012,(9):1640-1646
植被在水土保持、水源涵养及生态系统的固碳过程中起着重要的作用。植被恢复是指运用生态学原理,通过保护现有植被、封山育林或营造人工林、灌、草植被,修复或重建被毁坏或被破坏的森林和其他自然生态系统,恢复其生物多样性及其生态系统功能。目前,植被的自然及人工恢复是改善脆弱生态系统及退化生态系统生态环境现状最有效的措施。植被在恢复过程中对地上植被生态系统,物种多样性的恢复有着重要影响,同时通过凋落物及根系的输入,可以有效改善地下生态系统,增加土壤的养分含量、改善土壤的物理结构、增加土壤生物的生物量及活性。文章以地上及地下生态系统为出发点,综述了植被恢复过程中自然及人工恢复过程中不同的植被类型、不同的恢复时间下植物物种组成和多样性、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落的变化。植被的自然及人工恢复在一定程度上均能增加植物物种的多样性,随着恢复年限的增加物种的组成发生改变且多样性呈增加趋势,但一些特殊环境下不当的人工恢复可造成植被演替向退化方向发展,降低生物多样性。不同的植被类型由于其生长方式的不同对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响存在差异,随着恢复年限的增长,土壤理化指标及微生物学指标呈现先增加而后趋于平稳的状态。针对已有的研究进展,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应该增加更多的对比研究,对不同环境下,不同的恢复物种,不同的恢复方式进行更深入地探讨;另外一方面应增加不同尺度的研究,现有的研究多集中在样地尺度,未来应在更大尺度上进行分析;再者,地上及地下生态系统之间的相互关系及影响机理一直是土壤学科研究的热点,植被恢复过程中应增加更多该方面的机理研究。  相似文献   

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