好氧MBR处理垃圾渗滤液中膜面优势污染物及污染阻力

将好氧MBR处理垃圾渗滤液装置中的污泥混合液进行合理分离,通过死端过滤实验和膜污染阻力测定实验,以确定MBR中造成膜污染的优势污染物和优势污染阻力。实验结果表明,上清液中的胶体物质和大分子粘性有机物是造成膜污染的优势污染物;膜污染阻力主要由凝胶极化阻力和外部污染阻力构成,二者之和占总污染阻力的95%以上。     

膜生物反应器次临界通量运行的膜污染特性研究

膜生物反应器（MBR）是将膜分离与生物反应相结合的污水处理新工艺,近年来已引起广泛的关注,但不可避免的膜污染限制其更广泛的应用。临界通量在膜污染控制中是个非常重要的概念。本试验研究平板膜生物反应器在次临界通量运行下的膜污染状况,并结合膜污染模型进一步表征膜表面的污染特性。试验结果表明。该平板膜生物反应器在次临界通量运行的情况下,膜污染可分为膜污染缓慢发展阶段（第Ⅰ阶段）和膜污染迅速发展阶段（第Ⅱ阶段）,可分别用膜孔堵塞模型和泥饼阻力模型表征膜阻力与时间的变化关系。同时,对运行后的膜阻力分布进行分析,表明泥饼阻力和孔道吸附堵塞阻力是膜污染的主要组成部分,分别占到总阻力的73％和24％,而膜本身阻力仅占3％。     

Fouling mechanisms in a laboratory-scale UV disinfection system.

The fouling of quartz sleeves surrounding UV disinfection lamps is a perennial problem affecting both drinking water and wastewater applications. The mechanisms of fouling are not fully understood, but factors promoting fouling are believed to include heat, high hardness and/or high iron concentrations, and hydrodynamic forces. The role of UV radiation itself is unclear. The goal of this paper is to attempt to isolate the fouling mechanisms and to provide key information about those induced by UV radiation, using a unique laboratory-scale continuous-flow UV reactor. Its design allowed for irradiated and nonirradiated zones and control of both temperature and UV intensity at the fouling surface. Synthetic wastewater samples were tested with two levels of calcium, iron, phosphorus, and biochemical oxygen demand (as beef broth), and constant levels of magnesium and nitrogen to assess the effects of the four key variables. Average UV fluence before fouling exceeded 35 mJ/cm2, based on collimated beam tests. Foulant accumulation was monitored by UV intensity measurements and by mass and composition of foulant collected after an average of 56 hours of continuous operation. Tests showed that relative UV intensity dropped by as much as 100% when iron was present. Detailed results were assessed and yielded support for the following three UV-induced fouling mechanisms: (a) precipitation of ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)3], (b) release of calcium from calcium-organics complexes followed by precipitation of iron-organics complexes, and (c) calcium carbonate precipitation. Other fouling mechanisms, such as sedimentation of preformed particles and sorption of calcium onto preformed colloids of Fe(OH)3, occurred outside the zone of UV radiation. Hence, these could be confused with concurrent UV-induced mechanisms in full-scale reactors. Iron and/or calcium undoubtedly created the most favorable conditions for fouling to occur; in the absence of both, fouling would be unlikely. The rates of fouling were enhanced when organics were also present; however, when phosphorus was present, fouling in the UV section was reduced. Indeed, UV may be viewed as inhibiting the fouling caused by phosphate complexes.     

印染生化尾水反渗透深度处理工艺膜污染成因分析简

为阐明印染生化尾水反渗透膜处理时膜污染的成因,使用小试装置进行40 h膜污染实验,研究膜污染速率、污染程度以及可逆性,同时应用扫描电子显微镜-EDS能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、总有机碳测定仪等仪器对进水水质、膜表面污染物的形态和组成等进行表征。结果表明,膜表面主要是碳酸钙无机污染和钙与有机物络合污染,无机污染占主导,且可逆性差,有机污染物主要含有—OH和—CC官能团;单一去除废水中有机物污染物（TOC去除率达88%）对膜污染缓解不明显,但钙离子的去除可显著缓解膜污染,膜通量可增加72.6%;同时去除有机物和钙离子,膜通量可增加80.4%。     

序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理生活污水的研究

实验模拟生活污水,考察了连续式膜生物反应器(continuous membrane bioreactor,CMBR)和序批式膜生物反器(sequencing batch membrane bioreactor,SMBR)的膜污染和污染物去除效果.结果表明CMBR和SMBR出水COD的平均浓度分别为15.42 mg/L和...     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果,采用A/O和A²/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水,通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况,寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A²/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%;A/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A²/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH₃-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统,其反硝化率为50%～70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著,A²/O工艺膜通量衰减59%,A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中,A²/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

好氧颗粒污泥动态膜生物反应器工艺参数及运行性能

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)为研究体系,与好氧颗粒污泥相结合,形成新的好氧颗粒污泥动态膜生物反应器(AGDMBR),探讨了在新工艺条件下对COD、氨氮的去除,以及出水浊度的变化,与活性污泥动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)做比较,研究了进水流量、曝气量等工艺运行参数与膜污染之间的关系,并对系统中污泥的EPS进行分析。结论表明,AGDMBR系统对COD和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为91%和95%,出水浊度为6 NTU,处理效果均优于DMBR系统;AGDMBR系统在运行过程中膜污染速度随进水流量的增大而加快;曝气量为125～150 L/h时,膜通量持续时间最长;AGDMBR系统比DMBR系统在膜污染的延缓上具有明显的优势。     

Prediction of membrane fouling using artificial neural networks for wastewater treated by membrane bioreactor technologies: bottlenecks and possibilities

Membrane fouling is a major concern for the optimization of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies. Numerous studies have been led in the field of membrane fouling control in order to assess with precision the fouling mechanisms which affect membrane resistance to filtration, such as the wastewater characteristics, the mixed liquor constituents, or the operational conditions, for example. Worldwide applications of MBRs in wastewater treatment plants treating all kinds of influents require new methods to predict membrane fouling and thus optimize operating MBRs. That is why new models capable of simulating membrane fouling phenomenon were progressively developed, using mainly a mathematical or numerical approach. Faced with the limits of such models, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were progressively considered to predict membrane fouling in MBRs and showed great potential. This review summarizes fouling control methods used in MBRs and models built in order to predict membrane fouling. A critical study of the application of ANNs in the prediction of membrane fouling in MBRs was carried out with the aim of presenting the bottlenecks associated with this method and the possibilities for further investigation on the subject.     

吸附-预沉淀MBR工艺处理生活污水及膜污染控制效果

膜污染是限制膜生物反应器（MBR）广泛应用的主要因素之一。针对MBR处理生活污水过程中存在的硝化效果不稳定与膜污染问题,提出了一种新型的MBR系统：通过吸附-预沉淀实现进水中碳氮的分离和单独处理,不仅提高了污染物去除效果,且能够有效控制膜污染。研究结果表明,吸附-预沉淀可以去除进水中约89.7%的有机物,系统出水COD、NH₄⁺-N平均浓度为24 mg/L、0.78 mg/L,去除率分别为95.9%和98.1%。MBR中碳氮比的降低和硝化细菌比例的增加大大降低了MBR内MLSS、EPS和SMP含量,平均浓度分别为5 185 mg/L、41 mg/g MLSS和2.62 mg/g MLSS。在膜通量为4 L/（m²·h）条件下,TMP可稳定保持在20 kPa左右。通过吸附-预沉淀过程可有效控制MBR中的膜污染。     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响

开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果.     

纳米材料对膜生物反应器影响的试验研究

通过向一体式膜生物反应器中投加纳米材料来改变料液性质,预防膜污染和提高膜生物反应器对污染物的去除效率,并利用扫描电镜分析中空纤维膜的表观结构的变化情况,通过红外光谱分析活性污泥性质的变化,以探讨防治膜污染的机理。试验结果表明,纳米材料的投加对COD和NH₃-N的去除无明显影响,提高了TP的去除率,TP去除率达70%。而且投加纳米材料可改变活性污泥的性质和生物膜的表观结构,减缓膜污染。     

A modeling study of fouling development in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment.

Membrane fouling is a primary concern in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) in wastewater treatment because it strongly affects both system stability and economic feasibility. A mathematical model was developed in this study for membrane fouling in submerged MBR systems for wastewater treatment, in which both reversible and irreversible fouling were quantified. While mixed liquor suspended solids are the major components of the reversible fouling layer, dissolved organic matter is thought to be the key foulant, in particular, responsible for the long-term irreversible fouling of the filtration unit. The model was calibrated (parameter identification) with a set of operational data from a pilot MBR and then verified with other independent operational data from the MBR. The good agreement between theoretical predictions and operational data demonstrates that the outlined modeling concept can be successfully applied to describe membrane fouling in submerged MBR systems.     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.     

不同超滤膜过滤天然有机物的膜污染特性研究

超滤膜的截留分子量、天然有机物的分子量分布以及两者之间的相对关系对于膜污染以及过滤阻力的组成有很大的影响。MWCO140kDa、70kDa、30kDa、10kDa、4kDa和1kDa的超滤膜过滤10mg/L腐殖酸溶液和未名湖湖水的试验结果表明,在过滤初始时刻就发生了膜污染,膜的截留分子量越大,膜污染越显著。在长期过滤的过程中,截留分子量>10kDa的超滤膜的过滤阻力受到膜污染的控制,膜孔堵塞和膜面形成凝胶层是造成膜污染的主要原因;当膜的截留分子量≤10kDa时,过滤阻力主要由膜本身固有的阻力决定,膜污染影响较小。不同浓度、类型的腐殖酸溶液和不同种类的超滤膜过滤试验数据分析表明,当膜对腐殖酸分子的截留率超过40%时,膜污染的程度会逐渐减小,过滤阻力将由膜本身固有的阻力控制。     

Precipitation softening: a pretreatment process for seawater desalination

Reduction of membrane fouling in reverse osmosis systems and elimination of scaling of heat transfer surfaces in thermal plants are a major challenge in the desalination of seawater. Precipitation softening has the potential of eliminating the major fouling and scaling species in seawater desalination plants, thus allowing thermal plants to operate at higher top brine temperatures and membrane plants to operate at a reduced risk of fouling, leading to lower desalinated water costs. This work evaluated the use of precipitation softening as a pretreatment step for seawater desalination. The effectiveness of the process in removing several scale-inducing materials such as calcium, magnesium, silica, and boron was investigated under variable conditions of temperature and pH. The treatment process was also applied to seawater spiked with other known fouling species such as iron and bacteria to determine the efficiency of removal. The results of this work show that precipitation softening at a pH of 11 leads to complete elimination of calcium, silica, and bacteria; to very high removal efficiencies of magnesium and iron (99.6 and 99.2 %, respectively); and to a reasonably good removal efficiency of boron (61 %).     

A review of membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation

Reclamation of municipal secondary effluent for non-potable purposes is considered vital in alleviating the demand for existing limited water supplies while helping to protect remaining water sources from being polluted. In recent decades, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane technologies have become increasingly attractive for reclamation of municipal secondary effluent because they are highly efficient, easy to operate, and economical. However, membrane fouling is a major obstacle in the development of membrane technology in municipal secondary effluent reclamation. This paper reviews three types of membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation, namely, effluent organic matter (EfOM) membrane fouling, microbial membrane fouling, and inorganic membrane fouling, as well as their correlation. Membrane fouling by EfOM and microbes are found to be severe, and they are significantly correlated. Most previous studies conducted laboratory-scale experiments of membrane fouling with model organic matters and bacteria, but these model organic matters and bacteria might still be unrepresentative. More studies on membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation with actual wastewater are essential.     

印染生化尾水反渗透深度处理工艺膜污染成因分析

为阐明印染生化尾水反渗透膜处理时膜污染的成因,使用小试装置进行40h膜污染实验,研究膜污染速率、污染程度以及可逆性,同时应用扫描电子显微镜一EDS能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、总有机碳测定仪等仪器对进水水质、膜表面污染物的形态和组成等进行表征。结果表明,膜表面主要是碳酸钙无机污染和钙与有机物络合污染,无机污染占主导,且可逆性差,有机污染物主要含有--OH和～c-c官能团;单一去除废水中有机物污染物（TOC去除率达88％）对膜污染缓解不明显,但钙离子的去除可显著缓解膜污染,膜通量可增加72．6％;同时去除有机物和钙离子,膜通量可增加80．4％。     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能利用NO-3作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器(MBR)脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC-MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88%,对NH4-N的去除均达到99%。闭路MFC-MBR系统TN去除率达到69.4%,高于开路系统的55.3%。混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在88%左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径(233.482μm)较开路系统(94.877μm)有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41.17%。     

附着性胞外多聚物对HMBR膜污染控制性能的影响

采用复合式膜生物反应器（HMBR）处理城市生活污水,对附着性胞外多聚物影响HMBR膜污染控制性能的作用机理进行了研究。实验结果表明,HMBR中附着性胞外多聚物、松散附着性胞外多聚物和紧密附着性胞外多聚物的浓度比常规膜生物反应器分别降低了10．0％、43．6％和2．1％。附着性胞外多聚物与膜表面滤饼层污泥比阻的关系较为密切,随着其浓度逐渐降低,滤饼层污泥比阻相应减小。与紧密附着性胞外多聚物相比,松散附着性胞外多聚物对滤饼层污泥比阻的影响程度更深。因此,随着反应器中附着性胞外多聚物特别是松散附着性胞外多聚物浓度的降低,HMBR的膜污染控制性能增强,反应器中膜表面的滤饼层阻力比常规膜生物反应器降低了56．9％。     

混凝沉淀前处理对丙烯酸丁酯废水陶瓷膜过滤膜污染的影响

采用混凝沉淀-双层滤料过滤-陶瓷膜过滤组合工艺去除丙烯酸丁酯废水中浊度物质。结果表明,废水pH值、混凝药剂投加量、混凝沉淀水力条件不仅对丙烯酸丁酯废水混凝沉淀出水和双层滤料过滤单元出水浊度具有重要影响,而且对后续陶瓷膜过滤单元膜污染均具有重要影响。双层滤料过滤出水浊度与陶瓷膜污染阻力具有明显的正相关关系,双层滤料过滤出水浊度越高,陶瓷膜污染阻力越大。废水pH在7.0~10.0范围内、混凝药剂PAC或PAM投加过量、废水流量过高都会造成双层滤料过滤出水浊度偏高,导致陶瓷膜污染严重。