茚虫威在土壤中的消解动态研究

茚虫威是一种广谱高效的氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂,低毒低残留。采用气相色谱法对茚虫威在土壤中的残留进行分析,采用田间试验方法研究了茚虫威在土壤中的消解动态。结果表明,茚虫威在土壤中消解较快,其残留消解动态曲线符合化学反应一级动力学方程,在土壤中的半衰期为7.6天。说明茚虫威使用后在环境(土壤)中可以较快地消解,从而可以较好地保障生产安全。     

土壤中石油烃残留物示踪动力学分析

从分析降解试验结果出发,利用示踪动力学原理和隔室模型,导出了确定土壤烃类结合态数量x_(2(t))的数学式,x_(2(t))=(k_2x_1(0))/(α-β)(e~(-βi)-e~(-αi).烷烃、芳烃和BaP结合态的最大值分别为182ppm,7.8ppm和1.5ppb.烷烃结合态达最大值时所需时间是20d,芳烃和Bap均为30d,其降解速率(d~(-1))分别为0.01913、0.01516和0.004575.烷烃结合态占其总残留量的10 ％,芳烃和Bap则占各自残留量的5％.常规法计算的残留率比示踪动力学法偏低5—10％.     

涕灭威在植物和土壤中的移动与分布

报道了涕灭威在花生、棉花、柑橘和土壤中的吸收、运转和分布。结果表明，涕灭威及其代谢物在柑橘叶子中的残留４０ｄ达到最高峰（３．４４９ｐｐｍ），可食部位的残留范围为０－０．０８９ｐｐｍ，低于美国ＥＰＡ规定的ＭＲＬ。涕灭威在土壤中降解较快，半衰期约１周。收获时土壤中的检出范围为０－０．１５７ｐｐｍ。涕灭威及其代谢物水溶性很强，且具有渗透和扩散性，因此使用不当可能造成地下水污染。     

土壤中的铅对三种蔬菜的影响

通过温室栽培萝卜、青菜和莴苣,研究土壤中的铅对蔬菜生长的影响及其在器官中的残留。在低浓度下,铅对蔬菜生长有不同程度的刺激作用。土壤有效态铅浓度与蔬菜各器官含铅浓度存在显著性正相关(P<0.05)。不同蔬菜对铅的敏感性、耐受力不同。     

土壤镍各形态的生物可利用性研究

采用＾６３Ｎｉ示踪法和连续提取技术，并综合运用剔除法，人工模拟法，幼苗试验法和盆栽试验法及统计分析法研究了各形态土壤镍的植物可利用性。结果表明，土壤中水溶交换态Ｎｉ是植物可利用性Ｎｉ的主要形态，碳酸盐盐和有机态Ｎｉ有一定贡献，铁锰氧化物结合态和残留态Ｎｉ对植物几乎无效。     

氚水在大豆土壤系统中的迁移与分布

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究氚水在大豆-土壤模拟生态系统中的迁移、分布规律.通过为期50d的模拟试验,测定了植物和土壤样品中2种形态氚(自由水氚和结合态氚)的比活度.结果表明:引入土壤中的氚水,不仅在系统各分室间转移和分配,而且迅速向系统外散逸;氚水中的氚以自由水氚和结合态氚形态存在于大豆植株和土壤中;大豆植株中的自由水氚比活度于6h时即达最大值(根19.4Bq·g^-1;茎叶12.3Bq·g^-1),随后便逐渐下降,而结合态氚呈缓慢增加;大豆根中的总氚比活度开始时高于茎叶中的比活度,而后趋于平衡,表层土中2种形态氚基本呈逐渐下降.运用示踪动力学分室模型原理对实验数据拟合得:土壤中的比活度C_s=88.37e^-11.847t+7.38e^-0030t;大豆植株中的比活度C_b=10.30(e^-0.030t-e^-11.847t).     

洛克沙胂在青菜及土壤中的残留及降解特性

通过向土壤中施加含洛克沙胂有机肥的田间试验,研究有机肥中的洛克沙胂在土壤-蔬菜中的降解、迁移转化及残留.结果表明,土壤中施加低浓度的洛克沙胂对青菜的生长具有一定的抑制作用,相比于对照组减产15%~32%;青菜对土壤中砷具有一定的富集作用,且其根部为砷主要蓄积部位;土壤中总砷含量与施入洛克沙胂的量成正相关,并且随着种植时间的延长先升高再下降,最高达12.94 mg·kg-1,土壤无机砷含量随着种植时间的延长先升高并于30 d后趋于稳定,占总砷的66.75%~98.56%;青菜中总砷含量与土壤总砷含量及青菜砷富集系数之间均存在一定的正相关;洛克沙胂在土壤中的降解速率缓慢,含洛克沙胂有机肥量添加量高于5 000 kg·hm-2时,45 d后土壤中有洛克沙胂残留;施入一定量的洛克沙胂能显著提高土壤中细菌的数量,对于霉菌和放线菌的生长,较低浓度的洛克沙胂具有一定的抑制作用,较高浓度的洛克沙胂具有一定的促进作用.     

快速检测烟叶中的呋喃丹,抗蚜威,甲霜灵

本文提出一种快速、高效提取净化烟叶中的呋喃丹、抗蚜威、甲霜灵的前处理方法和用氮磷检测器检测的气相色谱法。该法的最低检出浓度００２ ～００５ｍｇ·ｋｇ － １ ， 在烟叶中的平均加标回收率为９０６ ～１０２６ ％ ， 变异系数２３９ ～５６２ ％ 。     

化肥、农药残留物质污染及其防治

涕灭威在土壤中残留与移动行为的动态模拟/朱忠林…(国家环保局南京环境科学研究所)//环境污染与防治/本刊编辑部(杭州)一1994,16(6)一l一5环信X一3 详细描述了模拟涕灭威在土壤中残留与移动的计算机模型,并应用试验地区的土壤资料、气象资料、作物耕作资料以及涕灭威农药的理化性质与使用情况进行了模拟计算,结果表明与试验地区的实测结果相吻合,即在试验区的环境条件下,涕灭威在土层中的最大淋溶深度不超过60cm棉田施用涕灭威不会造成对地下水的污染。因此可以用该模型来模拟涕灭威在其他地区上壤中的行为和对地下水的影响。图3表4参15X5…     

涕灭威对地下水污染敏感区的预测与区划试点

本文根据涕灭威在室内模拟试验与田间试验的结果，详细剖析了影响涕灭威农药在土壤中残留和移动的各种因子，建立了涕灭威农药对地下污染的敏感性模型，并就涕灭威农药在江苏使用后对地下水可能造成污染的情况进行了预测与区划试点，结果与用美国环保局提供的ＰＲＺＭ模型计算结果和田间实测结果基本一致，本模型可用于预测涕灭威农药在其它地区使用后对地下水可能造成污染的情况。     

Role of nitrification inhibitor DMPP( 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) in NO3--N accumulation in greengrocery(Brassica campestris L. Ssp. Chinensis )and vegetable soil

The influence of nitrification inhibitor(NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate accumulation in greengrocery ( Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis) and vegetable soil at surface layer were investigated in field experiments in 2002 and 2003.Results showed that NI DMPP took no significant effect on yields of edible parts of greengrocery, but it could significantly decrease NO3^--N concentration in greengrocery and in vegetable soil at surface layer. In addition, NI DMPP could reduce the NO3^--N concentration during the prophase stage of storage.     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Movement and degradation of aldicarb residues in South Carolina loamy sand soil

The movement and degradation of aldicarb (2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime) residues was measured in a Dotham loamy sand soil in Barnwell County in southern South Carolina. The experiment was designed to compare movement in a fallow plot versus a soya bean plot and to compare residue results from soil suction lysimeters and soil samples. The soil sample data indicate that aldicarb degraded at a rate corresponding to a half life of approximately 9 days with essentially no residues present 4 months after application. This degradation rate is faster than the 14–39-day half-life measured in nearby states. Because this relatively rapid degradation rate generally constrained residue movement to the upper 0.3 m in both plots (resulting in no significant residues in the lysimeters and monitoring wells), comparison between data from soil cores and suction lysimeters was not possible and the reduced evapotranspiration in the fallow plot had little effect on residue movement. Simulations using the unsaturated zone model PRZM with rainfall records from 15 years were used to illustrate that aldicarb residues should be limited to the upper 1.5 m, regardless of year-to-year variations in rainfall.     

2005年全球主要污染区g -HCH土壤残留的模拟与验证

采用修改过的CanMETOP 模型,修正过的2005年1o (经度)×1o (纬度)精度网格的g -HCH残留清单作为模型的输入数据,计算了2005年全球大气中g -HCH的浓度.2005年全球土壤残留为13600t,其中印度、中国、原苏联以及欧洲(去除原苏联)4个区域的土壤残留量占全球g –HCH总残留量的72%.选取已发表的与研究区域相关的3组2005年的大气g -HCH的监测浓度与其相对应的模拟结果进行对比,结果显示这3组数据具有很好的相关性,验证了g -HCH残留清单的准确性和修改后的模型的有效性.     

Modelling soil organic carbon dynamics in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy

Simulation models are widely used to assess the impacts of management and environmental variables on soil organic matter dynamics, to address questions on ecosystem sustainability and carbon cycling under global change. We tested the Century ecosystem model for two long-term experiments in north-eastern Italy: one (SF) comparing nutrient management treatments in small confined plots containing widely contrasting soil types (i.e., sandy, clay and peat) and the other (CR) involving a field study with crop rotation, nutrient, and management intensity variables. The organic matter changes in the SF experiment, showed a strong, linear relationship with C inputs from crop residues and added manures in the sand and clay soils, which was closely mimicked by the model. There was a net loss of soil C for all treatments in the peat soil, but the rate and overall magnitude of C losses were accurately simulated by the model, which suggested that treatment effects on soil C inputs was the major determinant of SOC dynamics in all three soils. In the CR experiment the model reasonably simulated the large initial decline (averaging about 30% of initial levels) in SOC observed in all treatments, as well as mean treatment effects over the course of the experiment. The model predicted a general pattern of higher SOC in the high management intensity, high fertility treatment combinations and lower SOC in the low management intensity, low fertility treatments; however, observed soil C did not show a clear pattern related to the treatments. Simulated soil C contents were linearly related to C input levels in the different treatments while there was no significant relationship between measured soil C and C inputs based on observed data.     

Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

蔬菜镉(Cd)富集因子变化特征及其影响因素

本研究以湖南省攸县为例,测定重金属镉(Cd)在585个灌溉水样品和625对土壤蔬菜样品中的含量水平,结合农业与气象调查数据,应用典型相关分析及路径分析模型研究各环境因子对于Cd在土壤-蔬菜系统累积水平的影响.结果表明研究区灌溉水、土壤、蔬菜中Cd含量差异较大.蔬菜Cd富集因子(PUF)服从自然对数分布,有10%的概率大于1.土壤pH和土壤有机质对PUF有着显著的直接效应,土壤阳离子交换量,灌溉水pH,降雨量和氮肥施肥量通过与pH及土壤有机质的相关关系间接影响PUF变化.研究区土壤pH和土壤有机质含量较低,对于Cd在土壤-蔬菜系统中的累积风险应给予一定关注.     

森林凋落物研究现状及我国西南喀斯特地区研究展望

近几十年来,我国西南喀斯特地区生态环境退化严重,石漠化面积迅速扩大,林地覆盖率急剧下降,成为制约我国西部大开发生态建设中不可回避的重要科学问题,严重影响了西南地区社会、经济的可持续发展。喀斯特地区土层薄且侵蚀严重,土壤中的有机碳和营养盐主要来自地表枯枝落叶层的分解及累积。在气候变暖、陆地生态系统土壤温度升高、土壤有机碳急速流失和土壤质量退化的背景下,分析不同林下凋落物量和降解动态以及土壤有机碳库积累差异,揭示西南喀斯特地区不同林地凋落物归还量及其对土壤碳库积累的贡献具有极其重要的意义,将为喀斯特地区林地恢复重建和石漠化遏制工作提供科研依据。     

Simulation study on vertical transport of atrazine in soil column

A simulation experiment on vertical transport of herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) in soil column was conducted using lysimeter system. The atrazine concentrations in leaching water and soil samples in column at 8 layers with 10 cm thick of each layer were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show total atrazine amount in leaching water increases nonlinearly with the leaching time and the herbicide application rate, and the atrazine concentrations in column soil decrease with the vertical depth after water leaching. The distribution of atrazine mass in the system after 154 days were that among the applied atrazine, 0.3 ％ is out through leaching water, 1％ is methanol extractable residues in soil, 46 ％ is methanol nonextractable residues in soil, and 52 ％ is other loss (including volatilization and degradation). The study indicates movement of atrazine in agriculture soil may not only have relation to the properties of herbicide, but also to the herbicide application history.     

Simulation study on vertical transport of atrazine in soil column

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