直接投加ClO_2对SBR污泥减量及污染物去除的影响

直接向采用交替停曝气模式运行的序批式反应器(SBR)中投加ClO_2,考察了在处理模拟生活污水时不同ClO_2投加剂量对SBR污泥减量及污染物去除的影响。结果表明,ClO_2最佳投加剂量为2.0 mg ClO_2/g干污泥,此时,与对照反应器(未投加ClO_2)相比,SBR污泥减量效率为28.0%,系统污泥产率系数为0.08 g MLVSS/g COD。溶胞-隐性生长、解偶联代谢和内源代谢对污泥减量均有贡献。在ClO_2最佳投加剂量下,SBR出水COD、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度分别增加了(28.80±1.53)、(3.49±1.79)、(2.30±0.02)、(0.21±0.05)mg/L,但出水水质仍满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级B标准。     

脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮及在线控制的中试实验研究

通过考察脉冲式SBR法处理城镇生活污水时有机物降解、硝化和反硝化反应中DO、氧化还原电位(ORP)及pH的变化规律,建立了这些控制参数与有机物去除、硝化与反硝化反应过程中主要污染物指标间的相关关系.在此基础上,建立脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮的模糊控制系统,更加有效地控制脉冲式SBR法多段进水的运行方式,达到深度脱氮的目的,并尽可能降低运行成本.当进水COD在130.0～243.6 mg/L、NH 4-N在55.98～76.40 mg/L时,在原水中反硝化碳源充足情况下,脉冲式SBR法反硝化结束时最终出水COD低于40 mg/L,NH 4-N低于1.0 mg/L,TN低于3·0 mg/L.     

基于DO和游离氨联合控制的短程硝化快速启动及稳定运行研究

在高氨氮废水中,为了实现序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)短程硝化的快速启动及稳定运行,采用DO与游离氨(FA)联合控制的策略进行调控。结果表明:控制DO为1.42～1.53mg/L,曝气时间为3.5h,将初始FA平均值从1.75mg/L提高至8.74mg/L,经过30d的运行,亚硝酸盐氮积累率达到75.71%,氨氮去除率稳定在80%左右,可以实现快速启动;进一步将DO提高至1.77～1.90mg/L,曝气时间降低至2.5h,可实现长达61d的稳定运行,氨氮平均去除率维持在85.70%,亚硝酸盐氮积累率平均达到91.80%。因此,FA和DO联合调控可抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性,促进氨氧化菌增殖,可以实现短程硝化的快速启动及稳定运行。     

射流曝气周期活性污泥法脱氮除磷研究

针对零星居民点的污水处理,开发了射流曝气周期活性污泥法工艺.它是一种连续进水、周期性间歇曝气的改良型SBR工艺,也是一种时间程序和空间程序相结合的污水处理工艺,具有良好的脱氮除磷效果.试验表明,在水力负荷4 m3/d,曝气周期为每2 h曝气15 min、静置105 min的条件下,出水COD为48.8～53.5 mg/L,去除率达79.4%～80.5%;出水TN为2.81～3.98 mg/L,去除率达82.4%～89.4%;出水NH3-N为0.36～0.78 mg/L,去除率高达96.4%～98.4%;出水TP为0.63～1.18 mg/L,去除率为67.2%～78.9%,均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级B排放标准.     

变频控制DO下SBR硝化反应控制参数及节能的中试研究

根据微生物好氧反应的需氧量调节曝气量在当今能源紧缺的形势下具有十分重要的意义.为了研究曝气量大小对SBR实时控制参数pH、DO的影响,采用变频器调节曝气量以控制系统不同的DO浓度,以60 m3中试SBR反应器处理北京市北小河污水处理厂城市污水,考察了硝化过程中pH值、DO与有机物去除及硝化过程的相关性,并引入了新的控制参数--变频频率f.试验结果表明,控制溶解氧浓度较低时,pH值不能作为硝化结束的控制参数,但可根据变频频率f的特征点判断硝化反应的结束;控制溶解氧为3.0 mg/L和4.0 mg/L时,DO、pH值、变频频率f都可作为硝化结束的控制参数,同时,变频控制可有效降低单位时间内风机的能耗.     

不同曝气方式下SBR亚硝化的实现及NO2--N积累效果

研究不同曝气方式下亚硝化的实现以及基质浓度、曝气频率和温度对NO-2-N积累效果的影响。以实际污泥脱水液为研究对象,控制进水NH+4-N浓度在50~80 mg/L范围内,温度为27℃,pH值为7.8~8.2,DO浓度为0.5~1.0mg/L,分别采用连续曝气和间歇曝气2种方式启动SBR亚硝化反应器,并考察了在不同基质浓度、曝气频率和温度条件下NO-2-N累积情况。实验研究结果表明,经过40 d左右的运行,在2种不同曝气方式下SBR均成功实现了亚硝化,稳定运行阶段,NO-2-N积累率分别达到95%和85%。经SEM扫描电镜观察发现,在驯化成熟的活性污泥中,亚硝化细菌多呈球状和杆状,大小不同,外形饱满。当进水氨氮浓度小于200 mg/L,曝气频率为曝气15 min/停曝15 min,温度为27℃时,NO-2-N积累效果最佳,平均积累率可达90%以上。间歇曝气可以有效促进亚硝化细菌富集,有利于实现较高浓度的NO-2-N积累。基质浓度、曝气频率和温度对NO-2-N积累效果的影响显著。     

DO浓度对间歇曝气单级自养脱氮系统N2O排放的影响

以单级自养脱氮系统为研究对象,采用有效容积为15 L的SBBR反应器,系统进水NH+4-N浓度约为360 mg/L,控制温度为(30±2)℃,采用间歇曝气方式运行,曝气段DO浓度从2.4~2.6 mg/L逐渐下降到0.9~1.1 mg/L,研究了单级自养脱氮系统的脱氮性能与N2O排放情况。结果表明,反应器曝气段DO浓度从2.4~2.6 mg/L下降到0.9~1.1mg/L,系统TN去除率均达到80%,但在相同运行时间内的TN去除率依次降低,NH+4-N平均反应速率从0.19 mg/(L·min)降低至0.05 mg/(L·min),NO-3-N累计产生量稳定于14.9~16.5 mg/L,NO-2-N浓度在反应器内未产生明显的积累。随着曝气段DO浓度的下降,最大N2O释放速率逐渐降低,N2O累计释放量从73.8 mg下降到61.0 mg,N2O转化率介于2.4%~2.9%。     

溶解氧对SBR脱氮性能与脱氮方式的影响

通过设置不同溶解氧(DO)浓度(曝气时段DO浓度均值分别为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L),研究了SBR的脱氮性能以及脱氮方式。结果表明,低DO条件下SBR可实现良好的脱氮效果,但需延长曝气时间。运行稳定后,各反应器氨氮的去除率均达到94%以上。总氮去除率随DO水平的降低而增高,分别为67%、74%和78%。不同DO浓度下SBR的脱氮方式不尽相同,DO浓度越低,同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮效果越明显。DO为2.0、1.2和0.4 mg/L时,SND率分别为31.4%、48.3%和66.8%。典型周期性实验表明,DO为2.0 mg/L时,通过SND现象去除的总氮占进水总氮的比例为7.6%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为12.0%;DO为1.2 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为12.2%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为8.1%;DO为0.4 mg/L时,通过亚硝酸型SND现象去除的总氮为15.8%,通过内源反硝化去除的总氮为5.0%。     

常温条件下CAST工艺亚硝酸型硝化的实现及特性

采用循环式活性污泥法(CAST)处理模拟生活污水,通过控制曝气量,使反应器中DO在0.13～0.74 mg/L之间,在常温下快速实现亚硝酸型硝化,然后增大曝气量使反应器内DO在0.7～3.36 mg/L之间,控制曝气时间1.5 h,考察系统内亚硝酸型硝化的维持情况。结果表明,14℃条件下,通过先控制低溶解氧浓度再控制曝...     

AFB-SBR工艺处理蓝皮制革工业废水

采用厌氧流化床(AFB)-序批式反应器(SBR)工艺处理蓝皮制革工业废水。分别考察了水力停留时间(HRT)、容积负荷对厌氧流化床以及曝气时间、污泥浓度、溶解氧浓度对SBR反应器处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,AFB将实验废水的BOD_5/COD(B/C)值由0.19～0.26提高至0.35～0.42,有效提高了其可生化性;在进水COD浓度为1 700～1 890 mg/L、HRT为1 d、容积负荷为1.792 kg COD/(m~3·d)时,COD去除率达65.2%～68.5%,且具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力。SBR在进水COD浓度为628～712 mg/L、污泥浓度为2.9 g/L、曝气时间为10 h、溶解氧浓度为2 mg/L工况下,COD去除率达87.6%,NH_3-N去除率达93.6%,处理后出水水质符合污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)中的一级标准要求。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.