炭质修复剂原位治理萘和菲污染沉积物技术研究

目前,新型污染沉积物治理技术-炭质修复剂原位治理技术在中国鲜有研究和应用。选择3种炭质吸附剂为修复剂,对其表面性质进行表征,应用索氏提取、序列提取和半透膜被动采样法(SPMDs)分析方法评价了3种炭质修复剂原位治理萘和菲污染沉积物的效果。实验室模拟实验表明,掺混炭质修复剂3个月后萘和菲的SPMD富集量分别降低了35%~53%和33%~43%。现场实验表明:凉水河沉积物中萘的A2(提取剂为水与甲醇体积比1∶1)浓度降低45%~77%,说明炭质修复剂对萘和菲有较强的"固定"作用,炭质修复剂的加入能降低沉积物中有机污染物的生物可利用性;草木灰治理效果强于2种生物质电厂灰,这可能是因为其比表面积大于生物质电厂灰。     

污染底泥修复研究探讨

文章概括介绍了污染底泥的修复技术及各自的特点,探讨了底泥修复中存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。目前底泥修复主要有物理修复、化学修复和生物修复三大类技术。物理修复见效快,但成本高;化学修复成本较低但易造成二次污染;生物修复投入低,处理量大,但处理效率低,难以见效。将这三类技术联合使用,取长补短,具有较广阔的发展前景。     

利用微生态系统研究底泥重金属的生物有效性

对利用微生态系统生物暴露试验评价底泥重金属生物有效性这一方法可行性进行研究。结果表明，用微生态系统进行生物长期暴露试验，来研究底泥重金属的生物有效性是成功的。可行的，根据受试生物折生长发育状况，可以判断底泥重金属毒性的大小，根据生物积累的重金属浓度，可以判定底泥重金属生物可利用性的大小。     

底泥重金属污染现状及修复技术进展

底泥是水体中重金属的主要富集地,底泥中重金属是水生环境中潜在的危险污染物,对水体生态环境具有重要的影响。当今,水体底泥重金属污染日益严重,河流、湖泊等水体底泥重金属污染问题已引起全世界的广泛关注。介绍了我国水体底泥重金属污染的现状,分析表明我国河流、湖泊等水体底泥已受到不同程度的重金属污染。总结了物理修复、化学修复、生物修复技术对底泥重金属修复的优点和缺点,以及国内外各学者对物理、化学、生物修复技术的研究进展,以期为我国水体底泥重金属污染治理提供一定参考。     

污染底泥修复治理技术研究进展

综述了疏浚、覆盖、化学处理和生物处理等底泥修复治理技术的研究进展,并指出该研究领域尚需解决的技术难题。     

生物淋滤技术修复重金属污染河流底泥研究进展

近年来生物法修复重金属污染河流底泥已成为研究热门,其中生物淋滤技术逐渐得到诸多研究者的青睐。结合最新的文献综述了国内外生物淋滤技术修复重金属污染河流底泥的研究进展和成果,重点介绍了生物淋滤法采用的微生物以及影响淋滤技术的主要因素,如p H、ORP、有机质、硫添加量、含固率等,并展望了生物淋滤技术在河流底泥重金属污染治理方面的应用前景。     

底泥重金属污染修复技术研究进展

底泥重金属对环境具有严重的潜在危害,目前我国很多地区存在河道底泥重金属含量超过当地土壤背景值和复合污染的现象.文章分别介绍了三种最常使用的底泥重金属污染修复技术,即生物修复技术、底泥固化/稳定化技术及淋洗技术的修复机理、常用生物种类和药剂类型、应用现状和对重金属的去除效果,目前各种技术均具有一定的技术优势也存在相应的不...     

污染水体底泥治理技术研究进展

水体底泥污染,是世界范围内的一个环境问题,污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,底泥中主要的污染物有重金属、营养元素、难降解有机物.目前底泥的治理方法有原位修复和异位处置,原位修复主要有掩蔽技术、淋洗技术;异位处置主要有卫生填埋、堆肥法、干式热处理;生物修复技术是既可用于原位修复又可用于异位处置的一种方法,具有投资少、见效快且没有二次污染的优点,是一种具有广阔应用前景的技术.     

河湖底泥修复技术的研究进展

本文综述污染底泥的修复技术,探讨其发展状况及存在的问题。指出物理修复见效快,但成本高;化学修复成本较低但易造成二次污染;生物修复投入低,处理量大,但处理效率低,。将这三类技术联合使用,取长补短,具有较广阔的发展前景。     

凹凸棒黏土覆盖对沉积物磷赋存形态的影响

通过实验室模拟实验,研究了800℃热处理凹凸棒黏土覆盖对沉积物中磷的赋存形态影响,采用连续化学提取法和31P核磁共振(31P NMR)分析了覆盖过程中磷的形态变化,并借助扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM-EDS)对磷的形态转化机理进行初步探讨.结果表明,热处理凹凸棒黏土覆盖使沉积物表层中的活性磷平均含量从308.6mg/kg降低到241.1mg/kg,钙磷的平均含量从204.9mg/kg 增加到257.3mg/kg. 31P NMR分析发现,黏土覆盖使有机磷中的DNA-P、焦磷酸盐和单脂磷的含量分别减少47.0%、36.8%和31.3%.扫描电镜能谱分析发现,沉积物表层附着的白色絮状物质主要为钙结合态磷.以上分析初步表明,磷形态转化机制是由于材料中具有较高的活性钙含量,竞争吸附沉积物中的活性磷,材料覆盖沉积物表层后改变了沉积物界面环境,促进了表层沉积物的活性磷向钙结合态磷(Ca-P)转化.     

Effect of environmental factors on the effectiveness of ammoniated bagasse in wicking oil from contaminated wetlands

Ammoniated bagasse is a plant-derived organic sorbent that can be used for capturing oil and for supplying slow-release nutrients to oil-degrading microorganisms. We investigated the oil-wicking behavior of this sorbent under various conditions for its effectiveness in remediating oil-contaminated wetlands. Abiotic microcosms simulating a wetland environment were used to assess the influence of sand particle sizes (20× 30 and 60× 80 U.S. mesh), degrees of oil saturation (25% and 75%), water table levels (on top of the clean sand layer, oiled-sand layer, and sorbent layer), and the presence of sorbent. Results indicated that oil wicking favors higher oil contamination, larger sand particle size, and low water coverage. Water coverage was the predominant factor limiting the effectiveness of sorbent. The most plausible explanation for this limitation was that sorbent captured more water than oil at higher water coverage.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs in mangrove sediment with amendment of NaHCO3

Mangrove sediment is unique in chemical and biological properties. Many of them suffer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) contamination. However, the study on PAH biological remediation for mangrove sediment is deficient. Enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium and electron acceptor amendment are considered as two effective measures. Compared to other electron acceptors, the study on CO2, which is used by methanogens, is still seldom. This study investigated the effect of Na HCO3 amendment on the anaerobic biodegradation of four mixed PAHs, namely fluorene(Fl), phenanthrene(Phe),fluoranthene(Flua) and pyrene(Pyr), with or without enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium in mangrove sediment slurry. The trends of various parameters, including PAH concentrations, microbial population size, electron-transport system activities, electron acceptor and anaerobic gas production were monitored. The results revealed that the inoculation of enriched PAH-degrading consortium had a significant effect with half lives shortened by 7–13 days for 3-ring PAHs and 11–24 days for 4-ring PAHs. While Na HCO3 amendment did not have a significant effect on the biodegradation of PAHs and other parameters, except that CO2 gas in the headspace of experimental flasks was increased.One of the possible reasons is that mangrove sediment contains high concentrations of other electron acceptors which are easier to be utilized by anaerobic bacteria, the other one is that the anaerobes in mangrove sediment can produce enough CO2 gas even without adding Na HCO3.     

Efficiency of active barriers attaching biofilm as sediment capping to eliminate the internal nitrogen in eutrophic lake and canal

Three active barrier materials (zeolite, ceramicite and light porous media) were applied for preventing nitrogen (N) release from eutrophic lake sediments. Long term experiment of two di erent lake sediments were carried out and the e ect of zeolite dose was evaluated. The results indicated that about 90%–100% of total N in overlying water was eliminated by using zeolite. While the N removal e ciency by ceramic was lower than that by zeolite, and light porous media present the lowest e ciency of 59%. Long term sediment incubation experiments indicated that two eutrophic sediments were both e ective in preventing N release in spite of di erent release characteristics. Bio-zeolite capping technology was able to e ectively inhibit the release of N from the sediment, and the zeolite dose was independently from N removal.     

相平衡分配法在滇池沉积物环境质量评价中的应用研究

对滇池8个采样点沉积物固相和间隙水中的金属含量进行分析测定,用实测方法计算Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等7种金属在滇池沉积物中的分配系数Kp,利用相平衡分配法和国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅲ类水质标准确定了滇池沉积物环境质量基准重点探讨了沉积物中的细颗粒物质(＜63μm)、酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、有机碳(TOC)等主要金属结合相对基准的校正方法.通过对118个样点沉积物中各金属的含量与确定的滇池沉积物环境质量基准值进行比较,结果表明,滇池沉积物存在较为严重的As、Cu、Zn、Cr污染,Pb、Cd污染有扩大的趋势.在外源污染得到控制、水质得到改善的情况下,滇池沉积物会成为内在的金属污染源.     

Nutrient distribution within and release from the contaminated sediment of Haihe River

We assessed nutrient characteristics, distributions and fractions within the disturbed and undisturbed sediments at four sampling sites within the mainstream of Haihe River. The river sediments contained mostly sand (> 60%). The fraction of clay was < 3%. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 729 to 1922 mg/kg and from 692 to 1388 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient concentrations within the sediments usually decreased with increasing depth. The TN and TP concentrations within the fine sand were higher than for that within silt. Sediment phosphorus fractions were between 2.99% and 3.37% Ex-P (exchangeable phosphorus), 7.89% and 13.71% Fe/Al-P (Fe, Al oxides bound phosphorus), 61.32% and 70.14% Ca-P (calcium-bound phosphorus), and 17.03% and 22.04% Org-P (organic phosphorus). Nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment could lead to the presence of 21.02 mg N/L and 3.10 mg P/L within the water column. A river restoration project should address the sediment nutrient stock.     

镧改性沸石活性覆盖控制重污染河道底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放研究

通过实验考察了镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附性能,并探讨了低溶解氧情况下镧改性沸石覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵态氮释放的效率.镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.镧改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir等温吸附方程加以描述,对水中铵的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附方程加以描述.当pH 7时,镧改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的机制包括配位体交换、路易斯酸碱反应和静电吸引,吸附水中铵的机制是阳离子交换.镧改性沸石覆盖不仅可以有效地控制溶解性磷酸盐从底泥向上覆水的释放,而且可以明显降低铵态氮从底泥向上覆水迁移的速率.镧改性沸石覆盖量越多,控制底泥铵态氮释放的效果越好.镧改性沸石覆盖层吸附从底泥中释放出来的溶解性磷酸盐后主要以较为稳定的形态存在,低溶解氧情况下不容易重新释放出来.上述结果表明,镧改性沸石适合作为一种覆盖材料用于控制低溶解氧情况下溶解性磷酸盐和铵态氮从底泥向上覆水的释放.     

反复扰动下加藻对不同形态磷相互转化的影响

以太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水为材料,研究了反复扰动下加藻与否对沉积物中不同形态磷数量分布的影响.试验结束时,对照试验、单纯反复扰动、加藻反复扰动其上覆水中溶解性总磷(DTP)含量依次增加了75%、62.5%和18.8%,单纯反复扰动和加藻反复扰动试验上覆水中溶解性无机磷(DIP)浓度分别增加了300%和100%.加藻反复扰动和单纯反复扰动下,沉积物中钙磷(Ca-P)的净减少量分别为31mg/kg DW和 9mg/kg DW.表明, DTP和DIP的释放主要取决于沉积物中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)和Ca-P的减少量.沉积物中Fe/Al-P和 Ca-P的含量有所降低,主要归因于反复扰动和藻类的同化吸收作用.然而,加藻反复扰动和单纯反复扰动下,藻类可利用磷(AAP)却有所增加.这表明藻类浓度较低时,其对磷的吸附同化量明显低于沉积物中Fe、黏土颗粒以及CaCO3的吸附量.尽管AAP的形成与还原速率很难测定,但其却可以很好地表征沉积物中内源磷的生物有效性.加藻反复扰动下,Ca-P的含量持续降低,这表明藻类吸附同化了部分Ca-P.因此,在一定藻浓度条件下,可用沉积物中NH4Cl-P, AAP, %Ca-P的和来表征生物有效磷(BAP)含量.     

海州湾海洋牧场海域表层沉积物磷的形态与环境意义

采用沉积物无机磷分级方法结合上覆水初级生产力测定研究了海州湾海洋牧场海域表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及其生物有效性.结果表明:夏季总磷的含量高于春、秋两季,赋存形态以无机磷为主,平均占总磷的45.50%,各无机磷赋存形态的含量大小依次为:残渣态磷钙结合态磷铁铝结合态磷可交换态磷.其中可交换态磷、铁铝结合态磷以及钙结合态磷与有机碳含量成显著正相关(P0.01,R0.8).平面分布整体上呈现由近岸向远岸减小的趋势,这主要与陆源物质排放及沉积物自身质地有关.沉积物中的生物有效磷含量占总磷的36.95%,所占比例较大.     

清淤底泥处置中添加粉煤灰/炉渣对重金属生物有效性及毒性的影响

在清淤底泥中添加碱性粉煤灰、燃煤炉渣进行钝化处理后,通过浸出毒性实验、重金属形态分级实验及植物生长实验对底泥基质中重金属的活性及生物有效性进行了研究.结果表明:清淤底泥中添加粉煤灰、燃煤炉渣等碱性物质后显著降低了底泥基质中可溶态重金属含量,其中,交换态、有机结合态Pb、Zn所占比例显著降低;碱性物质的加入缓解了重金属的浸出危害,钝化底泥基质中粉煤灰、炉渣对Cu的稳定率可达90.34%~96.88%;与此同时也抑制了底泥中重金属在植物体内的富集与迁移,降低了重金属的生物有效性.相关性分析表明,底泥基质中交换态重金属含量、浸出浓度、植物茎叶中重金属含量及植物根伸长抑制率之间存在显著正相关关系(p0.01).