反相流动注射法连续测定工业放心水中的铜和镍

采用反相流动注射光度分析技术，以能形成颜色相近产物的化学反应为基础，建立了工业废水中Ｎｉ和Ｃｕ的的连续测定方法和装置。测定频率６０样／ｈ，Ｎｉ和Ｃｕ的最低检出率浓度分别为０．０３μｇ／ｍｌ和０．０４μｇ／ｍｌ。     

钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)对长春花C.roseus细胞悬浮生长的影响

研究了ｐＨ５．５条件下,钴（Ⅱ）和镍（Ⅱ）对长春花Ｃ．ｒｏｓｅｕｓ细胞悬浮增养生长的影响。当介质中钴的起始深度为０．５０／２．０μｇ／ｍｌ时,能轻微刺激Ｃ．ｒｏｓｅｕｓ细胞的生长,〔Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）〕＞４．０μｇ／ｍｌ,〔Ｎｉ（Ⅱ）〕＞２．０μｇ／ｍｌ时,阻碍细胞生长,其抑制程度与介质中钴（Ⅱ）。镍（Ⅱ）的浓度相关;它们的最小致死浓度分别为５０．０μｇ／ｍｌＣｏ（Ⅱ）和１０．０μｇ／ｍｌＮｉ（Ⅱ）。钴（     

九龙江口秋茄红树林镉铬镍元素的累积及动态

探讨了福建九龙江口秋茄红树林对重金属元素Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ的累积及动态，结果表明；该林区表层土壤（０－３０ｃｍ）深Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ元素的储量分别为２１．６０、１０９２．６３和３９０３．９０ｍｇ／ｍ＾２，秋茄植物体各部位Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ一的范围分别为０．０４４４－０．０９１２、０．０８５－０．２７５和０．３２６－１．０００μｇ／ｇ，该群落现存生物量中，Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ元素的储量分别为１１６６．８５、３     

HPLC法测定废水中苯胺类化合物

用乙醚为提取有机相，提取前先经碱化，提取后加酸使苯胺成盐，吹去乙醚，用ＨＰＬＣ法测定苯胺类化合物。方法适用于测定废水中苯胺类化合物。检出限：苯胺３．０ｎｇ，邻硝基苯胺０．５ｎｇ，对硝基苯胺１．０ｎｇ。线性范围：苯胺０．８１７－１３．０７２μｇ／ｍｌ，邻硝基苯胺０．１４６４－２．３４２４μｇ／ｍｌ，对硝基苯胺０．２５３－４．０４８μｇ／ｍｌ。精密度（ＣＶ）：苯胺２．３８％，邻硝基苯胺１．０９％，对硝     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明,适合的ＰＨ范围为５．５－９．０,λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ,在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下,十二烷基苯碘酸钠（ＳＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０＾４和３．１×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。用此法测定了     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明，最适合的ｐＨ范围为５．５－９．０，λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ，在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下，十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＳＤＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０４和３．１×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。用此法测定了河水和生活废水中的阴离子表面活性剂，相对标准偏差＜３．０％，样品加标平均回收率为９９．３％。     

氨基酸型螯合树脂的合成及其吸附性能

以三乙烯四胺，环氧氯丙烷和氯乙酸为原料，合成了氨基酸结构的螯合树脂，并研究了Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋的吸附性能。结果表明，该树脂对Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋比对Ｚｎ＾２＋具有良好的吸附性能，其吸附量可达１．４０，，１．３９，１．２０及０．４ｍｏｌ／ｇ。     

Cu－T(4－MOP)PS4光度法间接测定水中可溶性硫化物

利用Ｃｕ２＋与水中的Ｓ２－形成难溶的ＣＵＳ,剩余Ｃｕ２＋的含量用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４光度法测定,间接求得Ｓ２－的含量．研究了沉淀和显色的最佳条件．在ＰＨ８．５左右,形成难溶的ＣｕＳ,过量的铜在ｐＨ４．０用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４显色,然后用稀ＨＣｌ酸化至ＰＨ２．３左右测定,以提高方法的选择性,并探讨了共存离子的干扰情况．Ｓ２－的含量在０－０．２０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合比尔定律,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９５,回收率为９４．０２％－１００．８％．建立的方法用于废水中可溶性硫化物的测定,结果与标准方法一致．     

Cu（Ⅱ）─吡啶光度法测定间苯二酚的研究及应用

本文研究了Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）、吡啶与间苯二酚的显色反应，发现在ｐＨ＝９．０ＮＨ３－ＮＨ４Ｃｌ缓冲溶液中，Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）、吡啶能与间苯二酚形成三元配合物，其最大吸收峰位于５８０ｎｍ处，摩尔吸光系数为５．０×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ（－１）·ｃｍ（－１），配合物组成比为Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）：吡啶：间苯二酚＝１：２：１，间苯二酚浓度在０～８μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律。应用此法测定了环境水样中间苯二酚的含量，结果令人满意。     

Ni/Fe/Cu氧化物的催化臭氧化作用研究

以吐氏酸的臭氧氧化为例,研究了过渡金属镍、铁、铜单组分和不同配比双组分氧化物的催化作用,附着沉淀法制备的Ｎｉ－Ｆｅ（１：４）和Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ（４：１）催化剂的臭氧利用率分别比γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３载体提高了２８．９％和２４．３％,金属氧化催化臭氧化能显著改善吐氏酸溶液的可生化性,当溴氧消耗量为０．２５－０．３５ｇ／Ｌ时,ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ达到最大值０．２８。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.