超临界水氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用连续式超临界水氧化小试装置处理垃圾渗滤液,以双氧水作为氧化剂,研究了超临界水氧化反应的温度、压力、氧化剂比例K和催化剂等因素对渗滤液中污染物去除效果的影响,结果表明在不同温度、不同压力、不同K值单因素实验条件下,温度480℃,压力26 MPa,K=3.0是处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺参数。试验加入催化剂能够提高COD和氨氮去除率,当Cu2+浓度为45 mg/L时,垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率分别达到78.9%和38.8%。正交试验表明,主要的工艺参数中温度对处理效率的影响最大,其次是氧化剂比例K,压力影响最小。试验结果的氨氮去除率相对较低,这可能是由于垃圾渗滤液水质复杂,各污染物之间存在相互干扰,氨氮的去除机理还有待进一步的深入研究。     

新鲜渗滤液与长填埋龄渗滤液的Fenton处理过程特征

以新鲜渗滤液和长填埋龄渗滤液为对象,采用Fenton法对其进行处理,通过相对分子质量（M_r）分布、COD、总有机碳（TOC）、COD/TOC等表征手段,比较分析渗滤液性质对Fenton处理效果的影响.结果表明,长填埋龄渗滤液的有机物平均M_r高于新鲜渗滤液,其M_r>105的组分占到了总量的64%,但在Fenton法作用下其更易转化为可溶性小分子有机质（M_r<10³）;新鲜渗滤液的COD去除率(61%～84%)高于长填埋龄渗滤液(31%～60%),而长填埋龄渗滤液的TOC去除率(85%～91%)高于新鲜渗滤液(52%～80%);无论是处理新鲜渗滤液还是难降解的长填埋龄渗滤液,Fenton法的氧化作用对COD去除的贡献均大于絮凝作用.絮凝作用的COD（COD_coag）去除率受氧化作用的COD（COD_oxid）去除率影响,COD_oxid去除率越大,COD_coag去除率越低;物料平衡结果显示,长填埋龄渗滤液的TOC_oxid去除量大于COD_oxid去除量,而新鲜渗滤液的的TOC_oxid去除量小于COD_oxid去除量;长填埋龄渗滤液和新鲜渗滤液的初始COD/TOC分别为1.17和1.58,在Fenton处理的氧化作用下,COD/TOC分别变为1.96和0.68,表明长填埋龄渗滤液发生的是完全氧化,而新鲜渗滤液同时发生了部分氧化和完全氧化;2种渗滤液的COD_coag和TOC_coag变化说明,长填埋龄渗滤液中受絮凝作用去除的有机物的氧化态明显低于新鲜渗滤液.     

化学合成施氏矿物与H2O2共存体系下光化学处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

选择高效快速的处理方法来降解垃圾渗滤液中高浓度有机污染物具有重要的实际意义.本研究采用化学合成施氏矿物/H2O2/UV法,探究了施氏矿物添加量、V(H2O2)/m(施氏矿物)等对垃圾渗滤液色度、TOC、COD去除效果的影响.结果表明,渗滤液色度、TOC、COD去除率随施氏矿物添加量的增加均呈先显著上升后逐渐稳定的趋势,在最佳添加量12 g·L-1时,色度、TOC去除率随着V(H2O2)/m(施氏矿物)的增大均有所提高,而当V(H2O2)/m(施氏矿物)大于2时,COD去除率受H2O2影响反而呈下降趋势,最佳去除率为44.9%;另外,高强度紫外光更有利于施氏矿物/H2O2光化学氧化污染物,在500 W条件下,最佳起始pH=2.5的渗滤液光化学处理2.5 h后,色度、TOC和COD去除率分别为90.0%、78.8%和52.6%;同时,研究发现常温条件更有利于施氏矿物/H2O2/UV法处理垃圾渗滤液,当温度大于25℃时,COD去除率呈逐渐下降趋势.对照试验表明,与传统均相Fenton反应相比,施氏矿物/H2O2法有利于渗滤液色度的去除.     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

本文对Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液进行了研究,探讨H2O2用量、n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)、pH值、反应时间等因素对COD和氨氮去除率的影响,结果表明:Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液中COD具有良好的处理效果,最佳条件是:初始pH值为4,n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)为2∶1,反应时间为1 h,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率可达70.8%。但单独采用Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的处理效果不明显。     

微波/活性炭强化过硫酸盐氧化处理垃圾渗滤液研究

采用微波(MW)-活性炭(AC)强化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化处理垃圾渗滤液,研究不同因素对垃圾渗滤液处理的影响,比较不同组合工艺对渗滤液处理的效果及活性炭的多次使用情况.结果表明,COD和氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率随着AC用量、PS用量(S2O82-:12COD0)、MW功率和辐射时间的增加而增大,pH值对COD的去除影响不明显, NH4+-N在碱性条件下得到更理想的去除效果;在活性炭用量为10g/L,PS用量为S2O82-:12COD0=1.2,pH=9,MW功率和辐射时间分别为500W和10min时,垃圾渗滤液中的COD和NH4+-N去除率分别为78.2%和67.2%,BOD5/COD由0.17增至0.38;不同工艺对垃圾渗滤液处理效果显示,MW-AC-PS工艺对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率明显高于其他处理,且MW、AC和PS之间存在协同效应,MW热效应显著;活性炭四次实验后,COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别为61.2%和46.1%.     

微波/活性炭强化过硫酸盐氧化处理垃圾渗滤液研究

采用微波(MW)-活性炭(AC)强化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化处理垃圾渗滤液,研究不同因素对垃圾渗滤液处理的影响,比较不同组合工艺对渗滤液处理的效果及活性炭的多次使用情况.结果表明,COD和氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率随着AC用量、PS用量(S2O82-:12COD0)、MW功率和辐射时间的增加而增大,pH值对COD的去除影响不明显,NH4+-N在碱性条件下得到更理想的去除效果;在活性炭用量为10g/L,PS用量为S2O82-:12COD0=1.2,pH=9,MW功率和辐射时间分别为500W和10min时,垃圾渗滤液中的COD和NH4+-N去除率分别为78.2%和67.2%,BOD5/COD由0.17增至0.38;不同工艺对垃圾渗滤液处理效果显示,MW-AC-PS工艺对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率明显高于其他处理,且MW、AC和PS之间存在协同效应,MW热效应显著;活性炭四次实验后,COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别为61.2%和46.1%.     

US/Fe~(2+)预处理对Fenton和光Fenton处理渗滤液性能的影响

考察了不同反应条件下US/Fe2+预处理对光Fenton和Fenton处理垃圾渗滤液中TOC去除率的影响。单因素试验结果表明:低p H值、低Fe2+用量和低初始浓度有利于US/Fe2+预处理提升后续光Fenton和Fenton对渗滤液TOC去除率;在最佳反应条件下,US/Fe2+预处理后再进行光Fenton和Fenton处理,对渗滤液的最高去除率分别为65.4%和61.9%。US/Fe2+和相关Fenton处理渗滤液反应符合一级反应动力学,其反应动力学常数的大小顺序表明:US/Fe2+预处理与后续的光Fenton和Fenton具有协同作用机制。     

填埋场渗滤液水质特性在Fenton处理过程中的变化

在CSTR和间歇操作两种模式下考察了早、晚期渗滤液水质特性在Fenton处理过程前后的变化。结果表明NH₃-N ,NO₃- -N ,Cl- 质量浓度变化很小 ,F- 质量浓度则有较大的增加 ,而IC(无机碳 )值下降较多。渗滤液中的COD_Cr和TOC均得到不同程度的去除 ,且晚期渗滤液的去除率高些 ,造成这种不同处理效果的原因主要是渗滤液中高分子量有机物 (HighMolecularWeightOrganicMatter ,HMWOM)与低分子量有机物(LowMolecularWeightOrganicMatter,LMWOM)的比例存在较大的差异。此外 ,文中COD_Cr和TOC的去除率大多低于文献 [1]的数值.      

Fenton工艺处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的特性研究

研究采用Fenton工艺处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水,考察不同因素对Fenton工艺去除垃圾渗滤液中有机物的影响,考察了不同影响因素对Fenton工艺中氧化作用和混凝作用的影响。研究结果表明:腐殖酸的降解是Fenton工艺有效处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的重要原因。H_2O_2浓度对Fenton工艺去除有机物有着最显著的影响。Fenton工艺主要通过氧化作用去除渗滤液中有机物。初始pH值为5.0,氧化时间为120 min,H_2O_2浓度为240 mmol/L,Fe~(2+)浓度为60 mmol/L时,Fenton工艺对垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的去除效果最好,COD去除率可达到85%以上,HA去除率为94.1%。三维荧光图谱分析表明类富里酸和类胡敏酸是垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的主要成分。Fenton反应后胡敏酸和富里酸的含量和缩合度均发生不同程度的下降,从而提高了渗滤液可生化性。     

响应面法分析卫生填埋渗滤液的Fenton处理过程

利用响应面法研究了Fenton试剂处理卫生填埋渗滤液过程中诸因素对COD去除率的影响,如渗滤液中高分子量有机物(HMWOM)与低分子量有机物(LMWOM)的TOC比例、LMWOM浓度以及双氧水和亚铁离子的摩尔比(H₂O₂/Fe²⁺).其中HMWOM/LMWOM值、LMWOM浓度和H₂O₂/Fe²⁺摩尔比值的高、低水平分别为14～38,975～3000 mg/L,1.75～4.00.由实验数据得到了1个2次响应曲面模型,该模型显示COD的去除率随着HMWOM/LMWOM值的增加而增加,但随着LMWOM浓度的增加而降低.Fenton试剂处理卫生填埋渗滤液存在着一个最佳的H₂O₂/Fe²⁺摩尔比值,COD去除率在该点能达到最高.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.