长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的致突变活性及其季节变化

为了确定并比较重庆主城区段长江、嘉陵江源水有机提取物的致突变性及其季节变化规律，分别于春、夏、冬季采用GDX－120大孔树脂，对位于城区上游、城区中段、城区下游以长江、嘉陵江源水的5个水厂的进厂水进行了有机物的浓缩提取。提取物的致突变活性采用经典的Ames试验平板掺入法评估，测试菌株为TA98及TA100，同时做加与不加S9的比较。结果显示，嘉陵江及长江源水的有机提取物均有不同程度的致突变活性。嘉陵江源水明显大于长江源水，城区中段源水明显大于上游段及下游段源水。多数断面显示平水期致突变活较为显著并且移码型致突变性大于碱基置换型致密变性。研究结果提示，城市污染源已导致长江、嘉陵江源水具备致突变活性，控制两江沿岸的各种水污染源已成为当务之急。     

新型菌株法检测典型环境雌激素类物质

相对于化学检测方法,生物法检测环境雌激素类污染物具有简便快捷等优点。利用本实验室已建立的环境雌激素类污染物的基因工程菌检测技术,对17-β-雌二醇(17-β-(o)estradiol)的雌激素活性进行了检测,绘制了标准曲线,确定其检测限为ng/L。并且利用该菌株法分别对艹屈(chrysene)、芘(pyrene)和苯并(a)蒽(benz(a)anthracene)3种不同结构的多环芳烃的雌激素活性进行了检测。结果显示,3种物质的雌激素活性差异明显,具有不同的检测限。此外,对污水和污泥样品中的麝香含量进行了检测,结果显示其活性变化趋势与化学法检测结果基本一致。因此,利用该基因工程菌检测技术可对环境样品中一定的雌激素活性进行快速有效地筛选;进一步对比17-β-雌二醇的标准曲线,可实现对雌激素类物质的初步定量。     

A2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A2O)活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮(Estrone,E1)、17β-雌二醇(17β-Estradiol,E2)以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇(17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2)的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

重组基因酵母技术分析城市污水A~2/O工艺处理前后雌激素类化合物活性

采用重组基因酵母技术分析城市污水经厌氧—缺氧—好氧(A2/O)工艺处理前后雌激素类化合物活性。酵母经过雌激素类化合物激活,产生β-半乳糖苷酶,通过测定β-半乳糖苷酶活性能可以判断污水中雌激素类化合物活性。结果表明,原污水水样与酵母培养液体积比为5.000时,雌激素类化合物活性与摩尔浓度为10-8 mol/L的雌二醇(E2)相当;经过污水处理厂A2/O工艺处理后,雌激素类化合物活性下降,但仍具有潜在的环境与健康风险。     

利用轨迹模式研究重庆主城区冬季PM_(2.5)污染特征

利用轨迹聚类法,对2014年12月至2015年1月重庆主城区上方的后向轨迹气团进行聚类分组,分析重庆主城区气团来源。结合重庆主城区PM_(2.5)小时浓度资料,分析污染较重时重庆主城区后向轨迹特征。最后结合潜在源贡献因子分析(PSCF)法和浓度权重轨迹分析(CWT)法定性与定量分析了重庆主城区PM_(2.5)的潜在源区。结果表明,重庆本地气团占60.9%,不利于本地污染物的扩散;超过60%的污染事件是由本地颗粒物聚集造成的;重庆主城区颗粒物其潜在污染源区,以西藏与四川交界处、四川东部、贵州北部以及重庆本地为主。     

江苏沿江优先控制有机毒物污染预警体系的探讨

长江（江苏段）的有机毒物污染控制对于保障饮用水安全具有十分重要的意义，通过对长江（江苏段）有机毒物污染和沿岸污染源现状的分析，提出并举例说明筛选优先控制有机毒物的方法，并对建设江苏沿江优先控制有机毒物污染的预警体系提出了建议。     

浙江省纺织染整企业废水中可吸附有机卤化物调查研究

2012年,中国颁布了《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 4287—2012),新增了可吸附有机卤化物(AOX)的排放限值。在浙江省内选取了化纤布料、印染加工、棉麻纺织品、针织布料和丝绢纺织品生产及加工5类主流的纺织染整企业,对废水中的AOX浓度、来源和去向进行了调查。结果表明,5类企业外排废水AOX的质量浓度为0.606~5.402mg/L,均低于GB 4287—2012的AOX限值(12mg/L),其主要来源为生产过程中的染色工序。虽然废水中AOX已达标排放,然而大量有机卤化物却富集于剩余污泥中。好氧池剩余污泥中已吸附有机卤化物(AOX-S18)质量浓度为462.2~2 146.6mg/kg,印染加工、棉麻纺织品和针织布料生产及加工企业剩余污泥中AOX-S18均超过欧洲委员会(CEC)规定(500mg/kg),其中印染加工企业的最高浓度是CEC标准的4倍多。剩余污泥中的有机卤化物污染是今后浙江纺织染整行业需要重点关注的问题之一。     

武汉金口垃圾填埋场对地下水环境的影响分析

分析了武汉金口垃圾填埋场中不同填埋时间的垃圾渗滤液特性和周边地下水水质,并结合场地条件分析垃圾渗滤液对地下水环境的影响机制。结果表明:(1)所有垃圾渗滤液(均超过7年)中COD、氨氮、Cl-均分别低于500、1 000、1 000mg/L;重金属含量较低。垃圾渗滤液中COD、氨氮和Cl-均随填埋时间延长而降低。(2)填埋场周围50m内的上层滞水均受到垃圾渗滤液水平渗透的影响,主要表现为高锰酸盐指数和氨氮均不能满足《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—93)中Ⅲ类标准,其中氨氮超标严重,平均超标89.3倍,高锰酸盐指数平均超标1.0倍。相比场区地下水的下游方向,上游方向的上层滞水受污染程度较轻。(3)由于厚层黏土的阻隔,距地表约25m的上更新统承压水的水质相对较好,除武汉市上更新统承压水普遍存在的超标组分(氨氮和Mn)外,其他指标基本满足GB/T 14848—93中Ⅲ类标准,其受垃圾填埋场渗滤液垂直渗透影响较小。这为简易填埋场关闭后的场地维护和开发利用以及新建填埋场的选址提供借鉴。     

A^2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A2O）活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮（Estrone,E1）、17β-雌二醇（17β-Estradiol,E2）以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇（17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2）的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

城市污水石灰法深度处理工艺中有毒物质的变化规律

分别采用7-乙氧基异酚恶唑酮．脱乙基酶（EROD）活性测定法，重组人激素受体基因的酵母测试和Q67发光菌试验方法，对北京市某生活污水处理厂的进水、二沉出水以及经过石灰法深度处理后的出水中的类二恶英物质、类雌激素物质和急性毒性物质进行了分析。进水中的三类生物毒性效应物质中的急性毒性物质，可通过活性污泥法基本去除，而对类雌激素物质和类二恶英物质的去除率分别为76％和52％。经过石灰沉淀法的深度处理后，可使上述两类物质的总去除率达到95％和68％。出水中的雌激素当量水平与欧洲国家污水处理厂出水水平相当，而类二恶英物质的总浓度低于美国EPA饮用水中二恶英的最大允许浓度。展示了生物毒性测试方法在排水生态风险和工艺评价方面的应用潜力。     

南苕溪支流锦溪水质时空变化特征分析

综合运用灰色聚类法、综合污染指数法、等级聚类法就南苕溪支流锦溪近年水质时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,锦溪入青山水库断面水质2005—2009年逐年改善,2007年后达到灰色聚类等级Ⅲ类水质要求;2009年秋季至2010年夏季期间秋、冬两季的污染程度高于春、夏季节;枯水期综合污染指数最高,但TN、TP污染分指数在丰水期最高,表明污染源中面源污染已占相当比例。空间变化方面从玲珑桥到江桥锦溪水质的综合污染指数不断提升,到江桥时达到极值13.25,锦溪末端三眼桥断面水质较江桥断面有所改善;SPSS空间聚类分析可分为轻污染区(从玲珑桥到冬韵桥)、重污染区(从群利桥到江桥)和中度污染区(从江桥到三眼桥)。锦溪上游农业区对河水中的COD、TN和TP的贡献率分别为66%、54%和49%,农业面源污染已成为制约锦溪水质改善的主要因素。     

Occurrence and change of estrogenic activity in the process of drinking water treatment and distribution

From 2010 to 2012, the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River (Wuhan section) were monitored for estrogenic activities during various water level periods. Using a recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, 54 water samples were evaluated over the course of nine sampling campaigns. The mean 17β-estradiol equivalent (EEQ) value of raw water from the Yangtze River was 0–5.20 ng/L; and the EEQ level from the Hanjiang River was 0–3.22 ng/L. In Wuhan, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) using conventional treatments reduced estrogenic activities by more than 89 %. In general, water samples collected during the level period showed weaker estrogenic activities compared to those collected during the dry period. The samples collected in 2010 showed the strongest estrogenic activities of the 3-year period. The lack of correlations between estrogenic activities and selected common water quality parameters showed that estrogenic activity cannot be tied to common water quality parameters.     

Bioanalytical and instrumental analysis of estrogenic activities in drinking water sources from Yangtze River Delta

The estrogenic activities of source water from Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Taihu Lake and groundwater in Yangtze River Delta in the dry and wet season were determined by use of reporter gene assays based on African green monkey kidney (CV-1) cell lines. Higher estrogenic activities were observed in the dry season, and the estrogenic potentials in water samples from Taihu Lake were greater than other river basins. None of the samples from groundwater showed estrogen receptor (ER) agonist activity. The 17β-Estradiol (E2) equivalents (EEQs) of water samples in the dry season ranged from 9.41 × 10^?1 to 1.20 × 10¹ ng E2 L^?1. In the wet season, EEQs of all the water samples were below the detection limit as 9.00 × 10^?1 ng E2 L^?1 except for one sample from Huaihe River. The highest contribution of E2 was detected in Yangtze River as 99% of estrogenic activity. Nonylphenol (NP, 100% detection rate) and octylphenol (OP, 100% detection rate) might also be responsible for the estrogenic activities in water sources. Potential health risk induced by the estrogenic chemicals in source water may be posed to the residents through water drinking.     

Reproductive toxicity assessment of surface water of the Tai section of the Yangtze River, China by in vitro bioassays coupled with chemical analysis

Reproductive toxicity of organic extracts of the surface water from the Tai section of the Yangtze River was assessed by in vitro cytotoxity assays and selected persistent organic pollutants including PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were quantified by instrumental analysis. Eleven of the US EPA priority PAHs were detected. Individual PAHs were found to range from 0.7 to 20 ng/L. Concentrations of BaP did not exceed the national drinking water source quality standard of China. However, a 286-fold concentrated organic extract induced significant reproductive toxicity in adult male rats. The morphology of cells, MTT assay and LDH release assay were all affected by exposure to the organic extracts of water. The results of the reproductive toxicity indicated that PAHs posed the greatest risk of the chemicals studied. The compounds present in the water could be bioconcentrated and result in adverse effects.     

河南境内黄河流域集中式城市饮用水源水有机污染特性研究

摘要为探查和研究与公众生命健康关系密切的饮用水有机污染现状,采用GC／MS、HPLC、GC／ECD等多种分析技术,对河南省黄河流域部分饮用水水源地分平、丰、枯三期进行了有机物监测和研究。12个点位三期共检出599种有机物．根据毒性资料筛选出62种主要污染物。主要有毒化合物的浓度水平绝大多数远低于我国新颁布的“集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值”．个别点位的极个别化合物如苯并(a)芘有超标现象．显示出明显的潜在危害作用。     

Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China

A total of 14 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were quantified in river water samples collected from tributaries of the Pearl River (Guangzhou Province, south China) and the Yangtze River (central China). Among the PFCs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the two compounds with the highest concentrations. PFOS concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 99 ng/l and <0.01–14 ng/l in samples from the Pearl River and Yangtze River, respectively; whereas those for PFOA ranged from 0.85 to 13 ng/l and 2.0–260 ng/l. Lower concentrations were measured for perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfoamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononaoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). Concentrations of several perfluorocarboxylic acids, including perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA) and perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFOcDA) were lower than the limits of quantification in all the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of most PFCs were observed in water samples from the Yangtze River near Shanghai, the major industrial and financial centre in China. In addition, sampling locations in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River with a reduced flow rate might serve as a final sink for contaminants from the upstream river runoffs. Generally, PFOS was the dominant PFC found in samples from the Pearl River, while PFOA was the predominant PFC in water from the Yangtze River. Specifically, a considerable amount of PFBS (22.9–26.1% of total PFC analyzed) was measured in water collected near Nanjing, which indicates the presence of potential sources of PFBS in this part of China. Completely different PFC composition profiles were observed for samples from the Pearl River and the Yangtze River. This indicates the presence of dissimilar sources in these two regions.     

Genotoxicity of water from the Songhua River, China, in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003: Potential risks for human health

A previous study showed that the cancer mortalities are higher for residents who lived nearby the Songhua River heavily polluted by organic contamination. It is important to determine its risk of carcinogenic potential. Short-term genotoxic bio-assays using Salmonella, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), and Micronuclei (MN) assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Salmonella bioassay indicated that there were indirect frame-shift mutagens in the water samples. A dose-response relationship for the SCE and MN assays was obtained. These results showed that organic extracts of water samples have genotoxic activity and the risk of carcinogenic potential to human health. The mutagenesis of water samples had changed compared to the results in 1994-1995. An increasing trend of risk of carcinogenic potential in the Songhua River after ten years should be noted and needs to be studied further.     

Seasonal flux of nonylphenol in Han River, Korea

In order to understand the behavior of nonylphenol (NP) in Han River, water, suspended particle and sediment samples were analyzed during summer, autumn and winter. Concentrations of nonylphenol in water ranged from 23.2 to 187.6 ng/l, in suspended particle from 6.8 to 190.8 ng/l and in sediment from 25.4 to 932.0 ng/gdrywt. An increasing trend in the concentration is noticed in all matrices along down the river. In case of water and suspended particle, concentrations were higher in warmer season than in colder season. Percentage of nonylphenol in the suspended particle phase decreased from 67% to 28% with decreasing temperature in water. A reasonable correlation (R2 = 0.63) was obtained for water and suspended particle. The partition coefficient Log Kp is 4.8. No seasonal variation of the concentration in sediment is noticed in this study.     

Geochemical processes of mercury in Wujiangdu and Dongfeng reservoirs, Guizhou, China

The geochemical processes of mercury in Dongfeng (DF) and Wujiangdu (WJD) reservoirs, which were constructed in 1992 and 1979, respectively in Wujiang River, which is the upper branch of Yangtze River were investigated. One sampling site was chosen upriver of 1 km from the dam for each reservoir. Three sampling campaigns were conducted at these sampling sites in December 2003, April 2004 and July 2004, respectively. The distributions of different mercury species in the water column, sediment, and sediment pore water were studied. We found that the sediment is the net source of both inorganic and MeHg to the water column for both reservoirs. The MeHg diffusion fluxes in WJD reservoir at all sampling campaigns were significantly higher than those in DF reservoir. Our study demonstrated that the high primary productivity in the reservoir produced elevated organic matter content that would favor the methylmercury production in sediment.