猫跳河流域梯级水库夏-秋季节溶解无机碳（DIC）含量及其同位素组成的分布特征

于2007年7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)2次对猫跳河流域河流-水库水体样品进行了采集,分析其水化学组成特征,溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其同位素组成,研究了猫跳河流域河流-水库的碳元素地球化学行为,目的是阐明梯级水库拦截后河流的碳元素含量和碳同位素(δ13CDIC)组成的分布特征.水体DIC及其同位素(1δ3CDIC)组成的总体特征为:DIC含量夏季低于秋季,夏季DIC含量为1.35~2.84 mmol/L,平均值为2.12 mmol/L,秋季DIC含量为2.03~3.98 mmol/L,平均值为2.67 mmol/L;1δ3CDIC值则相反,夏季较秋季偏正,其1δ3CDIC值流域夏季为-10.3‰~-5.1‰,平均值是-8.6‰,秋季为-13.0‰~-6.9‰,平均值为-9.0‰,表明夏季藻类光合作用优先富集12C,水体富集13C.夏季水库的DIC含量随着深度的加深而增大,而δ13CDIC值则随着深度的加深而偏负,表明表层水体受藻类生物作用影响较大,下层水体主要受有机质的降解影响.DIC含量从上游至下游呈逐渐降低的趋势,而δ13CDIC值从上游至下游呈逐渐偏负的趋势,表明河流受水坝拦截后河流水化学性质发生了改...     

西安周边河流溶解无机碳浓度及同位素组成初探

通过分析西安周边4条主要河流(浐河、灞河、涝河、黑河)的溶解无机碳(DIC)浓度和碳同位素组成,初步探讨了西安周边主要河流溶解无机碳(DIC)的浓度变化及碳源.结果表明西安周边主要河流DIC浓度的变化范围为0.34～5.66mmol.L-1,平均为1.23 mmol.L-1,自源头到下游,DIC浓度呈现升高趋势.4条河流δ13CDIC值的变化范围在-13.3‰～-7.2‰之间,平均值约为-10.1‰,4条河流整体表现为δ13CDIC值在源头偏负(平均值约为-12.6‰),中下游农耕区δ13CDIC值偏正(平均值约为-9.4‰),靠近入渭河河口的城市区δ13CDIC表现为偏负值(平均值为-10.5‰).DIC浓度与河流DIC碳同位素组成的变化规律揭示了河流溶解无机碳来源的变化,土壤CO2的输入可能是源头水体DIC的主要来源;中下游农耕区河水δ13CDIC值偏正是由于农业区农作物存在C4植被(如:玉米),使得农业区土壤CO2和土壤碳酸盐具有偏正的碳同位素组成,进而导致河流水体具有偏正的δ13CDIC值;靠近河口处具有较低δ13C值,污水的大量输入可能导致河水δ13CDIC表现为偏负.结果表明西安周边河流溶解无机碳浓度和同位素组成变化大致指示了河流从源头到下游过程中DIC的可能来源,可为黄土高原小流域河流无机碳来源示踪研究提供参考.     

岩溶地下河补给的地表溪流溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素组成的时空变化

岩溶水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)主要以HCO_3~-形式存在,其同位素(δ~(13)CDIC)被广泛用于示踪DIC的不同来源及其影响因素.为了解亚热带典型岩溶溪流溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素的分布规律,本文以广西柳州官村地下河补给的地表溪流为研究对象,对其水化学特征和δ~(13)CDIC进行分析.结果表明,溪流上游和下游的DIC与δ~(13)CDIC都表现出明显的时空变化特征,地下河出口(G1点)HCO_3~-旱季浓度变化范围为(4.73±0.14)mmol·L~(-1),而雨季为(4.23±0.68)mmol·L~(-1).溪流下游(G2点)HCO_3~-旱季浓度变化范围为(4.56±0.23)mmol·L~(-1),而雨季为(4.20±0.59)mmol·L~(-1).溪流上游的旱季δ~(13)CDIC变化范围为-12.22‰±0.49‰,雨季的变化范围为-12.28‰±0.82‰;溪流下游的旱季变化范围为-10.73±0.71‰,雨季的变化范围为-11.10‰±0.90‰.两个点水体DIC含量旱季均高于雨季,且G1点要高于下游G2点.两个点水体δ~(13)CDIC值旱季较雨季偏重,且G2点水体δ~(13)CDIC值显著高于G1点δ~(13)CDIC值.地下河水和溪流DIC主要来源于土壤CO2和碳酸盐岩溶蚀,但是溪流上游与下游DIC和δ~(13)CDIC值差异表明水体的CO2脱气作用,水生植物的光合作用显著影响了水体DIC和δ~(13)CDIC值.     

岩溶区不同土地利用下地下水碳同位素地球化学特征及生态意义

通过分析贵州洪家渡盆地地下水水化学和溶解无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)同位素(δ13CDIC)季节变化特征,探讨岩溶区不同土地利用类型下影响地下水δ13CDIC特征的自然过程和人为因素.结果表明:洪家渡盆地地下水中DIC主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化和土壤CO2.地下水δ13CDIC值冬季为-14. 8‰～-4. 1‰,平均值-10. 1‰;夏季为-14. 5‰～-6. 3‰,平均值-10. 2‰.含煤地层中硫化物氧化和酸雨带来的H2SO4参与碳酸盐岩风化使地下水δ13CDIC值整体偏正.由于土壤CO2效应,人类活动干扰程度小的林地地下水δ13CDIC值夏季冬季.夏季农业活动施用的大量肥料产生的HNO3参与了碳酸盐岩风化,使耕地地下水δ13CDIC值夏季冬季.居住区人为输入的有机质降解对地下水DIC贡献较大,冬夏季δ13CDIC平均值分别-11. 9‰和-11. 6‰,季节差异较小.不同季节、不同土地利用类型下,人类活动方式不同导致地下水δ13CDIC值与水化学存在差异.因此,δ13CDIC可以反映人类活动对岩溶含水层的影响,具有良好的生态指示意义.     

贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特区水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素特征

对贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地49个水点进行采样,分析地表水和地下水水化学特征及控制因素,并探讨溶解无机碳(DIC)稳定同位素的分布特征和来源.结果发现,研究区地表水和地下水p H值呈中性到碱性,溶解质较低,水中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,水化学类型为重碳酸-钙镁型(HCO3-Ca·Mg).北部上游页岩分布区外源水水中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4的比重相对白云岩区喀斯特水水点的高,Si的含量也明显高于白云岩地区喀斯特水;外源水的SIc和SId值为负,而流经白云岩区后均大于0.水化学数据表明研究区水化学受降水和人为活动影响很小,Gibbs图显示水中离子组成主要受岩性的控制.研究区喀斯特地表水中δ13CDIC值变化范围为-8.27‰~-11.55‰,平均为-9.45‰,地下水的δ13CDIC值范围为-10.57‰~-15.59‰,平均为-12.04‰,地表水δ13CDIC值比地下水偏重.DIC的δ13CDIC值在杉木河支流上整体表现为河流上游相对于下游偏轻,而杉木河干流上河水DIC的δ13CDIC值的变化则比较复杂.根据同位素质量平衡,利用DIC的δ13CDIC实测值,计算了喀斯特区地下水DIC来自土壤CO2和白云岩矿物溶解的比例,计算结果为51.2%来自于土壤CO2,矿物本身的贡献约为48.8%.     

硫酸对乌江中上游段岩溶水化学及δ13 CDIC的影响

对乌江中上游段地表和地下水水化学、溶解无机碳(DIC)同位素组成(δ13CDIC)进行了测试,探讨流域水化学特征及主要影响因素,利用化学计量法对硫酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩的比例及对HCO-3离子的贡献比例进行了计算.结果表明:1乌江上游段地表和地下水优势阳离子均为Ca2+,分别占全部阳离子的50%以上,阴离子以HCO-3、SO2-4为主,两者占总阴离子的85%以上,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Ca,部分为HCO3·SO4-Ca型,反映出部分地下水和地表水可能受到人类源的SO2-4影响;2地下水和地表水的δ13CDIC值介于-12.98‰~-6.36‰,且[Ca2++Mg2+]/[HCO-3]当量比值介于1.11~1.90,H2SO4对流域水化学和δ13CDIC具有重要影响;3硫酸溶解碳酸盐岩对地下水(Ca2++Mg2+)和HCO-3的贡献变化分别介于20.59%~92.87%(平均贡献率为51.50%)和11.47%~86.69%(平均贡献率为36.90%);对地表水(Ca2++Mg2+)和HCO-3的贡献变化分别介于56.14%~94.55%(平均贡献率为76.89%)和39.02%~89.66%(平均贡献率为64.24%),显示硫酸显著地影响到流域碳酸盐岩的风化过程.研究结果对乌江流域水资源的保护和开发利用及岩溶碳循环研究意义重大.     

西南喀斯特流域土地利用对河流溶解无机碳及其同位素的影响

河流溶解无机碳(DIC)作为流域碳循环的重要部分一直备受关注,其稳定同位素(δ13CDIC)能够反映DIC来源和转化过程,而其受土地利用变化的影响的研究还较为缺乏.为了研究喀斯特河流水体DIC和δ13CDIC的影响因素,在典型喀斯特流域赤水河进行了河水样品采集与分析.赤水河流域上游主要分布碳酸盐岩而下游分布硅酸盐岩,且...     

白龙江溶解有机碳的空间分布、来源及其控制因素探究

流域碳循环是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,也是研究的热点,但是目前对于高原流域碳循环的认识仍然不足。白龙江流域位于青藏高原东缘,是研究高原流域碳循环的理想地区之一。为了研究白龙江流域河流水体中溶解有机碳(DOC)的空间分布特征、来源及其影响因素,我们对白龙江流域河流水体进行了系统的空间序列采样并对河流水体水温、p H、电导率(EC)、DOC浓度、DOC的稳定碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C_(DOC))及紫外-可见光吸收光谱特征等进行测试分析。分析结果显示,白龙江流域DOC浓度为0.4～4.1 mg/L,平均值为1.4 mg/L,δ~(13)C_(DOC)变化范围为-27.2‰～-26.2‰。研究结果表明白龙江源区高海拔区域DOC含量在全流域内最高,自源区至下游,DOC含量逐渐降低,干流中、下游DOC浓度值基本相同,南部DOC含量由上游支流至下游支流逐渐减少。白龙江流域DOC含量与土壤有机碳含量和α(254)之间明显的正相关性,以及δ~(13)C_(DOC)的分布范围等,均表明DOC主要来源于以C3植物为主的陆源有机质,其空间分布受到海拔(温度)和土地利用控制。     

池武溪流域溶解无机碳特征及影响因素分析

溶解无机碳及其碳同位素(δ13CDIC)是指示物质来源及生物地球化学特征和反映碳在陆地水循环过程中的重要手段。为了研究池武溪流域内地下水、地表水的溶解无机碳及碳同位素的变化特征和影响因素,文章于2019年6月、2019年12月对采样点进行监测。结果表明:池武溪流域水化学类型为HCO_3-Ca型或HCO_3-Ca·Mg型;流域DIC含量及δ13CDIC具有明显的季节变化特征,具体表现为枯水期大于丰水期,丰水期δ13CDIC比枯水期更偏负;枯水期和丰水期时硫酸和硝酸不同程度参与碳酸盐岩风化过程并使δ13CDIC偏正。     

北京密云水库流域水体夏季DOC和DIC质量浓度及同位素组成初探

为丰富水库水体碳循环研究,有效地从源头控制饮用水源水营养盐输入.以北京境内密云水库及其主要入库河流（密云水库流域水体,包括白河干支流、潮河干支流和密云水库）为研究对象,京密引水渠水体为参比,对比分析了夏季不同水体溶解性有机碳和溶解性无机碳的质量浓度水平及碳同位素组成.结果表明,密云水库流域水体夏季溶解性有机碳（DOC）质量浓度的总体变化范围是1.07~5.19 mg ·L^-1,平均值是2.61 mg ·L^-1;δ¹³C_DOC值变化范围为-27.4‰~-24.3‰,平均值为-25.8‰.入库河流夏季DOC主要来自土壤有机质,密云水库夏季DOC主要来自陆源C3植物,内源物质对流域水体DOC同样有一定贡献,水位升高导致库滨带淹水可能是密云水库DOC偏高的重要原因.研究区域水体夏季δ¹³C_DIC值变化范围为-12.6‰~-5.75‰,平均值为-9.44‰,土壤CO₂溶解碳酸盐岩过程是河流溶解性无机碳（DIC）的主要贡献者,且DIC明显被水生生物的光合作用所利用.密云水库溶解性碳（DOC和DIC）浓度显著高于京密引水渠水体（P<0.01）,两种水体碳素浓度、组分可能存在差异.总体上,除个别点位外,密云水库流域水体夏季DOC受人类生活源影响较小,DIC转化为DOC可能同样是夏季库区水体DOC的潜在来源.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.