象山港网箱养殖对海域环境的影响及其养殖环境容量研究

以象山港海域的潮流模型和物质输运模型为基础,建立了各网箱养殖区的氮、磷污染物排放量与研究海域水质之间的响应关系,对该海域的养殖污染状况进行了模拟,讨论了该海域的网箱养殖环境容量.结果表明,象山港内的氮、磷浓度在养殖区密集的港顶海域超出一类水质标准;该海域的氮、磷养殖环境容量分别为670.74t/a和77.32t/a.目前,象山港内各网箱养殖区的污染物排放量已超出其容量,需进行削减.     

象山港网箱养殖对海域环境的影响及其养殖环境容量研究

以象山港海域的潮流模型和物质输运模型为基础,建立了各网箱养殖区的氮、磷污染物排放量与研究海域水质之间的响应关系,对该海域的养殖污染状况进行了模拟,讨论了该海域的网箱养殖环境容量.结果表明,象山港内的氮、磷浓度在养殖区密集的港顶海域超出一类水质标准;该海域的氮、磷养殖环境容量分别为670.74t/a和77.32t/a.目前,象山港内各网箱养殖区的污染物排放量已超出其容量,需进行削减.     

基于遗传算法的大气污染总量控制新方法

提出一种利用遗传算法进行大气污染总量控制的新方法,并以柳州市SO2总量控制为例说明这种方法的具体运用.遗传算法具备自适应全局搜索寻优特点,从控制点浓度推算源强分布,该源强分布满足总量控制的根本要求.该方法的具体实现是:将区域内各污染源的排放量编码为染色体,让染色体群体在模拟的进化环境下按生物进化规律进行优胜劣汰的自然选择,经过若干代的进化,最终得到的最优个体即代表最佳的源强分布.研究结果表明,这种方法是有效的和可行的.     

江苏启东邻近海域氮磷营养盐分布特征、组成及营养水平评价

基于江苏启东邻近海域2019年4月 、10月海水的调查数据,探讨该海域溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)的分布特征及成因,分析氮磷营养盐的构成特点,评价该海域的营养水平,通过DIN、DIP与环境因子的相关性分析,探讨影响DIN和DIP的主要环境因素.结果表明,春季各监测站位DIN、DIP平均质量浓度分别为0.3...     

关于水质总量控制中的流量测定

水质总量控制是防治封闭水域水质污染的重要措施,其控制手段是通过限定各污染源的污染负荷,有计划地削减流入控制水域的污染物总量;控制目标是使该水域逐渐达到水质环境基准;而所采用的各项措施的重要技术依据、则为各污染源的污染负荷量的计算和确定。在计算污染负荷量过程中需要直接测定的项目有两项,即污染物浓度和排水流量的测定。其中污染物浓度的测定早已引起普遍的重视,实毋庸赘述,然而对于排水流量的测定,当前却尚存在着不同程度的认识上或技术上的问题。本文就排水流量测定问题谈谈个人浅见。     

舟山渔场近岸海域污染现状分析

本文从舟山渔场近岸海域污染源及入海的污染物质分析入手，较详尽地叙述了舟山渔场近岸海域的水质、底质及生物体受污染的现状，并指出污染有加剧的趋势。提请注意处理好沿海的经济发展与保护舟山渔场渔业资源的关系。     

南昌市夏季PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃来源解析

在南昌市设立了5个不同功能区采样点,分别为居民区、工业区、商业区、交通干线区以及郊区,于2008年夏季进行PM2.5采样,对样品进行测定和分析后,通过因子分析法判断PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)的主要污染源,再利用多元线性回归法确定各主要污染源对PAHs的贡献率。结果表明,南昌市夏季PM2.5中PAHs的主要污染源为车辆排放源、高温加热源、燃煤污染源,它们对PAHs的贡献率分别为37.9%、28.2%和22.0%;要控制南昌市夏季PM2.5中的PAHs,主要是要对机动车尾气排放量进行控制,并加强机动车尾气治理工作。     

总量控制规划中允许排放量的平权分配

对总量控制规划中公平合理分配各污染源允许排放量的意义以及现有平权分配方法中存在的问题进行分析。阐明了允许排放量平权分配的原则,提出了平权分配污染源允许排放量的Ｂ值法。剖析了分析平权后剩余环境容量的必要性,并提出了相应的解决方法。     

三亚河口海域叶绿素a与海洋环境因子的关系研究

根据对三亚河口海域叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度及海洋环境因子的监测结果,分析了Chl-a和各环境因子的空间分布情况,以及Chl-a与各环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,三亚河口海域的表层水温、pH、盐度、悬浮物、高锰酸盐指数、DO、营养盐等环境因子的空间分布明显受到陆地径流注入的影响;该海域的Chl-a浓度较低,表层平均值为0.203mg/m3,底层平均值为0.179mg/m3,且靠近河口采样点的表层Chl-a浓度是底层的数倍,远离河口采样点的底层Chl-a浓度是表层的数倍,造成这种空间分布格局的主要原因可能是靠近河口采样点表层海水中的营养盐更容易得到陆地径流的补充;该海域的Chl-a浓度与无机氮(DIN)呈极显著负相关,与活性磷(DIP)呈极显著正相关,与两者质量浓度之比(DIN/DIP)呈极显著负相关,与其他环境因子均不存在相关性,Chl-a浓度主要受磷含量的控制;该海域Chl-a浓度与Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg、As浓度基本未呈现出相关关系。     

天津汉沽区有机氯农药污染水平的综合分析

从有机氯农药污染而言,天津市汉沽区曾是既具有点污染源,又具有面污染源的地区.分析研究农药污染状况及农药在本区环境中的迁移转化情况,对制定本区点污染源治理方案和确定控制面源污染的措施有重要意义.本文试就几年来有关单位对该区各方     

Distribution,origin, and transformation of metal and metalloid pollution in vegetable fields,irrigation water,and aerosols near a Pb-Zn mine

Pollution of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in vegetable fields was investigated near a Pb-Zn mine that has been exploited for over 50 years without a tailing reservoir. A total of 205 water, soil, and aerosol samples were taken and quantified by combined chemical, spectrometric, and mineral analytical methods. The pollution origins were identified by Pb isotopes and the pathways of transformation and transport of the elements and minerals was studied. The data showed that the vegetable fields were seriously polluted by As, Cd, and Pb. Some concentrations in the samples were beyond the regulatory levels and not suitable for agricultural activities. This study revealed that: (1) particulate matter is a major pollution source and an important carrier of mineral particles and pollutants; (2) the elements from the polluted water and soils were strongly correlated with each other; (3) Pb isotope ratios from the samples show that Pb minerals were the major pollution sources in the nearby vegetable fields, and the aerosols were the main carrier of mining pollution; (4) the alkaline, rich-carbonate, and wet conditions in this area promoted the weathering and transformation of galena into the secondary minerals, anglesite and cerussite, which are significant evidence of such processes; (5) the soil and the aerosols are a recycled secondary pollution source for each other when being re-suspended with wind. Highlights ? Mining activities generated heavy metal pollution in fields around a Pb-Zn mine ? The elements from water and soils are strongly correlated ? Anglesite and cerussite are evidence of galena transformation into secondary minerals ? Particulate matter is an important transport carrier of pollution     

Numerical study of atmospheric dispersion of a substance released from an industrial complex in the southern coast of Korea

Diurnal variations of wind field and pollutant dispersion in a complex terrain with a shoreline were investigated under the insolation conditions of summer and winter. The area is located in the south of the Korean Peninsula and includes a large petrochemical industrial complex. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was used in the simulation study. Initially, horizontally homogeneous wind fields were assumed on the basis of sounding data at the nearby upper-air station for days with morning wind speeds below 2 m s⁻¹. On these days, the sea breeze prevailed in summer while the land breeze lasted for a few hours in the morning; the effect of synoptic winds was strong in winter with some inclusion of wind variations owing to the interaction between sea and land. The predicted wind direction at the location of the weather station captured an important change of the sea/land breeze of the observed one. In the morning, both in summer and winter, complicated wind fields with low wind speeds resulted in high pollutant concentrations almost all over the area. On the other hand, in the afternoon, the wind field was rather uniform and the terrain effects were not significant even in the mountainous area with the development of a mixing layer.     

Airborne trichloroacetic acid and its deposition in the catchment area of the Caspian Sea

The main sources of pollution discharge into the Caspian Sea are metal and oil processing plants in the catchment areas of the Ural and Volga rivers, as well as the coastal and offshore oil industry in the countries bordering the sea. The high evaporation from the surface of this largest inland sea introduces highly volatile C₂-chlorohydrocarbons into the atmosphere. Subsequent reactions with OH radicals and other oxidants results in the formation of secondary pollutants, such as phytotoxic trichloroacetic acid (TCA), which are then delivered by the air or rain into the neighbouring ecosystems of various vegetation zones. Biomonitoring investigations in the catchment area of the Caspian Sea have revealed that differences in pollution levels in the southern Russian area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, resulting from TCA originating in the atmosphere, are attributable to climatic conditions and the geographical position of the measuring sites. ©     

Interpretation of analytical data on n-alkanes and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in Arbacia lixula from the coasts of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) by multivariate data analysis

The hydrocarbons contents (n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were determined in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula. Multivariate data analysis as principal component analysis, factor analysis and, cluster analysis were applied to elucidate sources of pollution. PCA and FA were performed to establish the relationships between variables (hydrocarbons), samples (sea urchin) and sources of pollution.     

Investigation of microplastic pollution on paddy fields in Xiangtan City,Southern China

Microplastics (MPs) have become a hot issue of environmental pollution. However, insufficient evidence exists regarding the distributions and fates of MPs in terrestrial environment, especially in farmlands. The distributions of MPs in paddy fields were investigated in Xiangtan City, a typical rice production area in China. The abundance of MPs in paddy seedling raising fields was 3805?±?511 n·kg^?1, which increased by approximately 9 times than that in common paddy fields. Transparent films became the dominant forms due to the huge usage of mulching films, corresponding to that the proportion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) increased to 17% there. Moreover, an industrial plant nearby also contributed considerably to the MP pollution; the proportion of PVC (33%) in the paddy fields nearby increased to approximately 4 times of common paddy fields, while polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; 13%) used as an important chemical raw material to synthesis in various applications was uniquely detected there. These results highlight the input of MPs from agricultural and industrial activities in farmlands. Their contributions to the MP pollution in farmlands should be continuously investigated.

     

The Potential of Current- and Wind-Driven Transport for Environmental Management of the Baltic Sea

The ever increasing impact of the marine industry and transport on vulnerable sea areas puts the marine environment under exceptional pressure and calls for inspired methods for mitigating the impact of the related risks. We describe a method for preventive reduction of remote environmental risks caused by the shipping and maritime industry that are transported by surface currents and wind impact to the coasts. This method is based on characterizing systematically the damaging potential of the offshore areas in terms of potential transport to vulnerable regions of an oil spill or other pollution that has occurred in a particular area. The resulting maps of probabilities of pollution to be transported to the nearshore and the time it takes for the pollution to reach the nearshore are used to design environmentally optimized fairways for the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Proper, and south-western Baltic Sea.     

Transfer of nutrients and labile metals from the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river

The contribution of small watersheds to coastal pollution in Mediterranean areas is still poorly known, and presents great variations along an hydrological year. This work deals with the characterization and quantification of Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Si, NO(3)(-) and organic carbon transported from the continent to the sea by a small coastal river in the French Mediterranean area. Transported species were characterized both during rainy and dry periods. During non-rainy periods (base-flow), waters showed a low content of contaminants, whereas during heavy rain events, following dry periods, some metals and organic carbon reached concentrations that could affect biological populations. These contaminants were mainly found in the particulate fraction, originating from the runoff of surface waters, which represents the main process of pollution in urban areas.     

黄浦江上游蔬菜田氮素流失规律测坑研究

通过测坑试验,研究了黄浦江上游蔬菜田渗漏水中氮素的变化动态和流失规律。结果表明,蔬菜田渗漏水中氮素以NO3^--N为主,NO3^--N作为氮素在土壤中流失的主要形态将成为施用氮肥造成地下水污染的重要来源;施用精制有机肥或粗猪粪代替部分化学氮肥有利于减少蔬菜田渗漏水中氮素的流失。     

Application of back-trajectory techniques to the delimitation of urban clean air zones

Following a request by environmental authorities in New Zealand, atmospheric modelling has been applied to delimitation of clean air zones for urban areas. This approach involved the integration of a kinematic trajectory model with an atmospheric mesoscale model to identify the spatial extent of the catchment of air affecting air pollution concentrations in Christchurch on nights of high air pollution. The Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS) was configured for the region and idealised simulations performed to obtain predicted wind fields for synoptic situations typical of winter smog events. The predicted surface wind fields on two grids, with horizontal resolutions of 1.5 and 0.5 km, respectively, were then used to derive back-trajectories from the late evening peak of pollution over the central city (around 2200 NZST) to the time at which people tend to first light their domestic fires (around 1800 NZST). The results indicate that although winds are often light, the air tends to travel from a significant distance outside the city boundary over this time period. In particular, cold air typically travels up to 20 km from the Canterbury Plains to the west into the city during these air pollution events, as well as from small valleys in the Port Hills to the south of the city. This research illustrates the significance of upstream sources of air for providing relatively clean air to the city, and acting as buffer zones. It is, therefore, possible to identify the area around the city to which urban air quality is particularly sensitive. This area could either be designated as a buffer zone, or included within the clean air zone of the city. This technique also provides a useful tool for identifying the role of different components of the local wind field responsible for air pollution dispersion and transport in different parts of the area.     

宁波地区海产品中汞污染现状研究

采用冷原子吸收（荧光）法测定了宁波不同地区的各种海产品中总汞和甲基汞含量，总体属轻度及中等污染水平，工业轻发达地区的海产品内总汞和甲基汞的含量较高，不同种类海产品因食性不同，在食物链中所处位置不同，表现为贝壳类＞肉食性类＞杂食性类＞植食性类＞藻类和水草，无鳞鱼类＞有鳞鱼类；海产品中不同部分污染水平表现为内脏＞头部＞肌肉；海水＜底泥＜海产品。除个别样品接近国家标准外，其余都符合我国食品卫生标准。