滨海湿地类自然保护区的成本-效益研究——以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例,分析了滨海湿地生态系统所提供的生态系统服务及保护该系统所产生的成本.采用市场价值法、影子工程法和专家评估法估算了保护区内滨海湿地生态系统服务价值.2010年盐城保护区内滨海湿地生态系统产生的保护成本为8.18× 109元,其中管理成本为1.95× 107元,机会成本为8.16× 109元;保护区产生的效益为1.83× 1010元.结果表明,盐城保护区获得的效益远大于其付出的成本,盐城保护区的存在具有经济学上的收益优势.因此,在盐城滨海湿地建立自然保护区具有巨大的生态效益,这种优势更多地体现为长期的综合效益,且难以用货币形式直接兑现.对待自然保护区建设与管理应形成整体、长期的理念,不能因短期利益和局部利益而牺牲自然保护区,真正做到对保护区的永久保护和持续利用.     

论我国环境公众参与制度的问题

环境公众参与制度在目前中国基本上是一片空白,笔者从“公众参与“的范畴界定及理论分析着手,分析了我国在此方面的现状,并提出了对建立我国未来环境公众参与制度的几点框架性建议,旨在通过推进环境民主化进程来实现真正对环境的有效保护.     

塔基图穆保护区——库克群岛的社区所属生态旅游明星

塔基图穆保护区1996年创建于库克群岛的拉罗汤加岛,其目标是为了当前和未来生产者的利益而对生物多样性实施保护.只有当地人民对其土地和资源拥有所有权.生态旅游将成为该保护区的主要经济活动.在土地所有者同意和支持下,一个有指导的“大自然漫步”已经组织起来.     

福建水土流失区农业生物多样性保护利用的思考

水土流失区以提高产量为目的的现代集约化生产已经导致农业系统的简化,造成农业生物多样性的大量丧失.本文对近年来福建省农业生物多样性保护实践进行概述,结合水土流失区生产实际,提出了加强农业生物多样性保护与利用的若干建议.包括:1)构建农业种质库,保护遗传基因多样性; 2)保护农业半自然生境,提供天敌栖息场所; 3)推广生态农业,合理配置农业种养体系; 4)统筹兼顾,科学部署农田生态格局.     

江苏海北垦区现状调查和开发利用设想

采用多点采样分析方法调查了江苏海北垦区的植被和土壤类型及其分布,并在调查和分析的基础上,从综合利用和保护生态环境的角度,提出了几种开发、改良利用垦区土地的设想.     

衡阳市野生动物保护管理现状及其对策

本文阐述了加强野生动物保护管理的重要性,并对衡阳市野生动物管理的现状及存在的问题进行了认真的分析,提出相应的对策与措施,藉以推动衡阳市野生动物保护事业的发展.     

澳大利亚的草场资源,生物多样性状况及其管理

简述了澳大利亚草场资源及其管理和生物多样性保护的状况,介绍了澳洲草地畜牧业在管理及资源保护方面值得我们借鉴的方面,提出了加强草地生态学研究和草地资源管理的几点建议和体会。     

共同努力：为受污染财产的治理和再开发融资

地方政府和投资商需共同努力,以鼓励和促进"褐色地带"场所的治理、再开发和充分利用.在美国过去的几年中,存在着一种制订"风险治理标准和自愿治理计划"的趋势,以鼓励这些场所的再利用.最近,地方政府和私营保险公司提供的"有效债务保护"有利于这种趋势的发展.本文考虑了各种受污染财产的治理和再开发的融资方法.     

水生态基准方法学概述及建立我国水生态基准的探讨（Methodologies for Deriving Water Quality Criteria to Protect Aquatic Life（ALC）and Proposal for Development of ALC in China: A Review）

水生态基准的研究和制定对于控制进入水环境污染物的种类和数量,保护水体生物多样性及整个水生态系统的结构和功能具有重要意义.论文对不同国家和地区现有的主要水生态基准推导方法进行了概述,并从基准保护目标、数据的收集与评估、基准的计算方法等几个方面对各国水质基准推导方法进行了比较.参照国外水质基准的推导过程及我国水生态系统的特征,探讨了合理可行的水生态基准保护目标、计算方法及推导流程,并对我国水生态基准的推导中可能存在的问题进行了讨论.     

藏羚羊的保护

藏羚羊为国家一级保护动物,濒临灭绝,如何保护拯救它是一项值得研究的课题.笔者在分析藏羚羊现状的基础上,提出了栖息地圈养的保护措施,并进行了可行性分析.     

OHP–APT 2002 gravity wave campaign: waves,turbulence and forecasts

In July 2002, a multi-sensor campaign was conducted in southern France to investigate the hypothesized connection between gravity waves and optical turbulence. A generalized scidar (GS) was mounted on the 1.93 m diameter telescope at l’Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP). The GS provides continuous profiles of optical turbulence with 300 m vertical resolution from telescope altitude up to 25 km. Thermosondes, which provide in situ measurement of optical turbulence by measuring temperature variance, were launched at the OHP site and at a site approximately 20 km west-northwest of OHP. Gravity wave activity was deduced from temperature and wind velocity measured by radiosondes, which are part of the thermosonde system. In this paper, gravity waves were analyzed using techniques for simple two-dimensional mountain waves, with only fair results. Mesoscale models were run at moderately high resolution for the period. The forecasts were analyzed for wave activity, and a post processor model was used to diagnose the optical turbulence. Mountain waves were evident in the forecast, but quantitative comparison showed the forecast to be inadequate in predicting wave strength. The forecast optical turbulence was in fair agreement with measurements with notable exceptions. This paper is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged. Presented at the Turbulence and Waves in Stably Stratified Atmospheric Shear Flows: Measurements, High Resolution Simulations and Numerical Prediction Challenges Conference, 13–15 September 2004, Lighthill Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University College London, London, UK.     

Valuing non-market benefits derived from allotments in southeast England: A contingent valuation study

The English derive a wide range of values from allotments, but nearly 35% of allotments have disappeared in the last 20 years. The real value of allotments has probably been underestimated. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to give a monetary value to benefits derived from allotments by allotment holders and local residents. The study was conducted in southeast England (Wye and Ashford, Kent and Greater London). A postal survey with open-ended questions was filled in by 124 allotment holders and 74 residents. Respondents were asked to express their maximum willingness to pay for allotments (WTP) and the minimum willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for loss of allotments. The mean annual WTP for keeping allotments of allotment holders were £78.93, £35.64 and £79.43, and for local residents were £41.66, £46.14 and £283.57, in Wye, Ashford and London, respectively. The allotment holders' WTP was strategically more than WTA compensation and they were only willing to pay rent for using allotments, not for retaining them.     

Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

With the rise of environmentalism in China, great efforts have been devoted to environmental protection over the past several decades. Compared with urban environmental protection, rural environmental protection has not been attached enough importance in China due to the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. As a result, rural China is shouldering disproportionally heavy environmental burdens partly because of the differences and biases between urban and rural environmental protection seen in environmental policies, environmental rights and interests, environmental protection investment, and the environmental protection awareness of people. To eliminate the gap between rural and urban environmental protection, and achieve the goal of “balanced urban–rural environmental protection” (BUREP), government should consider mapping out proper policies and strategies. In this paper we put forward an innovative strategy of BUREP against the background of China’s urban-rural environmental protection. First, we review the current status of rural environmental protection status and its challenges compared with urban environmental protection in China. Secondly, we analyzed the main driving factors and reasons deeply, and then we put forward the BUREP strategy base on the unequal status between urban and rural environment. Finally, we proposed the framework of BUREP. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in coordinating urban and rural environmental protection and in constructing the new countryside of China.     

医疗纠纷的预防与应对

随着社会的进步,人民生活水平的提高,人们运用法律武器保护自己的权益已逐渐成为常识．病人对自身健康的保护意识、经济意识也在不断增强,故医疗纠纷时有发生．一旦发生医疗纠纷,医院所消耗的人力、财力、物力、精力是无法估量的．笔者从医疗纠纷的预防和处理两方面进行分析与阐述,强调医护人员提高服务意识、法律意识、预防为主意识的重要性,从而从根本上防止医疗纠纷的发生．参2．     

Science, Ethical Arguments, and Management in the Preservation of Land for Grizzly Bear Conservation

Abstract: Environmental groups advocate the preservation of an area within British Columbia's coastal temperate rainforest as a sanctuary for grizzly bears (    Ursus arctos horribilis ). Debate among government, industry, and environmental spokespersons has provided arguments but no resolution. We have applied to this issue available biological knowledge on grizzly bears and the arguments of a range of ethical theories. The theories of three professionally trained ethicists were included: Tom Regan, Holmes Rolston III, and Arne Naess. Aldo Leopold's prominent position in the conservation movement justifies his "land ethic" as a fourth ethical theory. All four theories agree that the area should be preserved. Contrary to this fundamental agreement, the theories diverge when tested against a "hard" conservation scenario, the conflict between the protection of the last surviving grizzly bears versus the survival of a culturally distinct human tribe. Application of the principles developed by Regan and Naess recommend that human interests should override the preservation of grizzly bears, whereas Leopold's and Rolston's arguments favor the preservation of the area for the bears. Our work can be used as a model of how the gap between biological sciences, ethical theories, and ecosystem management can be bridged successfully.     

Liability Funding and Superfund Clean-Up Remedies

The debate about Superfund liability has treated financing as a distinct issue from the efficiency of clean-up. However, this paper presents a model of EPA decision-making in which liability funding may increase or decrease the extent of clean-up. It then estimates this effect using data on remedies selected at National Priorities List sites and on the characteristics of liable parties. The results suggest that the EPA responds to concentrated private interests, selecting less extensive clean-up when liable parties are expected to bear a large share of costs. This effect should be considered in evaluating liability approaches to environmental protection.     

Environment,mining and the Lesser Developed Countries

Mineral activities are a potential source of environmental damage, but the traditional role of minerals and metals in material well-being of man is too easily forgotten in the rigmarole of environmental protective response especially among the inhabitants of the Industrially Developed Nations (IDN). It is imperative that the needs and interests of both the mining industry and the environmentalists converge to a common point of understanding for the continued economic development of the world.People of the Lesser Developed Countries (LDC) on the other hand, are caught in a vicious struggle of basic existence and any talk of environmental damage/protection is, therefore, extraneous to their way of life. But the modern tools of progress so eagerly sought by the LDC for the development of their resources including minerals could destroy their environment, very likely beyond repair, if their public policy objectives do not include any timely preventive measures for the protection of their environment.     

Zero E-waste: Regulatory impediments and blockchain imperatives

• Copyrights on electronic products are impediments in promoting circular economy. • Manufacturers antagonize refurbishment and remanufacturing to maximize profit. • International harmonization of copyright laws will aid repair and remanufacture. • Blockchain–digital immutable ledgers–can promote trust among stakeholders. The concept of zero waste is an ideal situation that will require different solutions for different categories of waste. Electronic waste (E-waste), the fastest growing category of solid hazardous waste presents various unique challenges. Electronic product repair, reuse and remanufacture (3re) are crucial for effective source reduction of E-waste and the integration of the electronics industry into a circular or zero-waste economy framework. Increasingly, 3re implementation is restricted by regulatory difficulties, particularly the invocation of copyright laws. Here, we use the examples of electronic printer cartridges and restored compact discs (CDs) to identify the challenges and to explore solutions for managing the risks associated with E-waste through circular economy and the opportunities presented by innovative Blockchain solutions. A set of international consensuses on judicial definitions, such as 3re, refurbish fake/counterfeit product and copyright exhaustion, are proposed to accelerate source reduction in E-waste management toward the goal of zero waste.     

Environmental conditions of Chilika Lake during pre and post hydrological intervention: an overview

Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia, is a prominent biodiversity hotspot along the Indian east coast. The geomorphology, water quality and biological productivity of the lake had undergone significant changes over the years under the influence of natural events and anthropogenic interventions. Decades of research have shown that the ecological changes of the lake system and its fisheries were influenced mainly by the water exchange between the lake and the sea that controls the salinity, siltation, macrophyte infestation and recruitment of marine forms. Depletion of fisheries and loss of biodiversity in 1980s and 1990s have been linked to the northward shifting of lake’s inlet and silting up of the outer channel. In order to improve the health of the lagoon and restoration of its biodiversity, a new mouth was dredged open in September 2000. Opening of the new mouth has resulted in some improvements with substantial increase in capture fishery, reduction in weed infestation, growth of seagrasses, appearance of dolphins and increase in the population of migratory birds. But, many stake holders claim that the problems associated with the lake ecology and its contribution to the socio-economic development of the stake holders still persist which could escalate in future.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.