不同钝化剂对碱性镉污染土壤钝化效果研究

该研究以河南栾川石宝沟典型铅锌矿区镉污染农田土壤作为供试土壤,采用室内培养试验法,分别添加熟石灰、方解石、白云石、沸石、蒙脱石、生物炭等6种钝化材料,采用Tessier修正顺序七步提取法进行镉形态含量分析,研究不同钝化剂在1%、3%、5%添加量条件下对典型北方碱性土壤镉的钝化效果。结果显示,试验选用的6种钝化材料在不同程度上提升了土壤pH值,对p H值提升效果排序为熟石灰蒙脱石沸石白云石生物炭方解石。不同钝化剂对离子交换态Cd的钝化作用具有一定的差异性,钝化效果排序为熟石灰方解石生物炭沸石白云石蒙脱石,其中碱性物质熟石灰对离子交换态Cd的降低效果显著,同为碳酸盐矿物的方解石明显优于白云石,同为黏土矿物的沸石优于蒙脱石,生物炭钝化效果居中。其中5%添加量熟石灰、3%添加量方解石、1%添加量沸石、1%添加量生物炭钝化效果最为明显,对土壤离子交换态Cd含量分别降低了61.11%、25.32%、14.84%、24.76%。6种钝化剂的添加在不同程度上改变了Cd在土壤中的形态含量比例,总体来看,离子交换态镉含量显著降低,碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态镉含量明显增加,硅酸盐残余态镉含量小幅上升,强有机结合态略微下降。     

赤泥改良过程中微生物群落及酶活性恢复研究

本研究选用蛭石、粉煤灰为基质改良剂,以园林落叶为改良基质的有机质来源,通过长期取样分析培养基质pH值、EC、CEC等基本理化指标、氮素(NO3--N)含量以及微生物群落功能多样性、群落结构、酶活性等微生物指标的动态变化,来评估赤泥生态修复效果.结果表明,赤泥基质改良处理能显著降低赤泥比重,增加其孔隙率;经近1a的室外培...     

腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥的环境风险评估

处理过酸性矿涌水的赤泥如果未经处理大量堆存会对环境造成严重的危害,对其进行土壤化改良是实现其大宗消纳的一种可行性方法。腐殖酸呈酸性,是自然界中广泛存在的大分子有机物质,其对土壤的修复和改良作用十分明显。为研究腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥的环境风险,通过腐殖酸联合脱碱赤泥试验,对脱碱赤泥及其浸出液的理化性质进行了分析,并对添加腐殖酸后脱碱赤泥的浸出风险进行了评估。结果表明：添加质量百分比（腐殖酸:赤泥）为10%的腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥效果最好。此时,脱碱赤泥pH由9.1降至7.8左右;脱碱赤泥在pH较高时电动电位（Zeta电位）绝对值由20增大到28;腐殖酸中的富里酸类物质会逐渐转变成更加稳定的胡敏酸类物质;脱碱赤泥浸出液金属离子浓度降低,对赤泥金属离子固定有一定积极作用。综上,腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥可以降低脱碱赤泥的环境风险。

     

黄腐酸用于磷石膏脱碱赤泥土壤化的可行性研究

黄腐酸呈酸性,含有丰富的营养成分,是一种植物调节剂且能促进植物生长。为研究黄腐酸用于磷石膏脱碱赤泥土壤化的可行性,通过磷石膏脱碱赤泥试验与磷石膏-黄腐酸联合脱碱赤泥试验,对脱碱液和脱碱渣进行理化性质测定,并进行盆栽试验分析验证其可行性。结果表明:1)磷石膏脱碱可使赤泥的pH值由初始的11.08降低到9.00左右,而使用磷石膏-黄腐酸联合脱碱,可使赤泥的pH值降至8.50左右;2)分析结果表明,黄腐酸的加入促进了赤泥大粒径团聚体的形成,增加了大粒径团聚体的含量,增强了团聚体的稳定性;3)脱碱渣及脱碱液的元素分析结果表明,黄腐酸的加入使得赤泥中残留的重金属离子和Na+含量增加;4)盆栽试验结果表明,较高的重金属离子和Na+浓度将黑麦草种子的萌芽时间推迟了4 d,发芽率降低了8%。将赤泥进行脱碱以及去除重金属离子,使磷石膏脱碱赤泥中相应离子含量更少,而黄腐酸的加入有利于磷石膏脱碱赤泥的土壤化。     

赤泥综合利用的研究进展

氧化铝工业产生大量的赤泥,回收和综合利用对解决当前赤泥大量堆存有着重要现实意义。论述了从赤泥中提取有价金属如铁、铝、钛、钪等的研究现状,以及赤泥在建筑、环保、农业领域中的综合利用情况。由于赤泥排放量巨大且富含各种可回收利用的物质,从赤泥中提取高附加值产品并开发能大量消耗赤泥的技术是赤泥资源化今后重要的发展方向。     

杭州湾潮滩湿地土壤碱性磷酸酶活性分布及其与磷形态的关系

以杭州湾潮滩作为研究区域,对土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性、磷形态、有机磷细菌数量及理化性质的时空分布特征进行分析,揭示碱性磷酸酶活性与磷形态分布及转化的关系. 结果表明,杭州湾潮滩湿地土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著的时空差异,总体表现为7月最高（38. 59~104.74 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,2月最低（8. 21~40.61 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,且各月之间有显著性差异（p<0.05）;不同植被型土壤碱性磷酸酶活性之间差异总体表现为芦苇（39.72~104.63 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）>互花米草（32.18~73.23 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）≈海三棱藨草（9.68~83.48 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）>光滩（8.21~49.50 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,其中光滩与其他类型土壤具有显著性差异（p<0.05）. 无机磷形态中的可交换态磷（Exch-P）、铁/铝结合态磷（Fe/Al-P）及钙结合态磷（Ca-P）的含量均表现为：5月>7月>10月> 2月,5月与2月之间具有显著性差异（p<0.05）. 有机磷形态中的活性有机磷（L-P）的含量动态变化为：7月>5月>10月>2月;中等活性有机磷（ML-P）的含量表现为：2月> 5月>10月>7月;非活性有机磷（NL-P）的含量没有明显的动态变化. 相关性分析结果显示,碱性磷酸酶活性与有机磷细菌数量呈显著的正相关关系（r=0.58,p<0.01）,有机磷细菌是影响碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素之一.土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与无机磷组分中的（Fe/Al）-P（r=0.39,p<0.05）、 有机磷组分中的L-P （r=0.37,p<0.05）、NL-P（r=0.31,p<0.05）呈正相关,潮滩湿地土壤中的NL-P是生物有效磷的潜在磷源.     

赤泥和污泥对土壤锌化学形态转化的影响

通过土壤室内培养实验,研究了赤泥和污泥对土壤中Zn化学形态转化的影响。研究表明:单独使用赤泥可以有效降低土壤中植物可利用态Zn含量,促进可交换态(EXC)、碳酸盐结合态(CA)、有机结合态(OM)转化为残渣态(RES),而污泥对Zn的固稳效果是暂时的。赤泥和污泥的一起使用较单独使用赤泥或污泥固稳Zn的效果好,既能促进有效态重金属Zn转化为不可利用态Zn,又能增加土壤肥力。     

改性赤泥吸附废水中典型重金属研究进展

赤泥(RM)是碱浸铝土矿提取氧化铝过程中产生的大宗工业固废,其累积量大、综合利用率低、生态风险高.水体中重金属污染是一个全球性环境问题,赤泥和重金属的环境危害均不可回避,对二者耦合治理引起学者的广泛关注.本文主要综述了改性赤泥吸附重金属的国内外新进展,通过总结评述赤泥性质和改性方法以及重金属吸附特征,分析了赤泥吸附典型...     

基于土壤水分变化的砷与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性关系探讨

砷作为土壤主要污染元素之一,其毒性受到存在形态等的影响.土壤酶是土壤重要组成部分,但水分对二者关系的影响鲜见报道.本文采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量(WHC)条件下,较为系统地分析了不同水分下土壤有效砷及土壤碱性磷酸酶活性的变化规律.结果表明:外源砷浓度、老化时间是影响土壤有效砷含量的主要因素,且有效砷浓度随老化时间延长降幅减缓,Elovich方程较好表征了二者关系,揭示出水分对土壤有效砷向其他形态转变速率影响的大小顺序为:110%WHC65%WHC35%WHC;干燥(35%WHC)和淹水(110%WHC)导致土壤碱性磷酸酶活性减小;砷抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,模型U=A/(1+B×C)可较好表征砷浓度(C)与土壤酶活性(U)的关系,揭示出土壤碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征土壤砷污染程度,并反映出其机理为完全抑制作用;计算得到了土壤砷轻度污染的临界浓度Ecological dose 10%(ED10)总砷99 mg·kg-1和有效砷39 mg·kg-1,从侧面表明土壤碱性磷酸酶在土壤砷浓度达到国家土壤质量标准中的二级标准前不会对土壤酶产生严重毒害;水分由于对砷的存在状态等的作用,从而对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性产生重要影响.     

Accelerated alkalinity regulation and long-term dry-wet aging durability for bauxite residue remediated with biomass pyrolysis

Biomass fermentation provides a potential route toward the ecological disposal for the bauxite residue（BR） with high alkalinity issues. However, how to accelerate the remediation of the alkaline problem with a long-term durability is still a big challenge. Herein, we investigated the acceleration of the decomposition of straw toward organic acid species via a pyrolysis strategy as well as the pH stability during long-term dry-wet aging for the treated BR. The pH of pyrolytic BR at 300 °C is stab...     

Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue: Conversion of its alkaline characteristics

Reduction of the high alkalinity of bauxite residue is a key problem to solve to make it suitable for plant growth and comprehensive utilization. In this study, phosphogypsum, a waste product from the phosphate fertilizer industry, was used to drive the alkaline transformation of the bauxite residue. Under optimal water washing conditions(liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 24 hr), the impact of quantity added, reaction time and reaction mechanism during phosphogypsum application were investigated. Phosphogypsum addition effectively lowered p H levels and reduced the soluble alkalinity by 92.2%. It was found that the concentration of soluble Na and Ca ions in the supernatant increased gradually, whilst the exchangeable Na+and Ca~(2+)in solid phase changed 112 mg/kg and 259 mg/kg, respectively. Ca~(2+)became the dominant element in the solid phase(phosphogypsum addition of 2%, liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 12 hr). X-ray diffraction data indicated that cancrinite and hydrogarnet were the primary alkaline minerals. SEM images suggested that phosphogypsum could promote the formation of stable macroaggregates, whilst the content of Ca~(2+)increased from 5.6% to 18.2% and Na reduced from 6.8% to 2.4%. Treatment with phosphogypsum could significantly promote the transformation of alkalinity cations by neutralization, precipitation and replacement reactions.This research provided a feasible method to promote soil formation of bauxite residue by phosphogypsum amendment.     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.     

The dynamic development of bacterial community following long-term weathering of bauxite residue

Bauxite residue is the industrial waste generated from alumina production and commonly deposited in impoundments. These sites are bare of vegetation due to the extreme high salinity and alkalinity, as well as lack of nutrients. However, long term weathering processes could improve residue properties to support the plant establishment. Here we investigate the development of bacterial communities and the geochemical drivers in bauxite residue, using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Long term weathering reduced the pH in bauxite residue and increased its nutrients content. The bacterial community also significantly developed during long term weathering processes. Taxonomic analysis revealed that natural weathering processes encouraged the populations of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes, whereas reducing the populations of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that total organic carbon (TOC) was the dominant factors affecting microbial structure. The results have demonstrated that natural weathering processes improved the soil development on the abandoned bauxite residue disposal areas, which also increased our understanding of the correlation between microbial variation and residue properties during natural weathering processes in Bauxite residue disposal areas.     

炼油厂碱渣的治理与综合利用

从武汉石化厂碱渣来源分析碱渣污染物特征和游离碱浓度，概述并浅析目前国内碱渣处理工艺，重点介绍我厂减渣治理中源头控制，分质处理，二次利用的环保效益和经济效益并重的工作思路及碱渣治理的实践。     

铬渣的无害化处理和综合利用

铬渣产量大、毒性剧烈 ,是严重污染生态环境和危害人类健康的危险废物。介绍了铬渣各种无害化处理方法的解毒机理、工艺过程和应用实践 ,阐述了对铬渣进行综合利用的途径 ,并就铬渣的防治前景提出了建议。     

Variation on leaching behavior of caustic compounds in bauxite residue during dealkalization process

Bauxite residue,a byproduct of alumina manufacture,is a serious environmental pollutant due to its high leaching contents of metals and caustic compounds.Four typical anions of CO₃^2-,HCO₃^-,Al(OH)₄^- and OH-(represented caustic compounds) and metal ions(As,B,Mo and V) were selected to assess their leaching behavior under dealkalization process with different conditions including liquid/solid ratio(L/S ratio),temperature and leaching...     

石化炼油厂碱渣废水处理工艺的选择

介绍了目前常规高浓度有机废水处理工艺各自的特点，提出在环评阶段如何选择炼油碱渣废水的处理工艺，并结合炼油厂自身特点向建设单位提供适宜的切实可行的碱渣废水处理工艺方案。     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

应用混合-澄清槽萃取炼油厂碱渣中和酸性水工艺研究

实验确定了采用有机胺萃处理碱渣中和酸性水时，达到传质平衡时的萃取、反萃混合槽单位体积能耗，以及无相夹带时萃取、反萃澄清槽停留时间。原水CODcr11993～28000mg／L，CODcr去除率85％～90％。