WHITHER WORLD WATER?1

ABSTRACT: The last decade has seen accelerated interest in international hydropolitics. Yet, the international politics of the world's fresh water are highly complicated, some might even say byzantine. This paper discusses some of these complications, the background to them, and the place of fresh water in recent environmental initiatives, particularly in UNCED. It proposes a way forward for the future in order to improve international cooperation to assist in averting the coming water crisis.     

A “justice” reading of the trans-national struggle of the people displaced by the Merowe Dam

ABSTRACT

This paper applies a “justice” lens to the struggle of the people displaced by the Merowe Dam in northern Sudan. Application of distributive, procedural, and representational aspects of justice exposes the dissatisfaction of the affected people with the government’s offer and execution of compensation. Consideration of social justice and the utility of norms in trans-national activism brings into sharp focus the difference in interests, and abilities of the many actors involved, and highlights the government’s tactics to divide the communities, and the social divisions sown. As the struggle develops, justice claims are seen to change towards less material issues, suggesting that an expanded and dynamic conception of justice is more helpful than narrow or time-bound conceptions. The findings are of relevance to communities facing possible displacement from dams planned nearby, not least of all for the insight provided on the effectiveness of different tactics in the struggle.     

能源安全视角下中俄能源合作战略选择

中俄能源合作是中俄两国经贸合作的重要组成部分,也是发展两国战略协作伙伴关系的重要领域。中俄两国能源合作既有利于缓解中国能源安全紧张问题,也有利于俄罗斯开拓广阔的能源消费市场,促进本国经济发展,同时对地区经济发展起到重要作用。分析了中俄能源合作的背景、基础、特点与障碍,提出了发展中俄能源合作的战略选择。     

北京市开展区域水环境合作探究

通过分析北京市地表水资源、水环境质量现状及存在的问题,得出生态环境用水严重短缺是制约北京市水环境质量全面改善的根本原因,并对此提出全面加强区域水环境合作、改善北京市水环境的基本思路,及与周边地区开展水环境合作的途径及建议。     

环境与资源保护法视野下的农村饮水安全

农村饮水安全不仅仅是工程技术层面上的问题,更是一个法律问题。环境与资源保护法视野下的农村饮水安全具有重要的法律意义,农村饮水安全需要真正意义上的法定化,并设定农村安全饮水供给与需求保障机制、饮水安全市场交易机制、饮水安全管理机制多重法律保障机制。     

城市化过程中水资源可持续利用研究——以济南市为例

基于地理信息系统，建立了济南市水资源数字化图，分析了济南城市化过程中水资源开发利用状况；借助水安全指标体系探讨其存在的问题，结合可持续利用观点，提出济南市水资源合理开发利用的措施，为实现城市的可持续发展以及人口、资源、环境间的和谐发展提供科学的决策依据。     

从水污染防治角度出发的全国分省域水环境安全研究

针对我国日益严峻的水环境安全问题,本文从水污染防治角度出发,依据影响我国水环境安全的关键污染问题,即水环境质量、水污染物排放、水环境风险,构建了水环境安全指标体系。利用相关分析法、主成分分析法,简化、优化评价指标体系。利用层次分析法与专家打分法,估算各指标权重,采集各指标数据对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)2011—2013年的水环境安全状况进行评估。结果表明:该指标体系在一定条件和范围内是合理的,我国水环境安全大体呈西高中东低的空间分布,京津冀区域水环境安全评价值较低。\"十三五\"时期,京津冀地区应着重于降低主要污染物浓度,削减劣V类断面比例,提高水环境质量,海南、福建、广东等地区着力于减少农业等水污染物排放强度,湖南等地区则需要重点关注涉重企业的污染物排放。     

中印跨境水资源合作障碍与前景

中印跨境水资源既是我国跨境水资源的重要组成部分,又是我国与周边邻国跨境水合作的重点。近年来,尽管中印已在水文报汛、专家级机制、应急事件等方面取得了一定的进展,但两国跨境水互动与合作面临着政治互信的脆弱性、用水权益的对立性、领土争端的制约性、国际法治的失衡性等障碍。夯实双边政治互信基础,促进双方良性互动;借鉴域外河流管理实践,完善双边管理体制;推进双边领土谈判进程,强化谈判顶层设计等是未来推进中印跨境水合作的重要策略。     

区域水资源安全评价——以四川省内江市为例

运用AHP法建立了区域水资源安全评价指标体系,以四川省内江市为例,提出了符合当地资源现状的评价标准,并对其水资源安全状况进行评估。结果表明,内江市水资源安全存在潜在威胁,供水安全问题不容忽视。其中心城区水资源安全问题尤为突出,其他区域处于顸警状态,据此,对内江市水资源管理和保护提出了建议。     

谈高校学生非正式群体的教育和引导

随着高等教育改革的推进,高校中非正式群体的作用越来越大,如果忽视了对这一群体的教育和引导,势必会造成教育工作中阵地的缺失。对此本文提出了把加强正式群体建设与重视保护非正式群体的积极作用相结合、把群体需要与满足个人的需要结合起来、把党团建设与社团建设相结合三种教育对策     

“结构—特征”二维视角下的府际环境合作网络研究——基于长三角城市群的经验数据

在府际层面构建环境治理网络是实现区域可持续发展的必要保障,以往研究缺乏对异质性结构下的强度网络特征的关注,难以揭示地方政府治理网络的深层运作规律。基于府际合作的结构逻辑和工具逻辑,本文从“结构—特征”的二维视角构建了府际合作网络的交互分析框架。在结构上,考察上级政府参与下的纵向合作和城市间自主性横向协作网络演变;在特征上,构建府际合作强度模型,进而形成数量网络和强度网络。通过以长三角城市群2011—2019年的环境治理实践为研究样本,本文发现,基于数量的合作网络中,长三角城市群环境治理形成了纵向权威力量参与下的集体行动与横向小范围自主协作相互嵌合的合作机制;基于强度的合作网络中,上海都市圈和南京都市圈是两大强度重心区域,上级政府参与的纵向合作制约力更强,行政干预是目前地方政府环境治理集体行动得以深入发展的重要推进力量。     

Water security: Old concepts,new package,what value?

“Water security” has come to infiltrate prominent discourse in the international water and development community, and achieving it is often viewed as a new water sector target. Despite the elevated status that the concept has increasingly acquired, understandings of the term are murky and quantification is rare. To promote a more tangible understanding of the concept, this paper develops an index for evaluating water security at a country level. The index is comprised of indicators in five components considered to be critical to the concept: (i) basic needs; (ii) agricultural production; (iii) the environment; (iv) risk management; and (v) independence. Achieving water security in these components can be considered necessary but insufficient criteria to measure the achievement of security in related areas such as health, livelihoods, and industry. After populating indicators with data from Asia‐Pacific countries, results are interpreted and the viability of methods is discussed. This effort comprises an important first step for quantifying and assessing water security across countries, which should spur more concrete understanding of the term and discussion of its added value.     

How inclusive is inclusive recycling? Recyclers’ perspectives on a cross-sector partnership in Santiago de Chile

Inclusive recycling is the inspiring slogan of a project relying on a cross-sector (public–private–civil society) partnership implemented in Latin America with the objective to improve the socioeconomic conditions of recyclers. Through a qualitative study in Santiago de Chile, this paper seeks to understand how inclusive inclusive recycling is, by assessing how organised recyclers perceive the goals, the process, and the outcomes of this project. The main findings converge in observing a general low inclusion of recyclers, but they also enable to decompose the notion of inclusion into three dimensions: “inclusive goals” refers to the extent to which the goals of the recyclers are taken into account when designing the collaboration project; “inclusive process” refers to the extent to which recyclers are involved in the process of implementing the project; and “inclusive outcomes” refers to the capacity of the partnership to acknowledge the achievements of recyclers organisations before (and during) the project and to take into account the ongoing local dynamics when evaluating the project. These findings contribute to better understand the position and challenges of recyclers in this type of partnership and more generally to shed light on the potential power imbalance in waste management cross-sector partnerships.     

Barriers and enablers of local adaptive measures: a case study of Bengaluru’s informal settlement dwellers

ABSTRACT

Cities, with their increasing populations, are host to a range of issues including non-climatic factors due to the prevailing development paradigm, discriminatory urbanisation patterns, and weak governance structures. Climate change poses an additional challenge and exacerbates existing vulnerabilities affecting cities and its people, especially the urban poor. This paper highlights the barriers and enablers to climate change-related adaptation experienced in some of Bengaluru’s informal settlements. The barriers described in the paper include economic, social, governance and information related issues that impede local actions and increase vulnerabilities. Enabling factors such as improving social and human capital, gaining formal recognition and most importantly support from agencies (e.g. local government, civil societies, and community leaders), help overcome some of the barriers or challenges. Hence, local level adaptation measures mainstreamed with local developmental agendas help address some of the structural causes of vulnerability. Contextual policies and interventions can facilitate successful local level adaptation measures.     

Inter-municipal cooperation for wastewater treatment: case studies from Israel

Since the beginning of the 1990s, local authorities in Israel have been engaged in promoting advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) projects throughout the country, resulting in the "wastewater treatment revolution" of the 1990s. These achievements are extremely important in the water-scarce country, as untreated or partially treated wastewater has become a major source of pollution of Israel's fresh-water resources, and reuse of high-quality effluents can expand the national water potential. Many of these projects are regional schemes based on a central WWTP, serving a few neighboring municipalities. This paper presents two case studies of such regional cooperation: the "Karmiel Region Union of Towns for Sewage Treatment" and the "Treatment and Reuse of Wastewater in the area of the Hadera Stream, Ltd." corporation. The findings suggest that regional cooperation can be an efficient tool in promoting advanced wastewater treatment, and has several advantages: an efficient use of limited resources (financial and land); balancing disparities between municipalities (size, socio-economic features, consciousness and ability of local leaders); and reducing spillover effects. However, some problems were reported in both cases and should be addressed.     

非正式制度视角下的旅游小费研究

在总结国内外小费研究的基础上,运用社会学、心理学和经济学的相关知识,从非正式制度的角度研究旅游小费现象。认为小费作为一种非正式制度存在,有其历史性、合理性和有效性。现阶段我国旅游小费发展有一定困难,多数旅游者不认可小费,政策规定难以有效实行等。但是我国旅游小费的发展具有可行性,旅游小费能在一定程度上消除旅游业的不稳定因素,提高旅游从业者收入,提升旅游服务质量,促进旅游业的健康有序发展。同时认为培育旅游小费观念,提升旅游服务意识和水平,规范旅游市场环境等方面是促进旅游小费非正式制度在我国发展的必要途径。